快速有效的转换波共转换点叠加技术

转换波共转换点(Common Conversion Point简称CCP)叠加的关键在于CCP抽道集和非双曲线正常时差校正NMO(Normal MoveOut). 目前方法的精度限制了其在中-浅层或大炮检距情况下的应用. 我们对CCP叠加技术进行了系统研究,导出了新的CCP位置计算公式和非双曲线时距关系式,并给出了具体的CCP抽道集方法. 理论模型试验和实验资料处理表明本文方法精度高、简便易行,特别是对于中-浅层和大炮检距情况也能得到良好的叠加效果.     

快速有效的转换波共转换点叠加技术

转换波共转换点(Common Conversion Point简称CCP)叠加的关键在于CCP抽道集和非双曲线正常时差校正NMO(Normal MoveOut). 目前方法的精度限制了其在中-浅层或大炮检距情况下的应用. 我们对CCP叠加技术进行了系统研究,导出了新的CCP位置计算公式和非双曲线时距关系式,并给出了具体的CCP抽道集方法. 理论模型试验和实验资料处理表明本文方法精度高、简便易行,特别是对于中-浅层和大炮检距情况也能得到良好的叠加效果.     

用于位场数据处理的广义反演技术

本文讨论了线性广义反演方法对位场延拓问题的应用。如果考虑能量有限的约束,应用拉格朗日乘子法便可得到与随机逆相同的反演公式（Franklin）,而不必假定模型为高斯白噪的随机过程。对反演算子进行谱分解之后,拉格朗日乘子起到折衷因子的作用,因此改变拉格朗日乘子的值便可找到在分辨率和误差之间取最佳折衷的反问题数值解。将这种广义反演技术用于位场从任意曲面向下延拓到源顶面,给出了较好的结果。与BG方法相比,位场向下延拓结果的精度相近,但计算速度可以提高。     

用于位场数据处理的广义反演技术

本文讨论了线性广义反演方法对位场延拓问题的应用。如果考虑能量有限的约束,应用拉格朗日乘子法便可得到与随机逆相同的反演公式（Franklin）,而不必假定模型为高斯白噪的随机过程。对反演算子进行谱分解之后,拉格朗日乘子起到折衷因子的作用,因此改变拉格朗日乘子的值便可找到在分辨率和误差之间取最佳折衷的反问题数值解。将这种广义反演技术用于位场从任意曲面向下延拓到源顶面,给出了较好的结果。与BG方法相比,位场向下延拓结果的精度相近,但计算速度可以提高。     

STACKING OF P-SV SEISMIC REFLECTION DATA USING DIP MOVEOUT1

The moveout of P-SV mode-converted seismic reflection events in a common-midpoint gather is non-hyperbolic. This is true even if the medium has constant P- and SV-wave velocities. Furthermore, reflection-point smear occurs even along horizontal reflectors. These effects reduce the resolution of the zero-offset stack. In such a medium, the generalization of the dip moveout transformation to P-SV data can be calculated analytically. The resulting P-SV dip moveout operators solve the problem of reflection-point smear, and image any reflector regardless of dip or depth. The viability of this technique is demonstrated on synthetic and field data.     

HORIZONTAL STACKING AND MULTICHANNEL FILTERING APPLIED TO COMMON DEPTH POINT SEISMIC DATA*

The common depth point method of shooting in oil exploration provides a series of seismic traces which yield information about the substrata layers at one location. After normal moveout and static corrections have been applied, the traces are combined by horizontal stacking, or linear multichannel filtering, into a single record in which the primary reflections have been enhanced relative to the multiple reflections and random noise. The criterion used in optimum horizontal stacking is to maximize the signal to noise power ratio, where signal refers to the primary reflection sequence and noise includes the multiple reflections. It is shown when this criterion is equivalent to minimizing the mean square difference between the desired signal (primary reflection sequence) and the weighted horizontally stacked traces. If the seismic traces are combined by multichannel linear filtering, the primary reflection sequence will have undergone some phase and frequency distortion on the resulting record. The signal to noise power ratio then becomes less meaningful a criterion for designing the optimum linear multichannel filter, and the mean square criterion is adopted. In general, however, since more a priori information about the seismic traces is required to design the optimum linear multichannel filter than required for the optimum set of weights of the horizontal stacking process, the former will be an improvement over the latter. It becomes evident that optimum horizontal stacking is a restricted form of linear multichannel filtering.     

HORIZONTAL STACKING AND MULTICHANNEL FILTERING APPLIED TO COMMON DEPTH POINT SEISMIC DATA*

The common depth point method of shooting in oil exploration provides a series of seismic traces which yield information about the substrata layers at one location. After normal moveout and static corrections have been applied, the traces are combined by horizontal stacking, or linear multichannel filtering, into a single record in which the primary reflections have been enhanced relative to the multiple reflections and random noise. The criterion used in optimum horizontal stacking is to maximize the signal to noise power ratio, where signal refers to the primary reflection sequence and noise includes the multiple reflections. It is shown when this criterion is equivalent to minimizing the mean square difference between the desired signal (primary reflection sequence) and the weighted horizontally stacked traces. If the seismic traces are combined by multichannel linear filtering, the primary reflection sequence will have undergone some phase and frequency distortion on the resulting record. The signal to noise power ratio then becomes less meaningful a criterion for designing the optimum linear multichannel filter, and the mean square criterion is adopted. In general, however, since more a priori information about the seismic traces is required to design the optimum linear multichannel filter than required for the optimum set of weights of the horizontal stacking process, the former will be an improvement over the latter. It becomes evident that optimum horizontal stacking is a restricted form of linear multichannel filtering.     

