层状煤岩介质的基本解

煤岩的水力压裂实际上就是半无限大分层均匀介质的断裂问题,要利用有限元法或边界元法模拟裂缝扩展,就必须找出半无限空间的基本解。本文从三维弹性力学最基本的平衡方程和本构关系出发,推导出状态传递微分方程。在求解状态传递微分方程时,对指数矩阵进行分解,避免了直接解法导致状态变量的发散。引入了半无限体的无穷边界条件,推导出半无限层表面的位移与应力关系式。根据状态传递方程,可得出层状煤岩任意点的应力和位移的值。此结果可直接退化到经典的半无限域经典的Mindlin解。     

公路交通荷载作用下分层地基的三维动响应分析

根据高速公路路基的实际情况,建立了三维分层地基模型,分别考虑了刚性路面和柔性路面的情况,利用传递矩阵法获得了置于刚性基岩上的层状地基和分层半无限地基的刚度矩阵,将车辆荷载简化为矩形均布移动荷载,利用Fourier变换方法得到了层状地基系统在交通荷载作用下的三维振动解,并用快速傅立叶逆变换方法得到了数值结果,与模型试验结果进行了比较,显示出了较好的一致性,同时分析了荷载大小、土层性状对响应结果的影响,得出了一些有意义的结论。研究结果可为路面施工设计及路基动力响应分析提供参考。     

Matlab环境下瑞利波有限差分正演与曲线绘制

以瑞利波频散方程为出发点的Abo-Zena传递矩阵等方法,只能研究层状介质中瑞利波的传播特性,对于非层状介质,传递矩阵无能为力。因此,不得不考虑有限元、有限差分等方法。根据弹性动力学方程,采用交错网格有限差分方法对均匀弹性半空间介质进行全波场模拟,并在Matlab环境下实现编程计算,再现了瑞利波在近地表的传播状态,实现了地震剖面曲线的正振幅充填问题,从而获得了类似野外地震勘探的剖面记录。模拟结果表明,采用一阶差分格式所得到的地震记录存在较严重的数值频散,在采用有限差分法研究瑞利波"之"字形成因时,须尽量压制数值频散现象,才能获得更接近实际情况的频散曲线。      

Transient dynamic response of multilayered saturated media subjected to impulsive loadings

This paper presents a stable and efficient method for calculating the transient solution of layered saturated media subjected to impulsive loadings by means of the analytical layer element method. Starting with the field equations based on Biot's linear theory for porous, fluid‐saturated media, and the seepage continuity equation, an analytical layer element for a single layer is established by applying Laplace‐Hankel integral transform. The global stiffness matrix in the transform domain for a layered saturated half‐space subjected to a transient circular patch loading is obtained by assembling the layer elements of each layer. The displacements in the time domain are derived by Laplace‐Hankel inverse transform of the global stiffness matrix. Numerical examples are conducted to verify the accuracy of the method and to demonstrate the influences of type of transient loading, buried depth of loading, permeability, and stratification of materials on the transient response of the multilayered saturated poroelastic media.     

层状可压缩岩基三维固结问题的状态空间解

采用状态空间法求解层状可压缩岩基的三维固结问题。首先从直角坐标系下考虑可压缩性的三维Biot固结问题的控制方程出发,通过Laplace-Fourier变换得到状态空间方程,解此方程并通过Cayley-Hamilton定理,得到单层可压缩岩基三维固结问题的传递矩阵;然后利用传递矩阵法,结合层间连续性条件和边界条件,得到了层状可压缩岩基三维固结问题在积分变换域内的解答;最后应用Laplace-Fourier逆变换技术,得到层状可压缩岩基三维固结问题在物理域内的理论解答。编制了相应的计算程序,进行了数值计算与分析,证明了压缩性对岩基固结问题的影响     

