鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗区块下石盒子组自生石英形成机制

通过观察石英阴极发光颜色、扫描电镜及偏光显微镜下颗粒的微观特征,同时结合自生矿物的宏观分布特点及硅质来源阶段分析,发现鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗地区下石盒子组砂岩储层中石英硅质来源包括长石溶蚀、粘土矿物的转化及压溶作用,且以前两者为主;硅质运移及沉淀机制分析认为,长石溶蚀和粘土矿物蚀变形成的硅质以层内流体平流携带和扩散运移为主,压溶作用产生的硅质在颗粒表面沉淀或与蚀变提供的硅质来源混合发生运移;酸性流体侵入产生的pH值变化是控制石英沉淀的主要因素,温度、压力以及油气的充注对石英沉淀影响很小。     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界碎屑岩硅质胶结物形成机制及其对储集层的影响

以石英次生加大边、孔隙充填式的石英晶体形式赋存的硅质矿物是鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界储集层 砂岩中最为重要的自生矿物之一,平均含量达3.8%,这在众多含油气盆地中是极少见的。对于鄂尔多斯盆地上 部地层如石千峰组和石盒子组来说,同期火山物质的蚀变是形成硅质胶结物的主要原因之一;山西组与上部地 层石千峰组和石盒子组相比,具较高的硅质胶结物含量且常与高岭石相伴生,同时砂岩中的长石含量很低,这 种现象说明,长石等易溶硅酸盐组分在有机酸的溶解下释放的硅提供了形成硅质胶结物的物质来源。早成岩期 相对浅埋深条件下形成的硅质胶结物增加了岩石的机械强度和抗压强度,对砂岩储集空间的保存具有积极意义, 因而应属于保持性成岩作用,对储集层的影响是中性-正面的。     

楚雄盆地六苴铜矿床容矿砂岩孔隙演化对成矿的制约

六苴铜矿床是典型的陆相红层盆地砂岩型铜矿床, 具有明显的浅紫过渡带控矿与金属矿物分带特征, 砂岩粒间孔隙为金属矿物主要赋存空间。通过对赋矿砂岩层各岩性段的碎屑含量、颗粒分选性、胶结物特征、孔隙类型及孔隙度、渗透率等的统计与分析, 结果表明, 上白垩统马头山组六苴下亚段(K₁ml1)的中细粒长石石英砂岩具有高碎屑含量、低分选系数、高孔渗系数等特征, 为有效的流体迁移通道。K₁ml1砂岩层局部含丰富的有机质, 在中成岩阶段可演化为烃源岩, 形成富有机质的酸性-还原流体。该流体与碱性-氧化流体在砂岩透水通道中形成稳定对流, 在砂岩中可形成由紫到浅的铁质、钙镁质、钙硅质、硅质胶结的胶结物分带。在水-岩相互作用中, 酸性-还原流体起溶解砂岩早期的铁质、泥晶碳酸盐胶结物及还原硫酸盐的作用, 由此形成粒间孔隙并提供还原硫, 从而为矿质沉淀提供空间和硫源;碱性-氧化流体则提供铜离子并控制金属硫化物、碳酸盐胶结物的沉淀。生烃作用减弱时, 碱性-氧化流体越过稳定对流的平衡面, 使硅质胶结的浅色砂岩溶蚀, 形成溶蚀孔洞, 进一步提供容矿空间, 并导致金属矿物发生交代作用。砂岩各成岩阶段的水-岩相互作用是控制孔隙和胶结物生成及矿质沉淀的主要因素。     

磷块岩中的硅质组分和硅质岩

磷块岩中存在着大量硅质组分和硅质层。硅质矿物以自生石英、硅质条带、燧石结核、硅质胶结物和硅质交代物的形式产出。硅质胶结物有四种结构形式,在剖面和平面上与其它成分胶结物有一定的演变关系。硅化作用有众多的宏观和微观形态,硅化结果使P_2O_5含量大大下降。盆地型磷块岩硅化作用的硅源可能来自海底火山活动,台地型磷块岩硅化作用的硅源主要与陆源水的混合有关。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组砂岩中绿泥石膜的赋存状态及成因