AN OPTIMIZED TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING STACKING VELOCITY FROM SEISMIC REFLECTION DATA*

A new method of estimating seismic stacking velocity from reflection seismograms is based on Fibonacci search technique and provides the highest rate of reduction of the interval of uncertainty of the stacking velocity. A review of the Fibonacci search strategy is presented, the application of the method is illustrated with synthetic and field examples.     

WEIGHTED STACKING OF SEISMIC DATA USING AMPLITUDE-DECAY RATES AND NOISE AMPLITUDES1

The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of seismic reflection data can be significantly enhanced by stacking. However, stacking using the arithmetic mean (straight stacking) does not maximize the S/N ratio of the stack if there are trace-to-trace variations in the S/N ratio. In this case, the S/N ratio of the stack is maximized by weighting each trace by its signal amplitude divided by its noise power, provided the noise is stationary. We estimate these optimum weights using two criteria: the amplitude-decay rate and the measured noise amplitude for each trace. The amplitude-decay rates are measured relative to the median amplitude-decay rate as a function of midpoint and offset. The noise amplitudes are measured using the data before the first seismic arrivals or at late record times. The optimum stacking weights are estimated from these two quantities using an empirical equation. Tests with synthetic data show that, even after noisy-trace editing, the S/N ratio of the weighted stack can be more than 10 dB greater than the S/N ratio of the straight stack, but only a few decibels more than the S/N ratio of the trace equalized stack. When the S/N ratio is close to 0 dB, a difference of 4 dB is clearly visible to the eye, but a difference of 1 dB or less is not visible. In many cases the S/N ratio of the trace-equalized stack is only a few decibels less than that of the optimum stack, so there is little to be gained from weighted stacking. However, when noisy-trace editing is omitted, the S/N ratio of the weighted stack can be more than 10 dB greater than that of the trace-equalized stack. Tests using field data show that the results from straight stacking, trace-equalized stacking, and weighted stacking are often indistinguishable, but weighted stacking can yield slight improvements on isolated portions of the data.     

CZB-1型竖直摆钻孔倾斜仪数据处理软件的开发与实现

CZB-1型竖直摆钻孔仪运行以来,一直缺乏与之配套的日常数据处理软件.工作中,台站人员采用传统方法处理,手工操作多,日常数据处理任务重,出错率较高.为了提高CZB-1型竖直摆钻孔倾斜仪数据处理的效率,减轻台站人员工作负担,依据地倾斜数据处理的相关要求及规范,利用Delphi软件开发环境,结合Access数据库与SQL ...     

多台站地磁观测资料综合处理的一种方法

通过利用空间线性度方法，分析处理地磁场前兆观测资料，并从“场”的角度综合计算多台站的地磁场观测资料，确立地磁基本场的统一信息量－空间线性度ａ。分析处理华北地区多个台站１９７５￣１９９４年的地磁场前兆观测资料。结果表明，中强地震之前约１ａ左右的时间内，空间线性度ａ可能出现明显的下降异常，有些在临震前回升，因此地磁场空间线性度ａ有可能作为中强地震前兆预报的指标。     

FIELD PROCESSING OF MAGNETIC DATA*

This paper deals with the practical problem of processing magnetic data in the field, and it shows how the parameters describing a geological contact can be obtained quickly and conveniently on the basis of five measurements. The complete interpretation can be performed in the field using a programmable calculator. For a small ground-party the method greatly improves the quality of the field-work and the interpretation of the magnetic data. The method has been applied to the data from a magnetic survey over the Mooki Fault (Gunnedah-Manilla, N.S.W.), and the results are discussed as an illustration of the efficacity of the method as a field procedure.     

APPLICATION OF ELASTIC MODELLING IN PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION OF VSP DATA: A CASE HISTORY1

Data from offshore Norway is used to study applications of elastic VSP modelling in detecting shear waves and observing the effects of successive mode conversion in field-recorded VSP data. The shear-wave velocities and densities from log data are used in conjunction with compressional wave velocities determined from surface seismic and log data in the VSP modelling. The time domain non-normal incidence elastic VSP modelling technique of Aminzadeh and Mendel is used as the modelling algorithm. Two surface seismograms are computed first. One is the vertical component and the other is the horizontal component for plane waves that have specified incident angles. A downward continuation method is then applied to generate seismograms at different depth points. The collection of these seismograms constitutes non-normal incidence VSPs. Both vertical and horizontal components of VSP data can be obtained by this procedure. In this paper non-normal incidence VSPs are generated for a 12.5° incident plane wave. The modelling results of layered earth systems of thin layers and thick layers are both compared with field data, and the effect of mode conversions in thin layers is observed. Several events in the field data can be explained by this elastic VSP modelling. Comparison of the model data and field data enabled a probable tube wave or out-of-plane event to be identified, the removal of which significantly improved the final VSP section. This study also shows how the VSP data helped the interpretation of the surface 3D data.     

