淮南煤田煤矸石中环境意义微量元素的丰度

淮南煤田矿区开采历史长,煤矸石累计堆存量大,从环境意义角度研究该矿区煤矸石具有其典型性和现实性.根据煤矸石来源、矿区主采煤层和岩性特征,在井下煤系地层系统采集原始煤矸石样品44件,运用现代环境微量元素分析技术(INAA和ICP-MS)测定了煤矸石中46种微量元素,并用冷原子吸收法分析Hg、选择性电极法分析F.进而筛选出11种具有环境意义的有害元素:10种金属元素(Cd、Cu、Ni、Sn、Hg、Mn、As、Cr、Pb、Zn)和1种非金属元素F.并以总量法初步预测和评估这些元素的含量水平和潜在的环境影响.与淮南煤及其土壤、世界煤、华北泥岩的对比可知,煤矸石中Cd、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sn等超出土壤背景值,有必要对这些元素在矿区环境污染迁移性和累积件的环境效应进行深入调查研究.     

Concentrations of contaminants in surface water samples collected in west-central Indiana impacted by acidic mine drainage

The results of analyses of surface waters collected from a variety of locations in west-central Indiana indicate extensive contamination by acidic mine drainage. These samples had pH values as low as 2.1 and total iron concentrations as high as 1200 mg1^–1. The speciation of iron, expressed as the ratio [Fe(II)]/[Fe(III)] ranged from 0.08 to 8.27. Measured lead concentrations were as high as 811 mgl^–1. In addition, the concentrations of nitrate and sulfate ions were as high as 359 and 624 mgl^–1, respectively.     

淮南张集矿区煤中微量元素的含量分布特征分析

在采用ICP-AES对张集7个煤层144个样品微量元素含量测试分析的基础上,探讨了元素在不同煤层中的变化规律及其在煤层对比中的应用。结果表明:张集矿区煤中元素B、Se和As含量偏高;不同煤层中微量元素含量变化较大,但具有一定的规律性,其中在9煤层中元素Ba和Cr含量最低,Mn、Zn、As和Se含量相对较高,可以利用这些元素分布特征来区别和划分相邻煤层。     

Mercury and lead in a single strand of pinnule of snow petrel （Pagodroma Nivea） in the Antarctic

In this study, we applied synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence technique （SR-XRF） to investigate the heavy metals including Hg and Pb in a few single strands of pinnule of the outermost wing feather of snow petrel （Pagodroma Nivea） collected in the Antarctic. The microscopic distributions of Hg and Pb along with the strand of pinnule show significant variation and the types of distribution are different for pinules, suggesting that external contamination may have an important impact on the levels of Hg and Pb, rather than reflecting levels in the blood during feather formation. This should be taken into account in future monitoring studies. The sources of Hg and Pb detected in the feather were also discussed. Using feathers of snow petrel to investigate the springtime mercury depletion events （MDEs） in the Antarctic were proposed.     

Contamination of the environmental ecosystems by trace elements from mining activities of Badao bone coal mine in China

Bone coal, as a main mining object, can be used by local inhabitants as daily fuel and by local industrial enterprises as industrial fuel in Pinglin County, Shaanxi Province, China. This study reports how the environmental ecosystems have been polluted around the Badao bone coal mine. Geochemical samples (e.g. rock, water, soil, edible plant and animal) were collected. Bone coal from the Badao mine contains Se up to 75 µg/g Se and 28 µg/g Se in ashes after its combustion, with higher contents of other trace elements. Bone coal and its ash seem to be the main geochemical source of trace elements in soils and plants, which may cause contamination of the local environmental ecosystems. Three ways by which soils have been contaminated by these trace elements derived from bone coal are proposed in this paper. Radishes and beans have the ability to accumulate Mo and Se from soils. There is no obvious difference in concentrations of Cu, Cr and F in each plant from the two areas.     

