长春东南劝农山地区早二叠世范家屯组岩石变形组构及流变学特征

劝农山地区位于长春市东南部,处于佳-伊断裂和西拉木伦河缝合带交汇处.详细野外调查发现,该区曾遭受强烈韧性剪切变形,剪切带内岩石普遍糜棱岩化,主要由下二叠统范家屯组（P₁f）钙质糜棱岩与侵入其中的燕山期花岗质糜棱岩组成,变形程度处于初糜棱岩至糜棱岩之间,多具有糜棱结构.岩石应变类型主要为压扁型应变,偏一般压缩,为L=S型构造岩,指示其形成于挤压型剪切带的构造环境.多种宏微观韧性剪切变形标志,指示明显的左行剪切运动.电子探针方解石-白云石地质温度计、方解石和石英EBSD组构特征、方解石e双晶形态以及石英长石变形行为等均显示岩石具有低温塑性流变特点,变形环境不超过绿片岩相.剪切带内应变速率偏高,应变集中带应变速率最大,在10-6.95~10-8.89之间,远离强变形带应变速率在10-9.25~10-12.17之间,糜棱岩化作用过程中差异应力下限应大致为51.27~65.46 MPa,代表剪切带糜棱岩化作用为低温中等强度应变,在稍快的应变速率条件下形成.压溶扩散和双晶滑移为劝农山韧性剪切带变形初期的主要变形机制,随着递进变形,逐渐以双晶滑移和晶内滑移为主,递进变形晚期,局部强变形域内发生了粒间滑移.劝农山韧性剪切带形成与早白垩世中晚期伊泽纳崎板块NNW向高斜度斜向俯冲于欧亚大陆之下有关,是佳-伊断裂带左旋走滑事件的局部表现.      

云南白秧坪东矿区控矿断裂带构造岩的方解石组构

断裂带构造岩的方解石组构综合分析,可以推断构造活动的应力场方位,利用e双晶的C—T(C—压应力轴,T—张应力轴)图解推断古应力的方位,已为众多的地质学家在实践中引用。云南白秧坪东矿区推覆构造的华昌山断裂带和水磨房断裂带,是矿区的主要控矿构造,其构造岩的方解石及e双晶极点组构均显示点极密加环带的型式,大部分发育近岩组坐标c轴的光轴极密,代表光轴方向的压力导致沿岩组坐标ab面滑动;在C—T应力系统中,显示华昌山、水磨房断裂带晚期较强烈活动的应力场方位,主压应力方向为SE-NW向,主张应力方向为NE-SW向,断层以左旋运动为主;华昌山断裂带SE盘往NW方向逆冲,水磨房断裂带则由NW往SE方向反冲,与野外宏观构造分析吻合。     

一条特殊的超浅成脆—韧性剪切带：湘西白沙镇含油瘤状灰岩带

湘西泸阳县白沙镇西发育了一条特殊的脆韧性剪切带。该剪切带中除了发育了许多脆性变形外，还发育了许多韧性剪切的标志：如Ｓ－Ｃ组构，方解石鱼、核幔构造、方解石ｅ双晶、方解石波状消光、钙质糜棱岩条带以及（光学）各向异性体。经研究发现该剪切带的形成深度不超过３．０ｋｍ，其中的大量石油也与脆韧性剪切作用有一定关系。     

角闪岩相温度条件下斜长石的变形组构

对采自五台群底部的角闪黑云斜长片麻岩样品进行了较为细致的研究工作，探讨了样品遭受变质变形的温度条件及样品中变形双晶类型和斜长石的晶格组构型式。研究表明：变形时的温度条件是影响变形双晶类型的主要因素，高温变形条件下趋向于形成肖钠双晶。随着变形温度的变化，斜长石的晶格优选和双晶滑移系也发生相应变化。本文论及的斜长石组构特点是较高变形温度条件下形成的一种新的组构类型。     

