Anisotropic deformation characteristics of soft marine clay involved the change of b-values and stress direction

In actual engineering, soft clay foundations are in drained or partial drained conditions, it would be useful to establish reasonable constitutive relationship and provide guidance for engineering projects. A hollow cylinder apparatus is used to investigate the anisotropic deformation behavior of natural soft marine clay influenced by intermediate principal stress coefficient b and principal stress direction α. Tests were conducted by maintaining a fixed principal stress direction α relative to the vertical direction, while keeping the intermediate principal stress coefficient b constant. It was found that the anisotropic deformation behavior of natural soft clay is merely influenced by major principal stress direction α, but significantly influenced by intermediate principal stress coefficient b.     

急性低氧胁迫对军曹鱼大规格幼鱼血液生化指标的影响

为了研究军曹鱼在急性低氧应激时体内物质代谢和组织器官机能状态变化,分别测定低氧胁迫前后血液生化指标的含量。结果表明:（1）急性低氧胁迫后,军曹鱼血清电解质含量呈不同程度升高,其中钠、氯和钙离子浓度与胁迫前差异极显著（P<0.01）;钾离子浓度与胁迫前无显著性差异（P>0.05）。（2）急性低氧胁迫后,军曹鱼血清肝功能指标变化情况各异。其中,白蛋白含量与胁迫前略有降低,谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性与胁迫前略有上升,但差异均不具有统计学意义（P>0.05）,总蛋白含量显著低于胁迫前（P<0.05）,白蛋白和球蛋白比值则显著高于胁迫前（P<0.05）,碱性磷酸酶极显著低于胁迫前（P<0.01）。（3）急性低氧胁迫后,军曹鱼血清葡萄糖和肌酐浓度均呈升高的变化,且与胁迫前差异极显著（P<0.01）。（4）急性低氧胁迫后,血清肌酸激酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性均呈升高变化,肌酸激酶活性与胁迫前差异显著（P<0.05）,乳酸脱氢酶活性与胁迫前差异极显著（P<0.01）。（5）低氧胁迫后,军曹鱼血脂指标变化情况各异,其中总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白浓度呈极显著降低的变化（P<0.01）,低密度脂蛋白浓度呈显著升高的变化（P<0.05）,甘油三酯浓度略有升高,但不具有统计学意义（P>0.05）。研究表明,急性低氧胁迫后,军曹鱼大部分血液生化指标发生显著性变化,预示着肝脏、肾脏及心脏组织造成损伤,使其机能出现紊乱。     

Anisotropic Drained Deformation Behavior and Shear Strength of Natural Soft Marine Clay

The deformation behavior and shear strength of soft marine clays subjected to wave or traffic loads are different from that in triaxial loading due to the changes of major principal stress direction β and intermediate principal stress coefficient b. To investigate the anisotropy affected by β and b in natural soft marine clay, a series of drained tests were conducted by hollow cylinder apparatus. The principal stress direction relative to vertical direction were maintained constant under an increasing shear stress, with fixed intermediate principal stress coefficient b. The influence of the b and β on anisotropy of typically Wenzhou intact clay is discussed. It was found that octahedral stress–strain relationships expressed anisotropy with different b and β. The friction angle and deviator stress ratio with different b and β were presented to provide guidance for engineering projects in the coastal zone.     

Experimental investigation on cyclic deformation behavior of soft marine clay involved principal stress rotation

To investigate cyclic deformation behavior of natural soft marine clay-involved principal stress rotation, a series of undrained tests were conducted by using GDS hollow cylinder apparatus. The principal stress rotates 5000 cycles while the deviator stress was kept at a constant level. The tests results show that the deformation behavior of the tested samples are significantly dependent on cyclic stress ratio (CSR). Furthermore, different type of generation of axial strains occur under different CSRs. With the same CSR, the type of axial strain is different between that considering and ignoring principal stress rotation. When CSR is larger than CSR = 0.42 under principal stress rotation, the axial strain grows rapidly after a few cycles. Compared with the results conducted by cyclic triaxial results, the effect of principal stress rotation on the axial strain is significant.     