通过铸体薄片和带有能谱仪的扫描电镜对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组绿泥石膜进行观察与测试,研究其赋存状态、成因与物性的关系。结果表明,绿泥石膜的赋存状态可分为3类5亚类,Ⅰ类绿泥石膜为渗滤黏土转化,Ⅱ1和Ⅱ2亚类绿泥石膜为富铁镁物质溶蚀再结晶,Ⅱ3和Ⅲ2亚类绿泥石膜为富铁镁物质与骨架颗粒溶蚀再结晶,Ⅲ1亚类绿泥石膜为同沉积泥质转化和富铁镁物质溶蚀再结晶形成;绿泥石膜胶结是一种破坏性成岩作用,其充填孔隙、堵塞喉道,使砂岩粒间孔隙的一部分变成微孔隙,导致孔隙度、渗透率以及可动流体饱和度降低,而石英胶结物少是因为孔隙中硅质流体含量不足以沉淀大量自生石英颗粒,并非绿泥石膜抑制石英胶结。     

新疆西昆仑特格里曼苏砂岩型铜矿地质特征及成因探讨

特格里曼苏铜矿产于库山河群(C1k)砂岩中,矿体呈层状、似层状产出,受地层控制,浅色砂岩与紫色砂岩的交互带是铜矿体产出的最有利层位.通过对含矿砂岩胶结物的研究,认为赋矿砂岩中胶结物类型主要有碳酸盐胶结、硅质胶结、泥质胶结和铁质胶结4种,常见的胶结物组合类型有碳酸盐—硅质胶结组合、碳酸盐—泥质胶结组合、硅质—泥质胶结组合、铁质—泥质—碳酸盐胶结组合;矿化常发生于具碳酸盐—硅质胶结组合的砂岩中,铜矿物与硅质胶结物伴生.通过对含矿砂岩胶结物中流体包裹体研究,得到成矿流体为低温、低盐度流体.认为矿床成因为沉积成岩成因,古陆的风化剥蚀提供了基本的成矿物质,沉积物的搬运沉积形成了矿源层,成岩作用时期由于有机质及细菌的作用、氧化还原条件的改变,在成岩流体的迁移下造成了铜质的局部再富集,形成具有工业意义的铜矿体.     

大港探区中区下第三系砂岩碳酸盐岩胶结物与填隙物的成因机理

对大港探区下第三系砂岩和碳酸盐岩中胶结物和填隙物期次特征、来源、形成机理以及形成时代进行了地球化学研究。结果表明，石英次生加大边的硅质来自粘土矿物的转化、长石的溶解和热对流作用；寒武纪灰岩中的方解石脉来源于沉积时期的原生水的沉积，奥陶纪砂屑灰岩的胶结物来源于大气水成因，从而为有关古流体和古温压特征以及油气运聚规律的研究提供了重要的地球化学资料。     

松辽盆地钱家店砂岩型铀矿床油气运移与铀成矿的关系:来自流体包裹体的证据

为探究油气运移与铀成矿的关系,笔者以松辽盆地钱家店砂岩型铀矿床为研究对象,系统开展了含矿砂岩薄片鉴定、电子探针研究以及流体包裹体岩相学和显微测温研究.结果表明:①研究区强矿化段砂岩硅质胶结物含量较多,为隐晶质玉髓胶结物;成岩演化序列为,泥晶方解石、自生黏土膜,石英加大边、石英加大边外围黏土膜、颗粒间压实的隐晶质玉髓胶结...     