方解石e-双晶的古应力分析:原理和展望

方解石e-双晶是在低温、低围压环境下发育的一种晶内塑性变形,广泛发育于亮晶灰岩和大理岩中。由于e-双晶的形成与地应力密切相关,与其相关的古应力分析原理得到了深入的研究,相继提出了两类分析方法,即图解法和反演法。通过方解石e-双晶的古应力分析,我们可以获得形成时的主应力方位、应力比,甚至绝对的差应力,因而该分析方法被广泛运用于未遭受明显构造变形的地区,如克拉通盆地、褶皱‒冲断带等。本文首先简单地回顾了方解石e-双晶古应力分析的研究历史,总结了图解法和反演法的基本原理,然后评价了影响这些方法的一些可能因素,如方法的局限性和数据的质量,最后指出今后在数据获取和多期数据反演两个方面值得进一步研究。     

川东台附状逆断层与韧—脆性变形的显微构造特征

川东盆地发育的台附状逆断层，其伴生构造有断层转折褶皱，拖曳褶被、背形堆垛的双重逆冲构造和后陆倾向中的双重逆冲构造，断层岩中方解石的变形，在光学显微镜下表现有波状消光、机械双晶、显微破裂和碎裂等特征，反映了岩石的变形以脆性变形为主，韧性变形为韧－脆性过渡型变形，在变形过程中，断层活动的差异应力值，根据方解石双晶发育程度推导，得出在500巴以上。台阶状逆断层的形成与低角度 断层之间有着密切的关系，其形成机制主要有：（1）形成断坡的滑动和破裂过程，其应变速率大于10^-10/s；（2）位错活动过程，产生阶状断层以及相伴生的褶皱构造，其应变速率在10^-10/s－10^-12/s范围之内。     

西秦岭天水地区新阳—元龙韧性剪切带构造变形特征及其地质意义

西秦岭北缘新阳—元龙韧性剪切带作为西秦岭造山带与北祁连造山带之间的区域韧性构造边界,带内构造样式复杂多样,多期构造叠加,不同部位韧性变形强度不同,兼具左行、右行剪切特征,但以右行为主,宏观构造显示由NNE向SSW斜向逆冲特征,且多被后期构造改造。EBSD组构分析结果显示,石英C轴优选方位指示非共轴变形,显示明显的中温柱面a-中低温菱面-低温底面组构的右行剪切及不太明显的低温底面组构(偶见中低温组构)左行剪切特征;方解石C轴组构显示e1双晶滑移与r1平移滑动,兼具左行、右行剪切特征。组构特征反映该剪切带可能经历了中温—中低温—低温、以右行韧性走滑为主并曾出现过左行逆冲的复杂变形过程,综合分析推断该韧性剪切带经历了低绿片岩相—高绿片岩相—低角闪岩相韧性变形环境。区域对比分析认为,新阳—元龙韧性剪切带响应古生代构造演化的构造变形记录主要为2期:一是志留纪天水—武山洋闭合导致大规模NNE-SSW向的陆-弧或陆-陆碰撞逆冲造成的左行逆冲剪切变形;二是晚泥盆世—早石炭世秦祁结合部位强烈的大规模右行走滑拼贴运动形成的右行剪切变形和反"S"构造样式。     

中澳洲Florence剪切带中角闪石晶体优选定向

中澳洲Ｆｌｏｒｅｎｃｅ剪切带糜棱岩中的角闪石经晶内滑移变形而显示出良好的晶体优选定向,通过对角闪岩石组图的综合分析,并结合前人的实验资料,认识到在高温变形条件下角闪石的滑移系为（１００）（００１）。该剪切带中角闪石岩组图具不对称型是与角闪石的单一滑移系和该滑移系的初始定向状态有关,是非共轴简单剪切变形的结果,这些不对称的岩组图可用于判断剪切带的运动方向。     