南极冰藻Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L过氧化氢酶的热胁迫响应

为了研究南极冰藻的热胁迫应答机制,本文根据转录组测序得到的冰藻Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L过氧化氢酶CiCAT基因分析了其编码蛋白的特征,同时研究了CiCAT基因表达和过氧化氢酶活性在培养温度升高时的响应变化情况。结果表明:CiCAT基因序列全长为2 066 bp,编码492个氨基酸。在过氧化氢酶的系统进化树中,南极冰藻与其他绿藻聚类为一个分支。CiCAT编码的蛋白序列与盐藻和红球藻的过氧化氢酶序列相似性较高,分别为80.5%和78.9%。当南极冰藻处于热胁迫条件下,CiCAT基因的相对表达量和过氧化氢酶活均呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,但在胁迫24 h时CiCAT基因的表达量变化不明显,而实验组的酶活显著高于对照组。在胁迫72 h时,基因表达量和酶活均达到最高值。研究初步表明,与在常温藻类和高等植物中的功能相似,在经受热胁迫的情况下,南极冰藻中的抗氧化酶系统也发挥着重要作用。     

Dynamic characteristics of marine soft clay under variable phase difference and initial static shear stress

Abstract

Under seismic loading, the soil layer is subjected to multidirectional cyclic shear stress with different amplitudes and frequencies because of the coupling of multiple shear waves and the soil element within a slope or behind a retaining wall is subjected to initial static shear stress before subjected to cyclic loading. Due to the complexity of seismic loading propagation, a phase difference exists between the initial static shear stress and cyclic shear stress. To investigate the influence of the phase difference and initial static shear stress on cyclic shear strain, cyclic modulus, and cyclic strength, a series of laboratory tests are performed on Wenzhou marine soft clay by multi-directional simple shear system, which can simulate the actual state better by controlling the horizontal cyclic stress in the x and y directions simultaneously. As the phase difference varies from 0° to 90°, the dynamic shear modulus increases and cyclic strain accumulation decreases with an increasing number of cycles. The shear strain increases with the initial shear stress.     

Influence of Bottom Stress on the Two-layer Flow Induced by Gravity Currents in Estuaries

Baroclinic circulation in highly stratified and partially stratified estuaries is characterised by a two-layer flow: a bottom salt- water inflow and a surface brackish-water outflow. Tidal period variation of the thicknesses of a two-layer flow is observed to be associated with mixing, bottom stress and hydraulic characteristics of superposed tidal and gravity currents. Here, both analytical two-layer hydraulic equations with weak friction and a numerical model including a turbulence closure were utilised to understand the mechanism of the layer tendency within a two-layer flow under different barotropic flow conditions. It has been found that in the weak bottom friction case, a gravity current has two critical solutions at the layer thickness equal to 0·5Hand 0·292H. The layer thickness towards a particular critical solution is dependent on the sign of the bottom stress, i.e. when the bottom stress is opposite (favor) to the bottom gravity current, its layer thickness converges to 0·5H(0·292H). In the case of strong bottom stress and mixing opposing the gravity current, the solutions of the gravity current layer thickness at 0·5Hand 0·292Hwill not be valid. Both mixing and vorticity produced by bottom stress erode the halocline, and produce a high velocity core in the mid-depth, which leads to the thickness of a bottom gravity current greater than 0·5H. These internal hydraulic tendency and mixing processes, varying with time-dependent barotropic tidal current forcing, determine the tidal period variation of the gravity current structure.     

变异轴孔珊瑚(Acropora valida)对酸化高温胁迫的转录组水平反应及恢复潜力分析

采用RNAseq测序技术对比变异轴孔珊瑚(Acropora valida)在酸化高温胁迫及去胁迫条件下的mRNA转录组。构建了12个cDNA文库,共获得451789689个双端片段。通过拼接共得到1 056 727个转录本,其中86.5%匹配到珊瑚序列。转录本的差异表达分析显示,胁迫条件下共6 328个转录本发生了显著变化,主要涉及热休克蛋白、物质转运蛋白、凋亡调节和钙化四个方面。其中98.1%的差异表达转录本在胁迫去除后都能恢复到对照组水平;结果表明,尽管变异轴孔珊瑚在酸化高温胁迫时受到很大影响,但其转录本表达在胁迫去除后能恢复到原来的水平。首次探究酸化高温双胁迫去除后变异轴孔珊瑚转录本表达水平的恢复潜力,对研究珊瑚如何应对全球气候变化有一定指导意义。     

