勘探所镶齿滚刀技术获得突破性进展

由国土资源部勘探技术研究所大口径钻头与钻具研制中心研制的8系列镶齿滚刀及12系列镶齿滚刀经过对切削齿、轴承、密封机构及加工工艺的改进，目前在技术上有了突破性进展，最近研制的直径为XG1100、XG2500、XG2800镶齿滚刀钻头先后成功地用于温州世贸大厦及深圳金中环商务大厦桩基础施工，在罕见的恶劣施工条件下，取得了非常满意的使用效果，得到了施工单位——江西地质工程总公司及华东、华南地区同行的一致好评。     

滚刀钻头在嵌岩钻孔灌注桩施工中的应用效果

介绍京山线滦河特大桥钻孔灌注桩工程和丰沙线35号桥2号墩加固桩基工程中使用滚刀钻头嵌岩钻进的工艺技术及其优越性。阐述施工中易发生的技术问题和采取相应措施有效解决施工难题的体会。     

滚刀钻头在温州世贸中心大厦桩基工程中的应用

介绍了滚刀钻头在温州世贸中心大厦桩基工程中的应用情况，阐述了镶齿、焊齿两种滚刀钻头适应的地层和各自耐磨情况，并对各自的优缺点进行了分析、对比。     

滚刀钻头的使用及滚刀的布局

本文通过对分布系数及系数Ｋ的对比，介绍了引力模型中系数Ｋ的变化。     

平底改锥体滚刀钻头及应用效果

以滚刀钻头破岩理论及常规锥底翼状钻头破岩理论为指导，分析提出了平底滚刀钻头在易斜地层钻进偏斜度大的机理，并设计了改进锥底滚刀钻头的关键结构及主要参数，改平底滚刀钻头为锥底滚刀钻头并进行了施工应用，取得了非常理想的工程效果。     

大口径嵌岩桩孔牙轮钻头与滚刀钻头使用效果对比

本文介绍了一种新型交通信号控制仪，它能控制红绿灯，亦能同时控制可变限速标志。该信号机结构简单、成本低、性能可靠、具有推广价值。     

电镀热压人造金刚石孕镶块嵌齿薄壁钻头的研制

采用低温电镀工艺（室温）产生热压刚石孕镶块钻头,或者说把金刚石孕镶块镶嵌在钻头钢体上,然后在其表面镀覆一层金刚石复合镀层使其与钢体相结合从而使其避免银焊对金刚石的二次热损伤,使这种钻头具有胎体性能可调性好和内外保径强的优点。经探索性试验,取得了较好的效果,受到了用户好评。     

大口径金刚石取心钻头的研究及应用

在φ615mm大口径金刚石取心钻头中，采用了金刚石钻齿这一新的技术方案，介绍了钻齿结构及镶焊技术。经在黄河古贤水利枢纽坝址勘探中应用，取得了较好效果。     

电焊硬质合金刀齿破岩滚刀：当前最耐磨的新材质滚刀

竖井钻机目前已广泛用于大口径工程井及煤田竖井施工。其破岩滚刀的寿命直接影响施工效率和成本．因此，国内外都对提高被岩滚刀刀齿耐磨性作了大员研究工作。我们经过十余年的试验研究，研制出一种耐磨性极好的电焊硬质合金刀齿破岩滚刀，在破中硬以下砂岩的工况下，其使用寿命比进口破岩滚刀高三倍。     

PZX型牙轮钻头在嵌岩钻孔灌注桩中的应用

嵌岩钻孔灌注桩因其承载力大、抗震性能好、单桩沉降小而在近年来的高层建筑深基础中得到越来越广泛的应用。由于作桩端持力层的中－微风化基岩硬度高,钻进效率低,经济效益不好。因此,如何在现有的设备条件下以较低成本的钻头提高嵌岩钻孔灌注桩的钻进成孔效率是目前钻...     

嵌岩桩嵌岩段侧摩阻力浅析

为求出嵌岩桩嵌岩段侧摩阻力的表达式，假定嵌岩桩桩侧破坏由桩岩接触面上的滑动引起，桩岩接触面的压力由加载前岩土层自重产生的侧压力和由剪切膨胀产生的应力增量组成。用弹性力学的方法求解出桩侧正应力，引入了岩石破坏的Hoek-Brown强度准则，由此求出了嵌岩段桩侧阻力的表达式，并指出了此公式的适用范围。最后结合工程实际进行了对比分析，表明本文方法具有一定的实用性。     

小动力旋挖钻机用嵌岩短螺旋钻头结构形式的改进

采用小动力无加压旋挖钻机在粒径较大的卵砾石地层和泥页岩地层中进行1500 mm以上大口径钻孔灌注桩施工，由于钻机动力小且不能加压，用常规嵌岩短螺旋钻头钻进出现进尺慢或不进尺现象。通过对河南西峡县宛西制药责任有限公司新厂房桩孔施工过程中出现此种现象的分析和处理，提出了嵌岩短螺旋钻头针对性的改进措施，并取得了良好效果。     

In-situ Measurements of Cutter Forces on Boring Machine at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory Part II. Characteristics of Cutter Forces and Examination of Cracks Generated