石英结晶学优选与应用

石英集合体的结晶学优选可由位错滑移、双晶滑移、定向成核与生长等形成,其中位错滑移是塑性变形岩石中石英结晶学优选产生的最重要的机制。影响变形石英结晶学优选的因素有温度、应变速率、应变、差应力、水、复矿物岩石中各种矿物间的相互作用、初始结晶学方向等。系统总结了石英晶体变形与滑移系,结晶学优选的测量与表达,多种条件下石英的结晶学优选,以及在判断剪切方向、计算运动学涡度、判定变形温度、分析变形历史等方面的应用,并认为应用石英组构作运动学和动力学解析时需与其它微观、宏观现象相结合。     

组构数值模拟的原理及其在地学中的应用

组构是指由岩石塑性变形导致多晶体的结晶学优势取向现象。组构的存在会增加岩石的各向异性,进而可能影响到岩石的后续变形。岩石组构包含了变形类型、运动学、变形环境、流变学特征等信息,因而成为显微构造学的重要内容。组构数值模拟是近年来得到重视的一种组构研究方法,它以晶体塑性理论为基础,利用计算机技术定量地模拟多晶岩石中组构的形成和演化。在晶体塑性理论中,晶体的塑性变形是由滑移系的剪切滑动导致的,由单晶塑性本构关系表征。多晶均匀化模型包括Sachs模型、Taylor模型、自洽模型和有限元模型,它们从不同角度描述了由单晶变形组成的多晶体变形。极图、反极图和取向分布函数被用来显示多晶体中各晶粒的空间取向。目前组构数值模拟在地学中的应用主要体现在各种单相和多相岩石的组构形成、重结晶作用下的组构形成、组构对地幔和地核地震波波速各向异性的影响等方面。     

鲁西地区韧性剪切带岩石磁组构分析及其构造意义

岩石磁组构分析可用来研究岩石的组构特征及构造变形。鲁西地区韧性剪切带岩石磁组构具有磁各异性度Ｐ和磁百分率各向异性值Ｈ高、磁化率量值椭球呈压扁状、磁面理发育而磁线理不发育的特点。区内韧性剪切带变形强烈,以压扁作用为主,最大主压应力方向近ＮＥ和Ｓ－Ｎ向,以右旋运动为主。韧性剪切带形成以后,区内主要经历了热蚀变和脆性变形,韧性变形很弱     

Deformation history and timing of granite emplacement in the Butchers Hill — Helenvale region,northern Hodgkinson Province,Queensland

Granite plutons of the Whypalla Supersuite in the Butchers Hill — Helenvale region of north Queensland were intruded into the upper crust of the Hodgkinson Formation during contractional deformation associated with the Permian‐Triassic Hunter‐Bowen Orogeny. A four‐stage structural history has been resolved for the area, with fabric overprinting relationships, porphyroblast‐matrix microstructural geometries and isotopic ages being consistent with granite emplacement during D₄ shortening at ca 274 Ma. Microstructural relationships suggest the possibility of a minor syn‐D₃ phase of granite emplacement. The deformation‐emplacement history of the Butchers Hill — Helenvale area is consistent with that recognised regionally for the Hodgkinson Province, indicating province‐wide synchronous syntectonic granite intrusion during a major phase of contractional deformation. Intense syn‐emplacement deformation partitioning was ongoing in the country rocks during progressive D₄ and was associated with upward translation of country rock from the microscale to the macroscale along D₄ cleavages and shears. Kinematic indicators show that this progressive uplift, at the scale of the area examined, was east‐side‐up.     

水压影响岩石渐进破裂过程的试验研究

岩石的压缩过程伴随着裂纹扩展,在低、中围压条件下扩展的裂纹主要受到张拉作用而产生,张拉破坏是首要的作用机制。研究发现,岩石的渐进破裂过程受岩石的结构和构造影响,比如矿物成分、颗粒大小以及胶结情况等,另外,围压以及开挖扰动等外界因素对岩石的渐进破裂过程也有重要影响。基于试验方法探讨水压对岩石渐进破坏过程的影响,首先,阐述岩石渐进破裂过程各个阶段的特征;然后,对岩石渐进破裂指标--岩石的启裂强度 和损伤强度 的确定方法进行总结;最后,选取细粒的石英砂岩为研究对象,通过试验研究水压对岩石渐进破坏过程的影响。试验结果表明,相同围压条件下,随着岩样两端水压的增大,岩石的 有逐渐增大的趋势,而岩石的 和峰值强度 逐渐变小;随着围压逐渐增大,岩石的启裂强度 、损伤强度 及峰值强度 均逐渐增大。     