刚度缓变介质中瑞利波特性

基于薄层刚度矩阵方法,研究了瑞利波在3种典型刚度缓变介质中传播特性,并对瑞利波在缓变介质及分层介质中传播特性进行比较。结果显示,无论剖面刚度是缓变还是分层变化,对规则剖面,表面波场基阶模态占主导地位,远场表面波有效相速度与基阶模态相速度接近;对不规则剖面,表面波场中高阶模态影响较大,影响程度及频率范围与剖面刚度变化有关。在缓变介质中,模态相速度高频趋势值高于剖面最小剪切波速介质的瑞利波速,有效相速度趋势值也明显偏离表面介质瑞利波速,这些特性与分层介质不同。研究结果显示,当缓变介质用数量有限的虚构分层来模拟时,表面波频散测试数据与理论值匹配程度及剖面分析精度会受虚构层数量影响。     

两种计算瑞利波理论频散曲线的传递法模拟对比

对目前计算层状介质中瑞利导波理论频散曲线的2类传递矩阵方法进行总结,分别利用2类传递矩阵方法对假定的层状介质模型进行模拟计算,比较了2类方法的特点。通过模拟计算结果可知,2类传递矩阵算法是一致的,但快速标量传递算法的计算速度比Abo-zena,Menke和Bixing Zhang等推导的传递矩阵算法快1倍多,并且其计算的稳定性和计算精度要优于后者,但在避免高频数值溢出方面,Bixing Zhang等推导的传递矩阵算法比快速标量传递算法要好。     

地埋点热源作用下层状半空间的热-力耦合响应

采用解析层元法对存在地下点热源的岩土工程问题进行解答。首先从热弹性力学三维问题的基本控制方程出发,利用拉普拉斯-傅里叶积分变换推导出其在变换域内单层介质及下卧半空间的解析层元;然后结合有限单元法原理组装得到总刚度矩阵,结合边界条件,得到其在变换域内的解答,最后应用拉普拉斯-傅里叶积分逆变换技术,得到物理域内的解。编制了相应的计算程序,算例分析表明：该结果与已有文献吻合较好,该方法求解层状半空间的热-力耦合响应问题具有较好的适用性和较高的精度;层状岩土介质体系中,热扩散系数对温度及地表隆起的变化过程影响显著,但对其初始值和最终稳定值影响不明显;分层特性对岩土介质温度分布及地表位移变化过程均有显著影响。     

墙下条形基础与层状横观各向同性地基共同作用

运用对偶积分方程来求解层状横观各向同性地基与墙下条形基础的共同作用问题。从直角坐标平面应变问题控制方程出发,通过傅里叶（Fourier）变换和层间连续性条件,可以得到层状横观各向同性地基的传递矩阵解。基于该传递矩阵解,并利用条形基础与地基接触的混合边值条件,推导出一组关于基础挠度和地基反力的对偶积分方程。考虑墙下条形基础受到竖向集中荷载的情况,利用弹性薄板理论先求解出条形基础挠度;随后应用雅可比（Jacobi）正交多项式和级数展开的方法,将对偶积分方程转化为线性代数方程组进行求解。编制了相应的计算程序,其计算结果与有限元软件ABAQUS的结果基本吻合,从而验证了所提理论的正确性。算例分析表明,板土相对刚度与地基成层性对地基反力、地表沉降和沿z轴竖向正应力有很大的影响。     

层状地基中单桩负摩擦问题积分方程解法

利用Biot固结理论和积分方程方法研究了表面有堆载的层状地基中单桩负摩擦问题。根据层状饱和土的圆形载荷基本解得出了单桩在圆形均布载荷作用下在时间域内的第二类Fredholm积分方程组。运用Laplace变换对上述积分方程组进行简化。再结合传递和刚度矩阵传递到各个层中去,对变换域内的积分方程采用Schapery 逆变换方法得到时域内单桩的近似积分方程。求解积分方程组并进行相应的数值逆变换,就可得出层状地基中的单桩在表面圆形均布载荷作用下的位移、轴力、孔压和桩侧摩阻力随时间的变化情况。计算结果表明,桩侧剪力和孔压分层明显。     

Reflection–transmission matrix method for the consolidation of a multilayered saturated soil

