中国科学院地理研究工作方向和任务的初步设想(在1965年中国科学院地理工作会议上的报告)

竺可桢同志1965年在中国科学院地理工作会议上所作的报告,全面分析了我国地理工作的现状和任务,阐明了分工和实现这些任务的措施。竺可桢同志的报告虽然已经过去了近二十年,但现在看起来,仍然有很大的指导意义,本刊特予以刊登,供大家学习参考。虽然报告中有些提法是针对当时情况的,地理研究机构和名称也有调整和变动,但为了保持这个历史性文件的完整,本刊未加更动。     

Analysis of State and Provincial Atlas Reviews*

Ninety-eight reviews of state and provincial atlases are examined in order to address several questions. Reviews are subjected to content analysis to identify the judgement criteria that experts use in evaluating a provincial or state atlas, and the aspects of each criterion that reviewers praise or condemn. An attempt is made to search for expert consensus and to identify a provincial or state atlas review recipe. The research reported here is part of a larger study undertaken to assist those in the process of planning a new provincial or state atlas initiative. This paper also assists individuals who are searching for rules and guidelines when undertaking an atlas review.     

空间数据立方体的多维数据组织及存储

定义空间数据立方体地理空间维、专题维和时间维分别包含的数据种类和内容;设计它们的维和维层次数据结构;表述地理空间维、专题维和时间维在概念层次和物理层次上构成空间数据立方体的方法;确定地理空间维、专题维和时间维数据的多维数组组织方法,以及多维数据的数据文件和虚拟内存存储策略;表达多维数组中记录间的关联运算和多维数组的压缩方法。     

Introduction

This essay introduces a collection of “think pieces”— conceptual, theoretical, editorial, normative essays on geography and race/racism. The collected essays follow from a National Science Foundation and Canadian Embassy – funded workshop on race and geography held in 1998. This introduction provides a brief background summary of the social and disciplinary context for the workshop and for scholarly work on race and geography, and a brief summary and thematic categorization of the individual essays gathered here.     

INFORMATION SOURCES FOR NINETEENTH CENTURY MIDWESTERN MIGRATION*

A variety of sources provides different levels of information about the origins of nineteenth century migrants to the Midwest. The advantages and disadvantages of four of the most common records, the federal census, land office records, genealogical collections, and county histories/biographies/atlases, are examined. Characteristics considered are the specific types of data provided, extent of coverage, level of detail, statistical reliability, and accessibility. Examples of studies using each record type are cited.     

A proposed base for a geographical information system for India

Abstract

Attempts have been made by different organizations in India to organize data in order to develop a suitable information system. These attempts were oriented towards specific uses, such as natural resources, data management, thematic mapping and the like. In some attempts software has been developed for some specific purpose. It is not an easy task to develop an information system for a country such as India. Its extent in latitude and longitude is well above average. There are federal and state agencies for the collection of data and the preparation of maps. The geographical information concerning India is available from the following sources: the administrative areas of states, union territories, districts, sub-districts and villages; survey sheets; remote sensing images; aerial photographs; and thematic base maps of the National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation. There are other map series available which have been used for socio-economic mapping. By the end of 1987 the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite will be launched and then remotely-sensed data will be readily available. Considering the geographical bases available in the country, five levels can be identified for developing an information system for India. Some of the thematic maps at 1:1000 000 scale can be used for initiating such a geographical information system.     

国家自然地图数据库信息分类与编码体系

本文着重研究利用《中华人民共和国国家自然地图集》,作为主要的信息来源,建立“国家自然地图数据库的信息分类与编码体系,分类原则和子分类体系。在此基础上完成了编码方案、分类原则、编码标准和专题编码的结构,同时描述了建立“国家自然地图数据库”的技术路线、地理数据组织、元数据库及数据字典等。     

Spatial distribution characteristics of urban thermal conditions: application of GIS and remote sensing

The urban thermal distribution characteristics and its variation are dynamically monitored and synthetically analyzed by using GIS technology. The meteorological satellite data serve as main information source, assisted as auxiliary information sources by the landsat satellite TM data, land use thematic maps and meteorological observed data. A correlated pattern on the ground surface brightness temperatures and air temperatures has been studied and established with good performance of application.     

Spatial mining of migration patterns from web demographics

Volunteered Geographic Information, social media, and data from Information and Communication Technology are emerging sources of big data that contribute to the development and understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution of human population. However, the inherent anonymity of these crowd-sourced or crowd-harvested data sources lack the socioeconomic and demographic attributes to examine and explain human mobility and spatiotemporal patterns. In this paper, we investigate an Internet-based demographic data source, personal microdata databases publicly accessible on the World Wide Web (hereafter web demographics), as potential sources of aspatial and spatiotemporal information regarding the landscape of human dynamics. The objectives of this paper are twofold: (1) to develop an analytical framework to identify mobile population from web demographics as an individual-level residential history data, and (2) to explore their geographic and demographic patterns of migration. Using web demographics of Vietnamese–Americans in Texas collected in 2010 as a case study, this paper (1) addresses entity resolution and identifies mobile population through the application of a Cost-Sensitive Alternative Decision Tree (CS-ADT) algorithm, (2) investigates migration pathways and clusters to include both short- and long-distance patterns, and (3) analyze the demographic characteristics of mobile population and the functional relationship with travel distance. By linking the physical space at the individual level, this unique methodology attempts to enhance the understanding of human movement at multiple spatial scales.     