Summary By means of spectral analysis, the measured normal forces, tangential forces, and side forces acting on two button cutters on the boring machine in ?sp? Hard Rock Laboratory were analysed and the basic characteristics of the cutter forces were determined. After the measurements of the cutter forces, some rock core samples were taken from the bottom and the wall of the test borehole. These samples were cut, polished, and examined by means of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The lengths of the major cracks in the rock samples were measured, and a relation between the length of the median cracks and the relevant cutter forces was investigated. Received October 5, 2001; accepted June 25, 2002; Published online November 19, 2002     

硬岩钻进用石油钻头研究现状及发展趋势

能源与矿产的持续安全供给是经济快速增长的保证,而中硬岩层钻进一直限制着油气钻井向深部发展。针对硬岩地层钻进,地质行业主要采用金刚石钻头钻进,而油气钻井行业除按传统方法采用牙轮钻头和金刚石钻头钻进之外,也逐渐开展了PDC钻头钻进硬岩的研究。本文分别介绍了牙轮钻头、金刚石钻头和PDC钻头在油气勘探硬岩钻进中的应用研究现状。其中,牙轮钻头研究主要集中在增强轴承密封性能、改进布齿结构和提高切削齿强度三个方面,而金刚石钻头研究则集中在碎岩机理、金刚石参数和胎体性能,以及钻头结构三个方面。提出了三类钻头的研究方向和发展趋势,为硬岩钻探技术发展提供参考。     

In-situ Measurements of Cutter Forces on Boring Machine at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory Part I. Laboratory Calibration and In-situ Measurements

Summary This paper presents the testing methods used and the results obtained in an investigation of the cutter forces on a Boretec DS 1.6 boring machine during field boring in ?sp? Hard Rock Laboratory. Two button cutters, one front cutter and one gauge cutter, were used in the field measurements. A total of 6 strain gauges were bonded on the shaft of each cutter. And each group of two gauges was used to measure a one-orthogonal cutter force component, i.e. the normal force, tangential force, and side force, respectively. In order to measure the cutter forces successfully, a telemetry system composed of a transmitter and a receiver was employed to transfer the signals from the strain gauges to a computer.  A three-direction-loading system was employed in the laboratory calibration so as to solve the force-coupling problem appearing in the cutter force measurements. Correspondingly, a mathematical treatment of the force-coupling problem was performed. Then, by means of the established testing system, which was proved successful in the laboratory, the normal force, tangential force, and side force of the two button cutters on the boring machine were measured in the field. In addition, the penetration rate, thrust, and rotation speed of the boring machine were also recorded in the field. The results show the following. (1) A force-coupling phenomenon really exists and it should be considered. (2) All three directional force components always show quite a high peak value every few seconds. (3) The cutter forces of the front cutter are always much larger than the respective cutter forces of the gauge cutter. Moreover, as expected, the normal force of each cutter is much larger than the tangential force and side force of the cutter in question. Received October 5, 2001; accepted June 25, 2002; Published online November 19, 2002     

Some Attempts for Estimating Rock Strength and Rock Mass Classification from Cutting Force and Investigation of Optimum Operation of Tunnel Boring Machines

Summary. Tunnel face and wall collapse are common during excavations performed by tunnel boring machines (TBMs) due to the difficulty of correctly identifying the properties of the excavated rock. This identification, however, can be simplified by using the cutting force to estimate rock strength, a method that has already proved quite successful in Japanese tunnel excavations. This paper summarizes knowledge relating to the cutting force obtained through tunnel excavation experience, and the relationship between rock strength and TBM operation is discussed. Although TBM operators rely on intuition to set the cutter head speed appropriately, this decision process represents a logical method of operation that takes advantage of the variable speed capability of the cutter head. Selection of appropriate support methods for the excavated face is also a critical issue in tunnel excavation. This selection process is based on the condition of the rock, which is difficult to determine quickly and accurately during tunnel excavation. The present paper uses the excavation of two tunnels to demonstrate that it is possible to assign rock mass classifications accurately based on rock strength when boring a uniform rock type. It is also shown that the rock mass can be classified from the rock strength normalized by the uniaxial compressive strength when boring through mixed rock types.     

牙轮钻头动静耦合碎岩机理及旋挖成桩应用

总结了在不同高温状态下冷却、不同加载速率及随机裂隙发育状态下花岗岩动态抗拉力学特性的变化规律;结合牙轮钻头孔底碎岩过程,分析了动静载荷耦合作用下岩石破碎的载荷一侵深特性曲线,认为动、静载荷耦合作用的加载点（即动载的施加点）应是在静载处于卸载阶段;并根据加载能量大小讨论了不同动静耦合工况下产生的岩石破裂深度及破碎体积,表明通过一定范围内增大静载荷及冲击力、预加静压对岩石进行预应力损伤、加载一卸载一加载的破碎循环模式,有利于高效碎岩及裂纹的发育。嵌岩桩基础工程实践表明,通过改造牙轮钻头等钻具结构形式及布齿方式,利用动静耦合加载方式及对钻头冷却处理,可实现牙轮钻头在微风化花岗岩高效钻进的目的,为牙轮钻头的旋挖钻进成桩应用提供了重要的技术支撑。     

滚 滑 复 合 轴 承 研 究

针对牙轮钻头的滑动轴承和滚动轴承在实际工作中所存在的问题，提出一种牙轮钻头滚滑复合轴承，对滚滑复合轴承结构进行有限元对比分析、模拟对比试验和钻头现场验证实验，表明滚滑复合轴承是一种较先进的创新性轴承。