The consolidation of the layered saturated soil is an important issue in civil engineering and has been investigated extensively during the past decades. In this study, based on the Biot's theory, the reflection–transmission matrix (RTM) method for treating the layered saturated soil under axisymmetric consolidation is developed. To decouple the governing equations of the Biot's theory, the McNamee displacement functions are introduced, and the general solution for the saturated soil is obtained using the Laplace and Hankel transforms. In order to develop the RTM method for the layered saturated soil, based on the obtained general solution, the static wave vector corresponding to the state vector of the saturated soil and the transform matrix relating the aforementioned two vectors are defined. Also, the transfer matrices corresponding to the two vectors are introduced, and the representations of the RTMs for the static wave vector of the saturated soil are presented. As the state vector, static wave vector, and the transform matrix relating the two vectors are all defined in the global coordinate system, the RTMs obtained in this study thus have a reasonable physical meaning. By using the RTMs for the layered saturated soil, the solutions for the layered saturated soil subjected to external sources are derived. Comparison of results due to the proposed RTM method with some existing results and results due to the transfer matrix method validates the developed RTM method. Some numerical results are obtained based on the proposed RTM method for the layered saturated soil. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Boundary element elastic analysis of layered soils by a successive stiffness method

The elastostatic analysis of layered systems (such as a soil consisting of a set of L individually homogeneous strata) is tackled here on the basis of discretized boundary integral equations (boundary element method). By exploiting the peculiar chain-like pattern of the system, a recursive formula is obtained which generates economically a ‘stiffness matrix’ of the first n layers (from bottom) at the upper interface with the subsequent layer (n = 1…L). The ‘successive stiffness’ method proposed is shown to imply noteworthy advantages with respect to both the standard boundary element method by zones (or subregions) and another ad hoc, earlier method resting on a boundary element approach combined with the transfer matrix concept. This conclusion is corroborated by two-dimensional examples.     

三维横观各向同性成层地基的传递矩阵解

通过解耦变换推导出三维直角坐标系下横观各向同性地基的非耦合状态方程;利用双重Fourier变换以及Cayley-Hamilton定理得到了单层地基的传递矩阵;结合边界条件和层间连续条件进而得其传递矩阵解。编制了相应程序并进行了数值计算与分析,结果表明：数值结果与已有文献结果十分吻合,地基的横观各向同性性质与成层性质对受荷地基中竖向位移和应力的影响较为显著。     

弹性矩形板下横观各向同性多层地基分析

利用弹性矩形板与多层地基表面的竖向位移协调条件与光滑接触条件,由横观各向同性多层地基应力与位移非耦合的传递矩阵解,推导出弹性矩形板下竖向应力和位移的解析解。在此基础上,编制了相应的程序,并进行了数值计算。计算结果表明：矩形板刚度对板底竖向位移及板中心下的竖向应力有着较为显著的影响;板底竖向位移及板中心下的竖向应力随着板刚度的增加而减小,相同荷载作用下横观各向同性地基与均匀各向同性地基模型的计算结果差异较大,实际工程中很有必要采用更符合土体性质的横观各向同性地基模型     

多向荷载作用下层状地基刚性桩筏基础分析

提出一种多向荷载作用下层状地基中刚性桩筏基础的计算方法。基于剪切位移法,采用传递矩阵形式分析了竖向荷载下桩顶面-桩顶面相互作用;引入修正桩侧地基模量,采用有限差分法分析了水平荷载下桩顶面-桩顶面相互作用;基于层状弹性半空间理论,分析了多向荷载下桩顶面-土表面、土表面-桩顶面、土表面-土表面的相互作用关系。建立了桩土体系柔度矩阵,得到了多向荷载下层状地基中刚性桩筏基础的受力和变形的关系以及桩的内力和变形沿桩身分布规律。通过与有限元对比,验证了该方法的合理性和修正地基模量的优越性,并对多向荷载作用下的桩筏基础进行了计算分析,计算结果表明,水平力将会引起桩筏基础的倾斜。     

Multiwave Amplitude Compensation and Its Sensitivity Analysis to AVO Inversion in Viscoelastic Media