Some remarks on fabric overprints and constrictional AMS fabrics in igneous rocks

During the ascent, emplacement and post-emplacement deformation of igneous rocks, two or more phases of deformation that overprint each other are often depicted. These overprints, when magnetic minerals are present, are recorded in magnetic fabric. In this contribution, overprints are studied by means of numerical modeling, following several basic scenarios common to igneous rocks. Biotite and amphibole that occur often together in igneous rocks are considered as carriers of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. Modeling shows that (1) a constrictional fabric with a low degree of anisotropy as commonly recorded in magmatic rocks may result from a deformation overprint and not necessarily from an extensional/transtensional regime, and (2) that the constrictional AMS fabrics originates from orthogonal superimposition of a deformation event on an AMS fabric inherited from earlier magma emplacement history. Therefore, the interpretation of a constrictional fabric must be performed with caution. Numerical modeling may provide a suitable help in strengthening the interpretation of real magnetic fabric data.     

Reaction pathways during the progressive deformation of a blueschist metabasite: the role of chemical disequilibrium and restricted range equilibrium

Abstract There are discrete masses of un-deformed metabasite within the blueschist series of the island of Syros. Greece. Around the margins of these masses are zonal sequences through rocks showing intracrystalline deformation but without a geometric fabric, to rocks with discrete and anastomosing shear zones, and finally to penetratively foliated rocks with isolated relics of the original undeformed texture. Textural relics suggest that this spatial sequence is at least qualitatively also a temporal sequence.
This progressive shear zone deformation took place concurrently with a glaucophane-epidote to eclogite reaction. The reaction pathways in the rocks that underwent the shear zone deformation can be compared with those in rocks of a similar composition that suffered a longer deformation history and show no relics of an undeformed parent. Although the final assemblages are in both cases the same, the pathways are different. These differences are in part related to reactions promoted by the change from local to bulk equilibrium on the onset of deformation in the rocks. They are also related to the crystallization and later breakdown during the sequence of progressive equilibration of a metastable phase, in this case an impure glaucophane.     

影响地下应力状态的构造作用

成岩成矿的外部条件中压力是很重要的因素。地下岩石所受的压力不仅来自上覆岩石的重力，而且来自构造力和热力及其它力。这些力合成一个三轴不等的应力状态，相当一个以最短轴为半径的球状应力迭加一个差应力。前者影响成岩成矿和变质作用，后者控制岩石变形和组构的变化。通过三维应变应力测量，这两部分力通过计算是可以区分开的，因而这将是建立地下深度测算新方法的一个基础。     

黄河源地区磁组构特征及其地质意义

黄河源区位于青藏高原东北部,区内主要为三叠系沉积地层,发育一系列由北向南的推覆构造带,间有早期近直立的韧性剪切带。笔者对黄河源地区巴颜喀拉山群沉积岩进行了磁组构分析,结果显示岩石磁化率各向异性度P值和磁化率百分率各向异性度H值均不大,反映该地区总体韧性变形较弱,较强韧性变形仅发育于局部地段;岩石磁组构具有磁面理发育、磁线理不发育、磁化率椭球呈压扁形椭球体的特点,反映在挤压应力作用下,岩石发生了压扁变形,主应力方位主要为NNE-SSW(近SN)向,其次为NE-SW向。根据岩石磁组构分析认为黄河源地区存在两条韧性剪切带,韧性剪切带与现今湖泊水体的展布有一定的耦合关系;北部韧性剪切带沿现今黄河河谷分布,控制着扎陵湖、鄂陵湖和玛多"四姐妹湖"的展布;南部韧性剪切带沿岗纳格玛错—野牛沟一线展布,控制着岗纳格玛错和尕拉拉错等残余湖泊的分布。     