Characteristics of Coal Ashes in Yanzhou Mining District and Distribution of Trace Elements in Them

In the process of combustion of coal organic and inorganic materials in it will undergo a complex variation.Part of thew will become volatiles and,together with coal smoke,enter into atmosphere,some will remain in micro-particulates such as ash and dust and find their way into atmosphere in the form of solid particles,and the rest will be retained in ash and slag.Coal ashes are the residues of organic and inorganic substances in coal left after coal combustion and the compostition of coal ashes in dependent on that of minerals and organic matter in coal.This paper deals with the chemical composition of coal ashes,the distribution of trace elements in them and their petrological characteristics,and also studies the relationship between the yield of coal ashes and the distribution of trace elements.In addition,a preliminary study in also undertaken on the factors that affect the chemical composition of coal ashes.As viewed from the analyses of coal ash samples collected from the Yanzhou mining district,it can be seen clearly that coal ashes from the region studied are composed chiefly of crystalline materials,glassy materials and uncombusted organic matter and the major chemical compositions are SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3,and CaO,as well as minor amounts of SO3,PWO5,Na2O,K2O and TiO2.During the combustion of coal,its trace elements will be redistributed and most of them are enriched in coal ashes.At the same time,the concentrations of the trace elements in flying ash are much higher than those of bottom ash,i.e.,with decreasing particle-size of coal ashes their concentrations will become higher and higher.So the contents of trace elements are negatively proportional to the particle-size of coal ashes.There has been found a positive correlation between the trace elements Th.V.Zn,Cu and Pb and the yield of coal ashes while a negative correlation between Cl and the yield of coal ashes.     

兖州矿区山西组 3煤层中微量元素的特征分析

通过对兖州矿区山西组3煤层21个样品中全硫、硫化物硫、有机硫和具有环境意义的微量元素Cu、Pb、Zn、As、U、Th含量的测试，分析了微量元素在研究区煤层垂直方向上的变化特征及主要形成原因，并发现煤层中所选的微量元素、硫化物琉及全硫在煤层顶、底或煤层夹矸样品中含量相对较高。微量元素与硫化物硫、全硫的相关系数表明，所研究的微量元素与硫化物硫和全硫有明显的正相关关系，而且研究区3煤层中全硫的含量取决于硫化物硫的含量。同时还研究了原煤中微量元素的含量与灰产率的关系，并将研究区微量元素同世界和中国同类煤中的微量元素的含量进行了比较。     

Sources and flux of trace elements in river water collected from the Lake Qinghai catchment,NE Tibetan Plateau

River waters play a significant role in supplying naturally- and anthropogenically-derived materials to Lake Qinghai, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. To define the sources and controlling processes for river water chemistry within the Lake Qinghai catchment, high precision ICP-MS trace element concentrations were measured in water samples collected from the Buha River weekly in 2007, and from other major rivers in the post-monsoon (late October 2006) and monsoon (late July 2007) seasons. The distributions of trace elements vary in time and space with distinct seasonal patterns. The primary flux in the Buha River is higher TDS and dissolved Al, B, Cr, Li, Mo, Rb, Sr and U during springtime than those during other seasons and is attributed to the inputs derived from both rock weathering and atmospheric processes. Among these elements, the fluxes of dissolved Cr, B and Rb are strongly influenced by eolian dust input. The fluxes of dissolved Li, Mo, Sr and U are also influenced by weathering processes, reflecting the sensitivity of chemical weathering to monsoon conditions. The anthropogenic sources appear to be the dominant contribution to potentially harmful metals (Ni, Cu, Co, Zn and Pb), with high fluxes at onset of the main discharge pulses due, at least partially, to a runoff washout effect. For other major rivers, except for Ba, concentrations of trace elements are higher in the monsoon than in the post-monsoon season. A total of 38.5 ± 3.1 tons of potentially harmful elements are transported into the lake annually, despite human activities within the catchment being limited. Nearly all river water samples contain dissolved trace elements below the World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water, with the exception of As and B in the Daotang River water samples collected in late July probably mobilized from underlying lacustrine sediments.     

陈家山矿煤中微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征

通过对陈家山煤矿中下侏罗统延安组4^#主采煤层中微量元素和稀土元素的测试分析,发现煤中富集亲花岗岩的钨钼族元素W、Mo、Bi、Sn、Ba、Sr和Li,说明该区煤系形成期间的陆源碎屑主要来自花岗岩和花岗片麻岩等中、酸性岩石。4^#煤中ΣREE平均值为98.2×10^-6,稀土元素分布模式十分相似,呈左高右低的宽缓“V”型曲线,Eu负异常明显,反映出稀土元素与陆源碎屑岩关系密切,成煤期间稀土元素来源一致,陆源物质的供应相对稳定。     