石英砂岩的硅质胶结作用及其对储集性的影响

作者应用阴极发光显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针及包体测温等手段,对华北太原组石英砂岩的硅质胶结现象、形成温度、物质来源及其对储集性的影响作了研究。结果表明:太原组石英砂岩有两期硅质胶结,第二期规模大;其形成温度为130°-140℃;砂岩处于中成岩阶段晚期;硅质胶结作用是使该砂岩丧失良好储集性能的主要因素。     

江西金山剪切带型金矿床两类矿石的地球化学特征—兼论两阶段成矿机制

金山剪切带型金矿床主要发育含金硅质糜棱岩和含金石英脉两类矿石，它们分别在矿化第一和第二阶段形成。含金硅质糜棱岩与围岩－双桥山群上亚群具有一致的稀土和微量元素分布特征及相近的元素比值，后者为矿床第一阶段矿化的形成提供了物质来源。含金石英脉中流体包裹体的化学和同位素组成特征表明，矿化第二阶段的成矿流体为源于大气降水的地下热水，引起自然金沉淀的因素主要是流体的相分离。     

Quartz Cement in Middle Jurassic Reservoir Sandstones in North Sea A Review. Part II： Duration and Silica Sources

The timing and duration of quartz cementation in sandstones have been mainly inferred from diagenetic texture, relationship between pore filling minerals, fluid inclusions and isotopic data. Fluid inclusion temperatures from North Sea reservoir sandstones indicate that most of the quartz cement forms at temperature exceeding 90℃ and is continually proceeding after oil emplacement, based on the fluid inclusion temperatures in quartz overgrowth which is approaching the bottom-hole temperatures. The duration of quartz cement after oil emplacement depends upon the saturation of porewater and the distribution of pore water film and the property of water-wet or oil-wet of the reactants. The leaching of K-feldspar by meteoric water requires pore water flow to move the released potassium and sodium and silica out the solution, which suggests the mechanism does not appear to be a major source of silica for quartz cementation. The quartz cementation coincidence with the compaction and pressure solution suggests the major source of silica. The alteration of feldspar by illitization of kaolinite may serve as another important source of silica at deep burial depth. External sources are not need to call on for illustrating the quartz cementation, because there is no evidences for large scale convection of pore water flow occurred in the burial history of reservoir sandstones of middle Jurassic in the North Sea.     

四川盆地西部须家河组砂岩储层成岩作用及致密时间讨论

运用沉积及成藏理论对四川盆地西部地区须家河组砂岩的岩石类型、成岩作用及其成藏时间研究表明:砂岩储层的主要成岩作用有压实和压溶作用、胶结作用,溶蚀作用、破裂作用以及自生矿物的沉淀作用.压实作用是砂岩粒间孔隙减少的主要因素,然而,方解石的强烈胶结作用以及石英的次生加大作用是造成须家河组砂岩储层致密的关键因素.方解石胶结物和石英次生加大包裹体的温度测定表明方解石胶结物主要发育在100℃～140℃之间,石英次生加大主要发生在80℃～126℃之间,在此温度区间,有机质演化已到了成熟期,并在60℃～80℃之间就开始发生运移.因此,砂岩储层的致密时间晚于天然气的生成和运移时间,砂岩储层的致密时间应该在燕山构造活动期,大约在1.5×10~8 a左右.     

储层岩性控制下的绿泥石对硅质胶结的影响

在西湖凹陷花港组低渗储层背景下,优质储层的发育伴随绿泥石和硅质胶结的同时富集,这与绿泥石抑制硅质胶结的观点存在矛盾.综合利用X衍射、铸体薄片、包裹体测试和扫描电镜及能谱分析等资料,以绿泥石分类及其成因分析为基础,通过对比不同粒度储层绿泥石和硅质胶结分布规律,结合地层条件和储层质量演化,分析绿泥石对硅质胶结的影响.研究结果表明:绿泥石发育孔隙衬里和孔隙充填两种产状,孔隙衬里绿泥石由早期黏土薄膜重结晶或直接由孔隙流体结晶而成,孔隙充填绿泥石受控于火山碎屑和长石溶蚀;绿泥石和硅质胶结均在物性较好的粗粒储层中富集;浅埋低地温阶段,孔隙衬里绿泥石有效抑制硅质胶结,仅在绿泥石不连续或颗粒破裂处发育孤立柱状石英晶体,深埋高地温阶段,难以有效抑制硅质胶结,多发育石英加大边;粗粒储层比细粒和砂质砾岩及泥砾岩储层孔隙发育,为石英加大边提供必要的生长空间,导致绿泥石相对含量更高的粗粒储层中硅质胶结也更发育.      