Present-day stress and pore pressure fields in the Cuu Long and Nam Con Son Basins, offshore Vietnam

Knowledge of the in situ, or contemporary stress field is vital for planning optimum orientations of deviated and horizontal wells, reservoir characterization and a better understanding of geodynamic processes and their effects on basin evolution.This study provides the first documented analysis of in situ stress and pore pressure fields in the sedimentary formations of the Cuu Long and Nam Con Son Basins, offshore Vietnam, based on data from petroleum exploration and production wells.In the Cuu Long Basin, the maximum horizontal stress is mainly oriented in NNW–SSE to N–S in the northern part and central high. In the Nam Con Son Basin, the maximum horizontal stress is mainly oriented in NE–SW in the northern part and to N–S in the central part of the basin.The magnitude of the vertical stress has a gradient of approximately 22.2 MPa/km at 3500 m depth. Minimum horizontal stress magnitude is approximately 61% of the vertical stress magnitude in normally pressured sequences.The effect of pore pressure change on horizontal stress magnitudes was estimated from pore pressure and fracture tests data in depleted zone caused by fluid production, and an average pore pressure–stress coupling ratio (ΔS_h/ΔP_p) obtained was 0.66. The minimum horizontal stress magnitude approaches the vertical stress magnitude in overpressured zones of the Nam Con Son Basin, suggesting that an isotropic or strike-slip faulting stress regime may exist in the deeper overpressured sequences.     

盐度胁迫下盐生隐杆藻抗氧化防御系统的变化

盐生隐杆藻(Aphanothece halophytica)是在饱和NaCl条件下可以生存的少数几种耐盐蓝藻之一,作者研究了盐胁迫对盐生隐杆藻细胞内丙二醛含量、2种非酶抗氧化剂含量以及4种抗氧化酶活性的影响。与对照组相比,低盐胁迫和高盐胁迫都抑制盐生隐杆藻的生长。随着盐度胁迫程度的增加,丙二醛含量、非酶抗氧化剂含量和抗氧化酶(除了过氧化氢酶)活性不断增强。上述结果表明:盐胁迫下,盐生隐杆藻细胞内非酶抗氧化剂和抗氧化物酶水平的增加可以应对细胞内升高的氧化伤害,抗氧化防御系统可能在盐生隐杆藻对盐胁迫的耐受机制中发挥了重要作用。     

条斑紫菜丝裂原活化蛋白激酶PyMAPK3基因的克隆及胁迫条件下的功能分析

本研究从条斑紫菜中克隆了一个丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase)基因,命名为PyMAPK3。该基因全长2155bp,开放阅读框(ORF)1401bp,编码466个氨基酸,含有两个内含子。氨基酸序列分析表明,PyMAPK3磷酸化位点的氨基酸基序为TDY,其等电点为7.17,蛋白分子量为51.6KDa,亚细胞定位于叶绿体。荧光定量PCR技术对该基因在不同非生物胁迫条件下的转录差异分析结果显示,极端胁迫条件下基因表达量显著增加。蛋白免疫印迹技术对蛋白在不同胁迫条件下的表达量分析结果显示,在不同的胁迫条件下其翻译水平的表达模式表现出与转录水平的不一致性。本研究为深入了解条斑紫菜在逆境适应机制中MAPK蛋白的作用奠定基础,同时为条斑紫菜抗逆品系的选育提供理论指导。     

Local balance in the air-sea boundary processes

In the course of the new treatment of the growth process of wind waves presented in part I of the present series of the articles, there was a point where the wave energy and wave momentum were not related correctly. This point has been revised with critical argument, and at the same time, the form of the ratior, between the wind stress that directly enter the wind waves and the total wind stress, has been derived analytically. The growth equation, under the condition that the wind stress is constant, is still the same with that derived in part I, with the exception that the ratior is given analytically.A comparison between the ratior obtained analytically and that estimated empirically in part I, raises a problem to be studied about the wave current of the actual wind waves.     