煤矸石中微量元素的地球化学行为

以兖州矿煤矸石中微量元素的淋滤作用及析出含量为例,分析了微量元素在洗选过程和淋滤作用下的分布、迁移规律等地球化学行为。在用不同的pH值酸性溶液作淋滤实验时发现,pH值对微量元素的析出影响很大。研究还发现土壤中微量元素的富集量随着距矸石堆距离的增加呈明显的下降趋势。     

The determination of trace elements in whole coal by rhodium tube X-ray fluorescence spectrometry: a rock-based synthetic coal calibration

A method is presented for the determination of 15 trace and minor elements (Fe, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sr, Rb, Ba, Zr, Y, Nb) in whole coal, by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. A Rhanode X-ray tube is used and matrix corrections are derived from the intensity of the rhodium Kα Compton scattered tube line. The calibration is based on synthetic coals made from mixtures of standard rocks with graphite and cellulose, emulating the range of compositions likely to be encountered in bituminous coals. Robust pellets are made from 9 g of coal blended with a powdered binder. Results are presented for a number of standard coals.     

X-ray flurorescene (XRF) determination of trace rare-earth elements in geological samples using ion-exchange-resin membrane technique

Rare-earth elements in samples of geological interest were separated from other elements and concentrated onto ion-exchange membrane through ion-exchange procedures. The membrane was then used to determine the REE by X-ray fluorescence spectrography. In comparison with the traditional “thick-specimen” approach, the requirement of sample (REE oxides) in this method was reduced from 10 to 1 mg. Variable-internal-standard-quantification method was adopted to determine the relative concentrations of REE collected on the membrane. The area density of the sample was controlled at about 0.0003 g/cm², so that the matrix effect could be eliminated to a satisfactory extent. Interference calibration between the spectro-lines and the background determination was also improved, with the detection limit reaching 2.5×10^?6g.     

兖州矿区煤中某些微量元素的赋存状态研究

微量元素的赋存状态决定其在煤的加工利用过程中释放的难易程度和毒性，弄清其在煤中的赋存状态，对准确评价元素的工艺性能、环境影响、作为副产品的可能性以及在地质意义上都是十分重要的。分析了微量元素在煤中的有机亲合性，采用数理统计方法，求得了微量元素与煤中有机显微组分、三态硫、灰分之间的相关性，并在浮沉实验的基础上，分析了微量元素的存在状态，通过研究向知，Ge、Ga、U、V、Cu、Th、Pb和Zn主要以无机态存在于煤中，F和Cl可能以有机态存在为主，As无机态和有机态存在的机率相似。     

Non-destructive characterization of coal samples from China using microfocus X-ray computed tomography

This paper demonstrates capabilities of microfocus X-ray computed tomography (µCT) in characterizing the development of coal porosity and fractures. For the investigated coals, the CT number of minerals, pores and coal matrix are approximately 3000, < 600 and 1000–1600 Hounsfield unit (HU), respectively. The total CT number of analyzed coals mainly relate to the density, coal maceral composition, and proportion of minerals and pores. Although the estimated porosities by segmentation method show some uncertainty, the results correlate well with the analyzed porosities by helium gas method and water-saturated method. The aperture, spacing and spatial distribution of fractures, and mineral morphology are semi-quantitatively evaluated by µCT using a computer-aided design. The slicing analyses of coals demonstrated that distributions of porosity in coals are highly anisotropic. The spatial disposition of pores, fractures and minerals is the most important factor that influences coal porosity and permeability. In spite of the limitation of low spatial resolution (70 μm) and some ring artifacts of X-ray, µCT has major advantages in non-destructive detection and 3D visualized characterization of pores, fractures and minerals compared to traditional methods.     