COMPUTER PROCESSING OF AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC DATA *

With the increasing number of channels in AEM systems, computer data handling is becoming a necessity. The experience gained in processing of seismic and aeromagnetic data cannot be applied directly to low-frequency (100-5000 Hz) AEM methods. A novel scheme has been designed for AEM data processing and tested on 2900 km (1800 miles) of Input surveys. In the first step, the digital flight tapes are merged with digitized flight path recovery to form the primary data set. The validity of the raw data is controlled by the computer, but the interpreter has an option of checking them in perspective plots of channel amplitudes. The primary data set is reduced by processors which determine the location and type of anomalies and discard noise. Unlike the widely used deconvolution, the sequential processor determines first the anomaly location and then estimates parameters, such as peak amplitude, base width, and excess area, which are used as acceptance criteria. Interpretation parameters, such as σt, conductor depth, and dip are estimated by comparison with quantitative models. The recorded channel amplitudes are plotted together with the selected interpretation parameters in a profile form. The secondary data set which includes only the interpretation parameters for selected anomalies is graphically displayed as a schematic map of apparent σt. Elongated features are traced by a fan strike recognition routine and a trend map is automatically compiled and plotted. Disk storage is essential for second pass processing during which parts of the primary data set are searched for undiscovered anomalies matching the analyzed trend. The suggested procedure for AEM data processing is demonstrated on an Input MK V survey, Southern Indian Lake, Manitoba.     

辽宁省前兆数据处理系统

依据辽宁省区域台网中心前兆工作需求,并结合国家台网中心运行管理的相关技术要求,研发了辽宁省前兆数据处理系统。该软件的应用,有效解决了区域中心前兆工作中的很多问题,提高了工作效率与质量,具有很好的实用价值。     

MATLAB在地震信号处理中的应用实例

实现数据的可视化是地震监测和研究工作中最重要的问题之一。本文介绍了MATLAB在信号处理工作中的主要特点,结合实例以代码的形式介绍了几个台站工作中最常遇到的数据可视化编程方法。通过分析指出MATLAB实现地震数据可视化和其它实现数据可视化方法相比具有方便灵活,图形质量高的特点。     

ESTIMATION OF THE SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO OF SEISMIC DATA WITH AN APPLICATION TO STACKING*

The amplitude of the signal and the energy of the noise on each of at least three traces can be estimated provided that the signal has the same form (but not necessarily the same amplitude) on these traces and that the noise on any trace is correlated with neither the signal nor the noise on any other trace. This estimation of signal amplitude and noise energy can be achieved by a rather simple algorithm. The accuracy of the estimate depends, of course, on the degree to which the assumption that signal and noise on the different traces are mutually uncorrelated is actually met. The accuracy tends to improve with increasing number of traces.     

EDSP-DX数据交换系统和EDSP-RTP实时数据处理系统的应用

简要介绍了原实时数据处理软件EDSP-MCRTS、Jopens系统的Sss流服务模块和EDSP-RTP实时数据处理系统的一些特点.着重就EDSP-DX数据交换系统和EDSP-RTP实时数据处理系统的安装、设置和使用技巧,以及EDSP-RTP实时数据处理系统在应用过程中出现数据中断、震级偏差、数据传输、地震事件检测等问题,作了一定的分析,并给出了解决的方法.同时对测震台网典型的几种数据传输方式以及在EDSP-RTP实时数据处理系统中如何实现作了一定的阐述,并对目前新疆测震台网中心实时数据处理系统存在的问题,提出了可供参考的建议.     

COMMON REFLECTION POINT DATA-STACKING TECHNIQUE FOR CONVERTED WAVES1

For converted waves stacking requires a true common reflection point gather which, in this case, is also a common conversion point (CCP) gather. We consider converted waves of the PS- and SP-type in a stack of horizontal layers. The coordinates of the conversion points for waves of PS- or SP-type, respectively, in a single homogeneous layer are calculated as a function of the offset, the reflector depth and the velocity ratio v_p/v_s. Knowledge of the conversion points enables us to gather the seismic traces in a common conversion point (CCP) record. Numerical tests show that the CCP coordinates in a multilayered medium can be approximated by the equations given for a single layer. In practical applications, an a priori estimate of v_p/v_s is required to obtain the CCP for a given reflector depth. A series expansion for the traveltime of converted waves as a function of the offset is presented. Numerical examples have been calculated for several truncations. For small offsets, a hyperbolic approximation can be used. For this, the rms velocity of converted waves is defined. A Dix-type formula, relating the product of the interval velocities of compressional and shear waves to the rms velocity of the converted waves, is presented.     

地震台站观测资料微机管理实用程序

本文简要地论述了台站观测资料微机管理实用程序的设计原则、结构及其特点，给出了操作流程示意图和简要说明。该程序使用效果较好，使观测资料处理及时，月报输出快速准确，减少了工作人员的工作量。