海草抗氧化系统及其对逆境胁迫的响应特征

海草具有独特的进化地位和重要的生态价值,广泛分布于潮间带和潮下带浅海海域,易遭受多种环境因子变化的威胁,抗氧化系统在海草抵御逆境胁迫的过程中具有非常重要的作用。本文综述了海草抗氧化系统的组成、特征及其对主要逆境胁迫的响应特征研究进展,阐述了海草主要酶促抗氧化机制,并将北半球代表性海草物种——鳗草抗氧化系统相关酶基因归类分析。目前对于海草逆境胁迫的研究主要集中于单一胁迫下主要抗氧化酶(如SOD、CAT、GST)及其转录组的变化,对于多胁迫因子协同作用和非酶抗氧化物及其他抗氧化酶的响应特征研究较少;另外对于逆境胁迫下不同海草种类间抗氧化系统和关键基因的响应差异也有待深入研究。     

Response of a simple two-layer ocean to divergent and rotational wind stress

Response of an unbounded two-layer ocean to traveling atmospheric disturbances is analytically investigated. Under the assumption that (1) lower layer is motionless, (2) each layer is homogeneous and in hydrostatic balance, (3) the Coriolis parameter is constant, and (4) the density difference between the two layers is small compared to the density itself, the one-dimensional Klein-Gordon's equation is solved analytically for both the divergent and rotational wind stress. Numerical examples of the wake pattern of the upwelling behind the regional divergent and rotational wind fields are also represented.The results may be summarized as follows: (1) the effect of the divergent wind stress is dominant when the forced Rossby numberR ₀ (the ratio of the frequency of the wind stress to the Coriolis parameter) is larger than unity unless the Mach numberM (the ratio of the traveling velocity of the wind stress to the internal gravitational velocity) is far less than unity, (2) the effect of the rotational wind stress is important, when the forced Rossby numberR ₀ is less than unity.     

龙须菜(Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis)海藻糖-6-磷酸合成酶(TPS)对逆境胁迫的响应

非还原性二糖海藻糖及其代谢物是调控植物生长发育和逆境响应的信号分子。本研究以大型海藻龙须菜(Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis)为对象,从基因转录、蛋白和酶活性3个水平探讨了海藻糖合成酶——海藻糖-6-磷酸合成酶(TPS)对高温、高盐及渗透胁迫的响应。龙须菜中4条TPS序列均具有TPS家族保守结构域(Glyco-transf-20)和TPP家族保守结构域(Trehalose-PPase),且属于Class I亚家族。在转录水平上,高盐胁迫主要促进了TPS1、TPS2和TPS4基因的表达,而渗透胁迫则总体抑制了TPS1、TPS2和TPS3基因的表达。在高盐胁迫48 h时, TPS1蛋白含量升高到对照组的2.03倍。在高温和高盐胁迫24 h时, TPS活性升高,而在高盐胁迫48 h及渗透胁迫条件下酶活性降低。可见海藻糖-6-磷酸合成酶参与了龙须菜抗高温和高盐胁迫的应答,但对渗透胁迫不敏感。该研究为提高龙须菜抗逆性及培育抗逆龙须菜品种提供了参考。     

A pair of Langmuir cells in a laboratory tank (I) wind-only experiment

Three velocity components of subsurface flow, observed in a rectangular tank under the action of a constant wind speed, are measured systematically at mesh points distributed uniformly over a vertical cross-section of the tank. Measurements are carried out for two cases: 1) reference wind speedU _r =7.5 m/s and fetchF=10 m; and 2)U _r =10 m/s andF=25 m. A pair of Langmuir cells is observed for both cases; downwelling zones are found along both of the sidewalls and an upwelling zone in the centre of the tank. Near the water surface, the vertical momentum flux is dominated by the Reynolds stress resulting from small-scale turbulence, while over the entire cross-section except near the surface, the Reynolds stress due to the Langmuir cells dominates the vertical momentum flux. As the result of the occurrence of this Langmuir cells, the vertical momentum flux, which consists of both mean advection and small-scale turbulence, is markedly inhomogeneous in the spanwise direction; for example, the largest vertical flux of the order of the wind stress is observed in the downwelling zone near one sidewall, while at the centre of the tank, the vertical momentum flux occupies only 30% of the wind stress. This indicates that a pair of Langmuir cells plays more important role than small-scale turbulence in the mixing process in a greater part of the wind-wave tank.Address after April 1, 1992: Department of Civil Engineering, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Miyake 2-1-1, Saeki-ku, Hiroshima 731-51, Japan.     