芦沟煤矿32采区水体下采煤的可行性

芦沟煤矿32采区大部分位于五星水库水体下,为了提高煤炭资源的回收率,通过导水裂缝带高度计算及地表移动变形的预计,对芦沟煤矿32采区水体下采煤的可行性进行了研究。结果显示,32采区煤炭开采不会对水库的水体造成直接的影响,32采区在水体下采煤是可行的。建议在采掘过程中加强断层及水文地质勘探,留设合理的防隔水煤柱;根据地质采矿条件,采用合理的开采速度。     

黄陵矿区煤层底板异常涌出气体成因类型

黄陵矿区属于煤油气共生矿区,区内多个工作面发生底板气异常涌出。为探明底板异常涌出气体的成因类型,采集煤层底板气样44个、2号煤层气样12个,进行甲烷碳同位素(δ¹³C₁)、乙烷碳同位素(δ¹³C₂)及甲烷氢同位素(δD_CH4)等地球化学参数测试。测试分析结果表明,煤层底板异常涌出气不是来源于2号煤层,其甲烷碳同位素(δ¹³C₁)测值为-52.20‰~-42.80‰,乙烷碳同位素(δ¹³C₂)值为-37.20‰~-29.01‰,成因类型属油型气。通过对区域烃源岩分布及地层裂隙系统的分析,认为黄陵矿区底板异常涌出气可能来源于三叠系延长组烃源岩。     

XRF Determination of 17 Trace Elements in Geological Samples Using an Extended Compton Scattering Correction Procedure

This work is intended to explore a fast and effective apoproach to the determination of various trace elements in geological samples throuth improvement and simplification of the method developed by Reynolds (1963,1967),Absorption correction was made for the Fe content to eliminate the effect caused by inconsistency in mass absorption coefficients among the samples.A computer-aid regression analysis was performed on a number of standards of various compositions,which resulted in a set of calibration equations for directly converting X-ray intensities to concentrations.An analytical error of 10-30% was involved in the analyses of most elements.     

Concentration and association of minor and trace elements in Mukah coal from Sarawak, Malaysia, with emphasis on the potentially hazardous trace elements

The ash yield and concentrations of twenty-four minor and trace elements, including twelve potentially hazardous trace elements were determined in Mukah coal from Sarawak, Malaysia. Comparisons made to the Clarke values show that Mukah coal is depleted in Ag, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Mn, Ni, Se, U, and V. On the other hand, it is enriched in As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sb, Th, and Zn. Among the trace elements studied, V and Ba are associated predominantly with the clay minerals. Manganese, Cr, Cu, Th, and Ni are mostly bound within the aluminosilicate, sulphide and/or carbonate minerals in varying proportions, though a portion of these elements are also organically bound. Arsenic, Pb and Sb are mostly organically bound, though some of these elements are also associated with the sulphide minerals. Zinc is associated with both the organic and inorganic contents of the coal. Among the potentially hazardous trace elements, Be, Cd, Co, Mn, Ni, Se, and U may be of little or no health and environmental concerns, whereas As, Cr, Pb, Sb and Th require further examination for their potential health and environmental concerns. Of particular concern are the elements As, Pb and Sb, which are mostly organically bound and hence cannot be removed by physical cleaning technologies. They escape during coal combustion, either released as vapours to the atmosphere or are adsorbed onto the fine fly ash particles.     

Determination of some trace elements in geochemical standards by X-ray fluorescence

The following trace elements Cr, Cu, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Y, Zn, and Zr were determined by X-ray fluorescence in some geochemical standards from Japan and France. The internal standard method was applied using a Philips PW 1410 X-ray spectrometer. The results were compared with the published data.     

贵州普安-晴隆矿区晚二叠世煤及煤灰中伴生元素的富集特征

运用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-AES）分别对普安-晴隆矿区晚二叠世C17、C19、C22和C26号煤层中8个煤样和7个煤灰样进行微量元素含量的测试分析。结果表明,煤及煤灰中明显富集Li、Sc、V、Cr、Co、Ge、As、Nb、Mo、W、U等元素,且各元素在煤灰中更加富集,Nb、Zr、V、Ga和U等伴生金属元素的含量基本达到或超过了对应元素的边界品位或最低工业品位。煤中伴生元素的富集成因研究表明,V、Cr、Co、Nb和Zr等元素的富集主要受物源区峨眉山玄武岩风化碎屑物质供给的控制;U、S、Mo等元素的有限富集与海水作用有关;而受成煤期同沉积火山灰沉降的影响,煤中Li、Nb、Zr、Mo和U等微量元素表现出一致富集的特点;成煤期后的低温热液作用,使得各煤层,尤其是底部煤层（C19、C26）明显富集As、Mo、U和W等元素。综合分析认为,成煤期同沉积的火山灰沉降和成煤期后的低温热液作用是普安-晴隆矿区晚二叠世煤中伴生元素异常富集的主控地质因素。