太阳耀斑的光球磁场和色球速度场观测

太阳磁场望远镜安装了CCD图象接收处理系统后,得到许多精细结构的两维、实时磁场、速度场图。本文对其中观测的两群黑子,做耀斑磁场、速度场分析。在此基础上指出,异极性磁区相互渗透是普遍存在的,耀斑亮核均发生在异极性磁区相互挤压的前锋。这就为挤压无力场耀斑模式提供了有力的证据。同时发现,在耀斑发生的区域,流场的方向是向下的。     

耀斑与磁环拓扑界面附近的色球视向速度

在一些活动区中，耀斑与光球层磁对消的密切关系，已被观测确认，磁对消先于耀斑几小时到一天，此时，色球视向速度场呈现特定的式样，即在磁环拓扑界面上，出现紫移窄带，而耀斑亮块均落在拓扑界面两边的红移区，这一观测事实支持磁对消为低层大气的磁重联，并证实这种重联与日冕中的能量快速释放有密切关系。     

太阳磁场和速度场的研究

本文介绍了怀柔太阳学术集团于２２ 太阳周期间在太阳磁场和速度场研究方面的部分成果及对２３ 太阳活动周工作的展望     

Magnetic Flux Imbalance of the Solar and Heliospheric Magnetic Fields

A comparative analysis of solar and heliospheric magnetic fields in terms of their cumulative sums reveals cyclic and long-term changes that appear as a magnetic flux imbalance and alternations of dominant magnetic polarities. The global magnetic flux imbalance of the Sun manifests itself in the solar mean magnetic field (SMMF) signal. The north – south asymmetry of solar activity and the quadrupole mode of the solar magnetic field contribute the most to the observed magnetic flux imbalance. The polarity asymmetry exhibits the Hale magnetic cycle in both the radial and azimuthal components of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Analysis of the cumulative sums of the IMF components clearly reveals cyclic changes in the IMF geometry. The accumulated deviations in the IMF spiral angle from its nominal value also demonstrate long-term changes resulting from a slow increase of the solar wind speed over 1965 – 2006. A predominance of the positive IMF B _z with a significant linear trend in its cumulative signal is interpreted as a manifestation of the relic magnetic field of the Sun. Long-term changes in the IMF B _z are revealed. They demonstrate decadal changes owing to the 11/22-year solar cycle. Long-duration time intervals with a dominant negative B _z component were found in temporal patterns of the cumulative sum of the IMF B _z .     

日冕三重无力场电流片的磁场重联

采用二维三分量磁流体力学模型,对日冕三重无力场电流片的磁场重联进行了数值研究,揭示了重联过程的基本物理特征．这类重联过程将加热和加速日冕等离子体,并导致多个高温、高密度、高磁螺度的磁岛的形成和向上喷发．这表明,多重无力场电流片的重联可能在日冕磁能释放、上行等离子体团的形成和太阳磁场螺度向行星际空间的逃逸方面起重要的作用．     

半圆拱无力场的稳定性

本文从能量原理出发，导出了半圆拱无力场的能量积分的普遍形式，并证明所有半圆拱无力场都是稳定的。     

解决太阳横向磁场方向测定中180°不确定性的一个方法

本文提出了一种解决太阳横向磁场方向测定中１８０°不确定性的方法。该方法首先将Ｇａｒｙ等提出的方法定量化，客观地确定每一点的横场方向；然后由独立的Ｈ＿α观测或磁场演化历史，分析和确定磁力线的拓扑联接性，对客观确定的横场方向做经验修正。对活动区的应用表明，该方法是一个可供选择的解决横场方向不确定性的有效方法。     

Nonlinear Force-Free Modeling of Coronal Magnetic Fields. II. Modeling a Filament Arcade and Simulated Chromospheric and Photospheric Vector Fields