鞍山陈台沟地区太古宙花岗岩组成与构造特征

鞍山陈台沟地区出露有大量太古宙花岗质岩石和变质层状岩系,是研究太古代地壳形成与演化的经典地区之一。通过对该区岩石单元、构造特征研究,较系统地划分了岩石单元,具体分析了各单元组构及构造变形特征。细粒奥长花岗质糜棱岩、似斑状花岗质糜棱岩和中--细粒花岗质片麻岩具有古太古代花岗质岩石的特点,共同经历地壳中--深部层次的韧性变形改造。细粒奥长花岗岩为中太古代岩浆事件的产物,表现为非透入性的变形方式和部分韧--脆性形变组构。鞍山群层状变质岩石主要记录了新太古代中--浅部地壳层次的强烈变形事件。中粗粒白云母花岗岩就位,标志早期不同的构造变形作用在新太古代末期基本结束。在此基础上,讨论了本区太古宙地壳的形成与演化过程。     

Texture and fabric studies across the Kishorn Nappe, near Kyle of Lochalsh, Western Scotland

The progressive development of mylonitic fabrics in a series of Torridonian sandstones and shales has been studied along traverses across the Kishorn Nappe. The fabrics developed have been investigated using the following techniques.

1. 1. Optical examination of thin sections.

2. 2. Measurements of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility.

3. 3. X-ray texture goniometry.

The results are used in support of a proposed deformation history of the area and the relative advantages of the techniques used are discussed.The early deformation was well lubricated with layer-parallel sliding and little internal deformation of the rocks, except for development, in the east, of a layer-parallel penetrative fabric with an extension direction to the ESE. This deformation produced a westward facing isoclinal anticline and a recumbent syncline in the Torridonian rocks which became at least partly decoupled from the basement.The important phases of fabric development post date this folding. In the west the sandstones developed a spaced, pressure solution cleavage, but in the east the grain shape fabric has been produced by both dislocation and diffusion processes. The shales reveal more details of the deformation episodes than do the sandstones and thus show different fabric intensities and orientations when measured by magnetic and X-ray techniques.The magnetic anisotropy technique of fabric analysis gives a rapid method of mapping the deformation domains formed by different deformation mechanisms and intensities. However, the rocks carry several magnetic components and these have different anisotropy tensors and different responses to deformation, also, measurements made at high fields (5 kOe) give magnitudes and orientations of the magnetic anisotropy tensor which are different from those made at low fields. It is concluded that it is not possible to relate variations in the magnitude and shape of the magnetic anisotropy ellipsoid quantitatively to the deformation.Chlorite and muscovite fabrics measured by X-ray techniques show variations in intensity and orientation similar to those of the magnetic anisotropy ellipsoid due to paramagnetic minerals. However, the data demonstrate the difficulty of correlating this fabric intensity with deformation intensity where there has been a change in deformation mechanisms with time and space.     

On the role of pre-existing discontinuities on the micromechanical behavior of confined rock samples: a numerical study

The deformation process and failure mechanism of rock mass with increased density of initial joints subjected to confined stress state are investigated in this study using discrete element method (DEM). A numerical model of standard size granite samples is developed and validated using experimental data for both intact and jointed rocks. The micro-parameters of the rock material are first determined, and the effects of the rock discontinuity on strength, deformability, stress–strain relationship, and failure modes are then investigated at the macro-scale level. Analyses are also performed to examine the tensile and shear crack distributions, fragmentation characteristics, particle kinematics, and energy dissipation to advance the current understanding of the deformation processes and failure mechanisms of jointed rock masses. The microscopic evolutions in the fabric and force anisotropy during loading and distributions of contact forces provide insights into the influence of increasing initial jointing on the macroscopic deformational behavior of the rock. The results show how the deceleration in the growth of fabric and contact force anisotropies develops and confirms that the increase in initial jointing and the associated changes in microstructure can restrain the development of anisotropy, thereby reducing significantly the strength of the rock samples.