We derive formulae of correction for multi-wave geometric spreading and absorption in lay-ered viscoelastic media,this provides the theoretical foundation for true amplitude compensation of field data and for our sensitivity analysis.The imaging matrix at a plane reflector between viscoelastic media can be determined in the frequency domain using linearized reflection coefficients through Born approxi-mation.We quantiqatively analyze the sensitivity by studying eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the imaging matrix.The results show that two linear combinations of petrophysical parameters can be determined from the multi-wave AVO inversion in the case of amplitude compensation.Multi-wave AVO contains the information of attenuation in the media.However,the sensitivity of multi-wave AVO inversion to at-tenuation is small.     

体波地脉动单点谱比法研究

采用弹性成层介质模型,应用概率分析方法,推导地下体波斜入射成层介质,在自由表面形成体波地脉动的水平分量与竖向分量谱比表达式。然后,通过大量模型计算,论证体波斜入射单层覆盖半空间形成地脉动水平分量与竖向分量谱比特性与场地传递函数间的关系。结果表明,利用地脉动单点谱比法分析体波为主要成分地脉动时,与场地水平向传递函数相比,可以得到较准确阻抗比大于3的场地卓越频率和偏小的场地放大因子。     

传递矩阵法分析层状地基中桩的扭转变形

研究了扭矩作用下单桩的扭转变形.采用积分变换和传递矩阵方法,求解了成层土在内部环形荷载作用下的基本解;利用此基本解并考虑桩土位移协调条件,提出了层状地基中单桩扭转变形分析的解析方法;并按此理论方法对匀质地基模型进行了数值计算,其结果与已有经典解答相当吻合.     

层状非均质多孔介质中LNAPLs污染物运移与分布的锋面扩展模型

通过建立二维物理模型,研究非饱和层状非均质多孔介质中轻非水相液体LNAPLs(Light Non-a-queous Phase Liquids)的入渗机制与变化特征,建立LNAPLs运移与分布的锋面扩展模型,探讨入渗阶段油流锋面扩展速率的变化规律。结果发现:模型中砂土的渗透系数、孔隙度及油的相对渗透系数对LNAPLs运移的锋面扩展速率影响较大,而油的饱和度与压头变化对其影响较小。当LNAPLs由中砂进入细砂与细砂倾斜透镜体时,砂的渗透系数、孔隙度及油的相对渗透系数减小,这种介质结构面的突变改变了LNAPLs锋面扩展速率,其在中砂中锋面扩展速率快而在细砂与细砂倾斜透镜体中锋面扩展速率慢。此外,当LNAPLs进入干湿界面后,由于毛细作用的增强与含水量的加大,其横向比垂向运移的平均锋面扩展速率大。     

Simulation of multiphase flow in fractured reservoirs using a fracture-only model with transfer functions

We present a fracture-only reservoir simulator for multiphase flow: the fracture geometry is modeled explicitly, while fluid movement between fracture and matrix is accommodated using empirical transfer functions. This is a hybrid between discrete fracture discrete matrix modeling where both the fracture and matrix are gridded and dual-porosity or dual-permeability simulation where both fracture and matrix continua are upscaled. The advantage of this approach is that the complex fracture geometry that controls the main flow paths is retained. The use of transfer functions, however, simplifies meshing and makes the simulation method considerably more efficient than discrete fracture discrete matrix models. The transfer functions accommodate capillary- and gravity-mediated flow between fracture and matrix and have been shown to be accurate for simple fracture geometries, capturing both the early- and late-time average behavior. We verify our simulator by comparing its predictions with simulation results where the fracture and matrix are explicitly modeled. We then show the utility of the approach by simulating multiphase flow in a geologically realistic fracture network. Waterflooding runs reveal the fraction of the fracture–matrix interface area that is infiltrated by water so that matrix imbibition can occur. The evolving fraction of the fracture–matrix interface area turns out to be an important characteristic of any particular fracture system to be used as a scaling parameter for capillary driven fracture–matrix transfer.