We compare a variety of nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF) extrapolation algorithms, including optimization, magneto-frictional, and Grad – Rubin-like codes, applied to a solar-like reference model. The model used to test the algorithms includes realistic photospheric Lorentz forces and a complex field including a weakly twisted, right helical flux bundle. The codes were applied to both forced “photospheric” and more force-free “chromospheric” vector magnetic field boundary data derived from the model. When applied to the chromospheric boundary data, the codes are able to recover the presence of the flux bundle and the field’s free energy, though some details of the field connectivity are lost. When the codes are applied to the forced photospheric boundary data, the reference model field is not well recovered, indicating that the combination of Lorentz forces and small spatial scale structure at the photosphere severely impact the extrapolation of the field. Preprocessing of the forced photospheric boundary does improve the extrapolations considerably for the layers above the chromosphere, but the extrapolations are sensitive to the details of the numerical codes and neither the field connectivity nor the free magnetic energy in the full volume are well recovered. The magnetic virial theorem gives a rapid measure of the total magnetic energy without extrapolation though, like the NLFFF codes, it is sensitive to the Lorentz forces in the coronal volume. Both the magnetic virial theorem and the Wiegelmann extrapolation, when applied to the preprocessed photospheric boundary, give a magnetic energy which is nearly equivalent to the value derived from the chromospheric boundary, but both underestimate the free energy above the photosphere by at least a factor of two. We discuss the interpretation of the preprocessed field in this context. When applying the NLFFF codes to solar data, the problems associated with Lorentz forces present in the low solar atmosphere must be recognized: the various codes will not necessarily converge to the correct, or even the same, solution. On 07/07/2007, the NLFFF team was saddened by the news that Tom Metcalf had died as the result of an accident. We remain grateful for having had the opportunity to benefit from his unwavering dedication to the problems encountered in attempting to understand the Sun’s magnetic field; Tom had completed this paper several months before his death, leading the team through the many steps described above.     

太阳Stokes光谱望远镜的结构及其数据处理方法

云南天文台的太阳Stokes光谱望远镜是一台通过测量磁敏谱线的Stokes参数I,Q,U和V的轮廓来研究太阳磁场精细结构的光谱型矢量磁场测量仪。它利用4个完整的Stokes轮廓所蕴含的丰富信息,完全确定辐射的偏振状态,从而精确地测定太阳黑子区的矢量磁场。文章首先介绍了该望远镜的结构,进而详细地介绍了该望远镜所测量的偏振光谱资料的处理方法。     

具奇异电流密度面的一维无力场的稳定性

从Ｎｅｗｃｏｍｂ（１９６０） 给出的直线箍缩等离子体的一维能量积分和稳定性定理出发,证明Ｌｏｗ（１９９３） 在圆柱坐标系下找到的具奇异电流密度面的一维无力场是稳定的     

具有旋量场的量子宇宙学

本文利用Hartle和Hawking的方法,讨论了具有旋量场的量子宇宙学,得到了相应的Wheeler-De Witt方程。求出了具有旋量场的宇宙波函数。从波函数可以看出,当标度因子α很小时,旋量场的影响很强,具体的形式与初始条件有关,而当标度因子α很大时,旋量场的行为和标量场一样。     

Axisymmetric field generation within an ambient axial field

The generation of magnetic field in a homogeneous, electrically conducting fluid – as required for the dynamo generation of the fields of many astrophysical bodies – is normally a threshold process; the dynamo mechanism, applicable to such bodies in unmagnetised environments, requires motions of sufficient strength to overcome the innate magnetic diffusion. In the presence of an ambient field, however, the critical nature of the field generation process is relaxed. Motions can distort and amplify the ambient field for all amplitudes of flow. For motions with appropriate geometries, an internal ‘dynamo‐like’ field of appreciable strength can be generated, even for relatively weak flows. At least a minority of planets, moons and other bodies exist within significant external astrophysical fields. For these bodies, the ambient field problem is more relevant than the classical dynamo problem, yet it remains relatively little studied. In this paper we consider the effect of an axial ambient field on a spherical mean‐field α ²ω dynamo model, through nonlinear calculations with α ‐quenching feedback. Ambient fields of varying strengths, and both stationary and oscillatory in time, are imposed. Particular focus is placed on the effects of these fields on the equatorial symmetry and the time dependence of the preferred solutions. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

星系盘中的磁重平衡:星系贮留原初磁场的观测证据

邻近旋涡星系中观测到的磁场被理论学家解释为发电机作用的结果.而我们发现,在邻近的星系中,磁场的强度与中性氢的柱密度紧密相关.星系盘中的磁场处于磁重平衡状态.这一结果与发电机放大机制相悖,从而支持星系磁场是原初起源的假说.     