Spatial distribution characteristics of urban thermal conditions: application of GIS and remote sensing

Due to the limitation of site number, manpower and material resources, it is hard to gain a deep understanding of the plane distribution and internal structure of the thermal conditions by routine methods to study the thermal landscape characteristics of the ground surface. Using remote sensing method to study and analyze heat island effect has many advantages, such as high resolution, wide coverage and dense samples. In order to study, in advance and synchronously, the thermal distribution ch…     

Spatial distribution characteristics of urban thermal conditions: application of GIS and remote

The urban thermal distribution characteristics and its variationare dynamically monitored and synthetically analyzed by using GIS technology. The meteorological satellite data serve as main information source, assisted as auxiliary information sources by the landsat satellite TM data, land use thematic maps and meteorological observed data. A correlated pattern on the ground surface brightness temperatures and air temperatures has been studied and established with good performance of application.     

Using the Internet to Integrate Thematic and Regional Approaches in Geographic Education

Geographers have long debated the superiority of regional versus thematic approaches to geographical analysis and geographic education. While most acknowledge that these two approaches are complementary, the task of implementing both approaches in a single introductory course remains challenging. “Global Change, Local Places,” an Internet–based course offered at Florida State University, attempts to fuse thematic and regional approaches using methodological and pedagogical techniques that emphasize student–centered learning and Internet technologies. Results of a student survey and analysis of student assignments suggest that this format was successful. Students expressed a high level of satisfaction with course content, and, although attainment of skills and knowledge was particularly hard to measure given the structure and goals of the course, students appear to have gained country–specific knowledge as well as skills in critical analysis using thematic concepts.     

人口密度空间化的一种方法

人口密度空间化是地理学中一个重要的研究课题,但是传统方法直接生成的人口密度分布图具有不同区域间突变的缺点。该文中基于面积权重内插法与邻域平均法原理,以MapInfo为软件平台,在缺乏地形图、RS图片等资料的情况下,提出人口密度空间化的一种方法——网格单元面积权重内插法,并以丰县为研究区域进行例证。结果表明：该方法有效缓和了传统方法直接生成的人口密度图中的突变线,制作的人口密度Grid专题地图能够很好地反映人口密度的平均性,生成的人口密度三维可视化地图符合人口密度的空间分布特点。     

我国低硒地带人群全血硒含量及其与大骨节病关系的研究

本文指出我国低硒环境中人群硒的营养状态受环境控制。全血硒均值与动物硒反应症临界值(0.02微克/毫升)相同,其时空和在人群中的变化规律与大骨节病流行病学规律相一致。人体硒营养水平与发病率呈非常显著之负相关,提示大骨节病可能是典型的人体硒反应症。     

A Spatial Decision Support System Approach to Evaluate the Efficiency of a Meals-on-Wheels Program*

Due to limited resources, publicly funded service programs need to operate efficiently. This paper demonstrates how a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) can be used to evaluate and enhance the performance of an existing service delivery program. Elements critical to the efficiency of service programs are enumerated. A meals-on-wheels (MOW) program in Connecticut is used as a case study to demonstrate the utility of the SDSS approach. Practical issues related to data sources and system adoption are discussed.     

GOVERNMENT-FUNDED R&D: SOME REGIONAL ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

Governmental influences on technological change, unlike private-sector efforts, have received little attention from geographers. A major influence in a regional context is the direct government spending on R&D conduted by private firms. This paper focuses on the agglomeration and linkage effects of federal R&D spending in the United States, isolating defense and space R&D as the largest single sources of federal funds. The empirical findings suggest that federally funded R&D takes place in different agglomerations than private R&D, and that relatively few places are linked into the network of R&D subcontracts.     

中华人民共和国行政区划单元数据库的建立和应用

中华人民共和国行政区划单元数据库是将全国2300个以上的县和县以上的行政区划的编码和分布位置进行存储、管理并提供应用它的一组程序。本文对数据库的建立方法和应用作简要介绍。     

Regimes of spatial ordering in Brazil: Neoliberalism,leftist populism and modernist aesthetics in slum upgrading in Recife

This paper shows how regimes of spatial ordering in Brazil are produced by the entangling of neoliberalism, leftist populism and modernist visions. The paper focuses on Prometrópole, a slum upgrading project in Recife funded by the World Bank, which commenced in 2007. In this project, the neoliberal dimension manifests in the idea that the state, private companies and citizens together are responsible for (re)constructing urban space, and further, that beneficiaries should behave as autonomous citizens, taking responsibility for their new living environment. The leftist political dimension is seen in participatory procedures to involve the target population from project design through to implementation, in expectation of their cooperation with the government. The modernist aesthetics – of straight lines, open spaces and visible order – informs the project design with the requirement to use the new houses and public spaces according to the standards of ‘modern civilization’. As our research shows, such a regime of spatial ordering clashes with the livelihoods of the urban poor, whose quality of life might even deteriorate as a result of the intervention. Furthermore, so‐called participatory procedures fail to grant the target population any real influence in creating their environment. Consequently, these residents of the new housing estate drastically reconstruct their private and public areas, reappropriating the urban space and contesting the regime of spatial ordering imposed upon them.     

APPLIED GEOGRAPHIC RESEARCH FOR STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

Experience with five funded and three unfunded state and local-government research projects involving transportation, land use, and community planning problems reveal that state and local government agencies are usually understaffed and cannot divert resources from immediate needs. A major need is for data and analysis to satisfy short-term responsibilities. In-house staff and consultant companies can best fill this need. Information and analysis for the intermediate and long run can best be developed by the universities because of better-quality research at low costs. Such applied research opportunities at the local and state levels should be sought by geographers. Research of this kind is becoming more accepted vis-á-vis the goals and reward system of the university community.     

资源环境系列制图研究的现实基础与发展

本文侧重于全国性资源环境及有关自然条件等专题制图工作的现实基础和成就,作简要总结和回顾。针对提高和重新认识制图效益和重点进行讨论,提出科学效益是基础,社会效益是目的,经济效益是根本,为资源环境的合理开发利用提供依据,并提出今后发展设想。