坛紫菜超氧化物歧化酶基因的克隆及表达分析

超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)是植物细胞应对氧化胁迫的第一道,也是最重要的防线。本研究以坛紫菜转录组数据库中的unigene序列为基础,通过RACE扩增技术克隆得到了3条坛紫菜SOD基因的全长序列,分别命名为PhMSD,PhCSD1和PhCSD2。序列分析结果表明,PhMSD序列全长973 bp,可编码包含224个氨基酸,等电点为5.75的多肽序列;PhCSD1序列全长1029 bp,可编码包含134个氨基酸,等电点为4.65的多肽序列;PhCSD2序列全长954 bp,可编码包含216个氨基酸,等电点为10.74的多肽序列。根据保守序列和系统进化树分析,可以将三条PhSODs分成两个亚型:其中PhMSD属于锰超氧化物歧化酶,PhCSD1和PhCSD2属于铜锌超氧化物歧化酶。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术(qPCR)测定了3条PhSOD基因在坛紫菜不同世代,高温胁迫不同时间水平以及不同失水胁迫梯度下的表达水平变化,结果表明:3条PhSOD基因在叶状体世代中的表达水平均显著高于丝状体世代;在不同水平的高温和失水胁迫下,PhCSD1和PhCSD2的表达水平显著上调,而PhMSD则表现出不同的表达模式,高温胁迫下被显著抑制,失水胁迫下没有发生显著变化。     

Fe3+胁迫对假微型海链藻中性脂累积及DGAT 表达的影响

二酰甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT)是脂类合成途径中的关键酶,其表达水平的高低影响着脂类含量的高低。微量元素Fe3+对于微藻的生长不可或缺,且影响着微藻中油脂的累积。本实验以假微型海链藻(Thalassiosira pseudonana)为研究对象,分析了铁限制(0.000 03mmol/L)和高铁胁迫(0.3 mmol/L)2种Fe3+胁迫条件下,不同种群生长期中性脂累积及二酰甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT)的基因表达受到的影响。结果显示:铁限制条件下,微藻种群生长及其中性脂的合成受到抑制,DGAT的表达量下降;高铁胁迫条件下,高浓度Fe3+可促进中性脂合成与DGAT的表达,但抑制微藻种群生长。因此,富铁条件下更利于总脂的收集。     

Internal flow structure of short wind waves

The minimum value of wind stress under which the flow velocity in short wind waves exceeds the phase speed is estimated by calculating the laminar boundary layer flow induced by the surface tangential stress with a dominant peak at the wave crest as observed in previous experiments. The minimum value of the wind stress is found to depend strongly on, the ratio of the flow velocity just below the boundary layer and the phase speed, but weakly onL, the wavelength. For wind waves previously studied (=0.5,L=10 cm), the excess flow appears when the air friction velocityu _* is larger than about 30 cm sec^–1. The present results confirm that the excess flow found in my previous experiments is associated with the local growth of a laminar boundary layer flow near the wave crest.     

An extended modified cam clay model for improved accuracy at low and high-end stress levels

Abstract

The Modified Cam Clay (MCC) model is extended based on S-shaped compression so that the quantitative inaccuracies and the qualitative errors of the model associated with both low and high stress levels can be removed. The following modifications are made: (i) a material constant r, the spacing ratio, is introduced; (ii) the yield surface is modified for r?≠?2; and (iii) the ratio of the elastic compression index to the virgin compression index is assumed to be constant. The compression and shearing behavior of reconstituted clays for p′ < ∝ can be successfully described. Following the same method, the proposed complete S-shaped compression curve can be implemented to many existing models, removing errors of the models at the extremities of stress level and improving the performance of the models for different stress levels with one set of values of the model parameters.