A method to determine regional lunar gravity fields from earth-based satellite tracking data

A method to determine regional gravity fields of the Moon from Earth-based Doppler and range satellite tracking data residuals of a low Moon-orbiting satellite has been developed and thoroughly tested in a controlled simulation environment. A short-arc approach, where one arc consists of the time it takes the satellite to cross the grid of interest on the lunar surface, is used in order to filter out most long-wavelength signal that can still be present in the residuals. Simulation results where the data are contaminated with either typical systematic or stochastic noise show that recovery of the local gravity field down to the level of several mGal is possible. The inclusion of extremely low-altitude data also means that regularisation in the sense of including a priori information in the form of a regularisation matrix is not necessary in order to obtain a good solution at high resolution.     

The Magnetic Field Effect on Planetary Nebulae

In our previous work on the 3-dimensional dynamical structure of planetary nebulae the effect of magnetic field was not considered. Recently Jordan et al. have directly detected magnetic fields in the central stars of some planetary nebulae. This discovery supports the hypothesis that the non-spherical shape of most planetary nebulae is caused by magnetic fields in AGB stars. In this study we focus on the role of initially weak toroidal magnetic fields embedded in a stellar wind in altering the shape of the PN. We found that magnetic pressure is probably influential on the observed shape of most PNe.     

Quantum Vacuum Effects in the Gravitational Field of a Global Monopole

A study is made of the vacuum expectation values for the energy-momentum tensor of a massive scalar field that satisfy a Robin mixed boundary condition on a spherical surface with a background gravitational field from a D+1-dimensional global monopole. Expressions are derived for the Wightman function, vacuum expectation of the square of the field, vacuum energy density, and the radial and azimuthal pressures inside the spherical surface. The regularization procedure involves using the generalized Abel-Plana formula for series in terms of the zeroes of cylindrical functions. This formula makes it possible to separate the part owing to the gravitational field of a global monopole without boundaries from the vacuum expectation and to represent the parts induced by the boundary in the form of exponentially converging integrals which are especially convenient for numerical calculations. The asymptotic behavior of the vacuum averages is studied at the center of the sphere and near its surface. It is shown that for small values of the parameter describing the solid-angle deficit in the geometry of a global monopole, the vacuum stresses induced by the boundary are highly anisotropic.     

太阳磁场的观测

分析了太阳的观测磁图所涉及的磁场位形 ,以及磁场观测研究中的一些问题。     

一个爆发日珥速度场的观测研究

用"多云模型"光谱方法分析1991年3月5日喷泉状爆发日珥的Hα光谱观测资料,导出了该日珥视向速度的二维分布;通过速度场分析,我们探测到日珥喷射速度和旋转角速度随高度的分布,结果表明该日珥的蓝移速度占绝对优势,速度变化范围为8～110km/s,速度分布不均衡、不对称,日珥中部和底部速度较大、顶部速度较小;日珥南边缘的速度梯度比北边缘的更大;日珥的喷射除表现为上升运动外还显示出向着观测者的、平均速度约为50km/s的视向运动;该日珥的旋转角速度约为7×10-4rad/s,两者随高度的变化显示出相反的特征。     

The role of the Hermanus Magnetic Observatory in geomagnetic field research

Geomagnetic field research carried out at the Hermanus Magnetic Observatory over the past decade is reviewed. An important aspect of this research has been the study of geomagnetic field variations, with particular emphasis on ULF geomagnetic pulsations. Features of geomagnetic pulsations which are unique to low latitude locations have been investigated, such as the cavity mode nature of low latitude Pi 2 pulsations and the role played by ionosphericO ⁺ ions in the field line resonances responsible for Pc 3 pulsations. A theoretical model has been developed which is able to account for the observed relationships between geomagnetic pulsations and oscillations in the frequency of HF radio waves traversing ionospheric paths. Other facets of the research have been geomagnetic field modelling, aimed at improving the accuracy and resolution of regional geomagnetic field models, and the development of improved geomagnetic activity indices.     

太阳宁静区磁元的空间结构

利用怀柔太阳磁场望远镜,我们对太阳宁静区光球和色球磁场进行了观测。日面中心到边缘的观测表明,太阳宁静区中的小尺度磁结构在从光球到色球的扩展过程中变化不大。日面边缘的观测表明,小尺度磁结构的水平分量在光球和色球都不大。对极区和赤道边缘纵向磁场的比较发现,极区磁场与赤道边缘磁场有着不同的磁结构特性