南堡凹陷高南地区东三段低渗储层敏感性特征的微观机制研究

南堡凹陷高南地区东三段(Ed3)储层中速敏性的产生主要是分布于孔隙中的高岭石微粒发生迁移的结果;在粘土含量较低的样品中速敏性较弱,由于高岭石晶粒的长度及直径均多数大于喉道直径,因此随粘土杂基含量的增加,速敏性会随之增加.由于方解石胶结物主要分布于粒间孔隙中,喉道中胶结物及粘土杂基均较少,盐酸酸化对改善储层渗透性意义不大,只有采用土酸酸化处理才能起到应有的效果.由于喉道中石英的加大现象常见,而其他填隙物较少见,强碱性钻井液的浸入有助于改善储层渗透性.但因碱敏性实验测得pH值的临界值为7.7,以及大量强碱性钻井液浸入储层会造成大量碱不稳定组分的溶解,具有形成大量二次沉淀的潜在因素,加上钻井液难于及时返排,在钻井过程中还是要特别注意钻井液碱度的选择.由于蒙托石及伊/蒙混层粘土在不同位置含量的差别,导致了研究区储层的盐敏性程度相差较大.     

孔隙衬里绿泥石的成因及对储层性能的影响

孔隙衬里绿泥石发育的砂岩大多属于优质储层,前人将其归功于绿泥石对孔隙的保护作用。按照孔隙衬里绿泥石形成的铁质来源,可划分为同沉积黏土膜转化型、富铁镁物质溶蚀再结晶型和转化与直接结晶混合型3种类型。通过国内外富孔隙衬里绿泥石砂岩实例的对比研究表明,孔隙衬里绿泥石可以通过抑制自生石英生长、提高抗压实能力、指示早期碱性溶蚀发育程度和堵塞孔喉等4种方式影响储层性能,且不同成因的孔隙衬里绿泥石对储层性能影响方式不同,同一成因绿泥石在不同成岩阶段的影响方式也不同。中成岩A期以前,转化型孔隙衬里绿泥石通过占据孔喉和提高抗压能力影响储层,而溶蚀结晶型孔隙衬里绿泥石主要指示火山物质发生碱性溶蚀的程度;只有砂岩成岩阶段达到中成岩B期以后,孔隙衬里绿泥石对石英生长的抑制作用才得到充分体现。     

Zur Herkunft des Quarzzements. Abschätzung der Quarzauflösung in Silt- und Sandsteinen

The origin of quartz cement in sandstones can be attributed to supplies (1) from the surrounding shales, and (2) to a lower degree from dissolution of quartz on stylolites within the sandstones. A supply from the surrounding shales, which has been shown by the porosity decrease near the upper and lower surfaces of different sandstones (Füchtbauer, 1974), can be explained by the following observations in Upper Triassic and Middle Jurassic sandstones and siltstones of Northern Germany as well as in concretions of Devonian to Upper Cretaceous age from different localities:

1. Quartz grains in silt layers are flattened by dissolution compared with quartz grains of the same size in the adjacent sandstones, the amount of shrinking being about 35 percent (fig. 1).
2. Concretions prevent the enclosed insoluble residues from diagenesis. The main difference between the concretions and the adjacent shale of 31 occurrences examined is the quartz content, which is by 10–50 percent lower in the adjacent shale, due to diagenetical dissolution (fig. 2).

It is suggested that the dissolved silica was brought to the sandstones by the compaction stream of interstitial water percolating through the rock sequence, and that the sandstones acted as sinks triggering the dissolution. Only a small amount of silica, about 10 percent of the silica from dissolved quartz, is provided by the transition montmorillonite — illite. Both sources together would be able to explain the precipitation of 20 percent quartz cement in a sequence composed of 1/3 sandstones and 2/3 shales. In the sandstones mentioned above stylolites can be observed (fig. 3), the amplitudes of which increase from 0,5–1 mm to 2–5 mm with increasing depth, between 1300 and 2600 metres. The real amount of dissolution on each stylolite — about 4 mm — has been calculated using large mica which were collected by the stylolites from the adjacent sandstone. Using this figure, the decrease of porosity in the sandstones shown in fig. 4 can be quantitatively explained by the frequency of stylolite intercalations. It is suggested that this process, which was due to local diffusion, occurred late in diagenesis, when the compaction stream was already insufficient to move large quantities of silica.     

方解石与含硅流体的水-岩反应实验及其对“硅化碳酸盐岩”储层成因的启示

近年来的油气勘探表明, 含硅热液是碳酸盐岩层系中一种重要的溶蚀性流体, 查明其与碳酸盐岩的水-岩反应机理是揭示“硅化碳酸盐岩”储层发育机制并实现储层分布预测的基础和关键问题之一。文章采用熔融毛细硅管和水热反应釜为反应腔,开展了200~375℃范围内方解石和含硅流体的水岩反应实验。利用原位拉曼光谱技术在线描述反应过程中体系组成的变化,对于淬火后的固相样品,则采用扫描电镜—能谱分析进行形貌观测和成分鉴定。首先,查明了含硅流体与方解石脱碳反应发生的温度条件。方解石和含硅流体在275℃以上反应形成CO₂,固相为非硅灰石的钙硅酸盐,其结构有待进一步揭示。该结果表明单纯的硅质组分难以在储层温度条件下与灰岩发生反应;其次,提出高盐度、富CO2流体作用是造成灰岩溶蚀的重要因素;最后, CO₂的存在能够促进硅质（含石英）沉淀。在上述实验认识的基础上,结合前人研究结果探讨了塔里木盆地顺托果勒地区“硅化碳酸盐岩”储层的发育机制。含硅热液沿深大断裂上移,途径震旦系—下奥陶统白云岩层系,其中的硅质组分将与白云石反应形成富镁硅酸盐和CO₂。CO₂是重要的酸性组分,有利于鹰山组碳酸盐的溶蚀和孔隙的保存。流体温度和压力的降低以及CO₂的存在促进了石英沉淀,并形成了大量的石英晶间孔隙。     

Diagenesis in the Middle Jurassic Khatatba Formation sandstones in the Shoushan Basin,northern Western Desert,Egypt

The Middle Jurassic Khatatba Formation acts as a hydrocarbon reservoir in the subsurface in the Western Desert, Egypt. This study, which is based on core samples from two exploration boreholes, describes the lithological and diagenetic characteristics of the Khatatba Formation sandstones. The sandstones are fine‐ to coarse‐grained, moderately to well‐sorted quartz arenites, deposited in fluvial channels and in a shallow‐marine setting. Diagenetic components include mechanical and chemical compaction, cementation (calcite, clay minerals, quartz overgrowths, and a minor amount of pyrite), and dissolution of calcite cements and feldspar grains. The widespread occurrence of an early calcite cement suggests that the Khatatba sandstones lost a significant amount of primary porosity at an early stage of its diagenetic history. In addition to calcite, several different cements including kaolinite and syntaxial quartz overgrowth occur as pore‐filling and pore‐lining cements. Kaolinite (largely vermicular) fills pore spaces and causes reduction in the permeability of the reservoir. Based on framework grain–cement relationships, precipitation of the early calcite cement was either accompanied by or followed the development of part of the pore‐lining and pore‐filling cements. Secondary porosity development occurred due to partial to complete dissolution of early calcite cements and feldspar. Late kaolinite clay cement occurs due to dissolved feldspar and has an impact on the reservoir quality of the Khatatba sandstones. Open hydraulic fractures also generated significant secondary porosity in sandstone reservoirs, where both fractures and dissolution took place in multiple phases during late diagenetic stages. The diagenesis and sedimentary facies help control the reservoir quality of the Khatatba sandstones. Fluvial channel sandstones have the highest porosities and permeabilities, in part because of calcite cementation, which inhibited authigenic clays or was later dissolved, creating intergranular secondary porosity. Fluvial crevasse‐splay and marine sandstones have the lowest reservoir quality because of an abundance of depositional kaolinite matrix and pervasive, shallow‐burial calcite and quartz overgrowth cements, respectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.