板翼动力锚沉贯深度模型试验研究

板翼动力锚是依靠自重完成安装并靠自重和海床土的抗力来锚固的新型动力锚。板翼动力锚高速(15~25 m/s)贯入地基过程中涉及到高应变率、流固耦合、土体软化和大变形等难题,模型试验可避免上述计算困难,能直接得出不同的贯入速度所对应的沉贯深度。本文首先推导了模型相似关系,然后在常规重力条件下,进行了两组26个工况的板翼动力锚在均质黏土中动力安装过程的模型试验,根据试验结果确定了率效应参数的取值范围,并研究了每一项受力对沉贯深度的影响。最后提出了在均质黏土中预测板翼动力锚沉贯深度的经验公式。     

组合动力锚水动力特性数值模拟研究

作为海上浮式结构物的一种新型锚固基础,动力锚具有自安装、不受水深影响、适用范围广的特点。在动力锚的基础上研发的组合动力锚结合了动力锚自安装和板锚法向受荷的特点,具有安装快速、适用多种类型海床、承载效率高等性质。组合动力锚在水中自由下落时的水动力学特性（下落速度、方向稳定性等）会受到锚链、尾翼宽度和助推器质量等因素影响。若下落速度过小或方向稳定性过差,则会影响锚的安装成功率。采用计算流体动力学方法模拟流体对锚的冲击和锚在水中自由下落过程,以优化组合动力锚的尾翼尺寸;其次研究锚链作用力和助推器质量对组合动力锚下落速度和偏角的影响规律。计算结果表明：组合动力锚的拖曳阻力系数为0.45左右,尾翼宽度最优尺寸为翼板宽度的1.25倍。连接在锚眼处的锚链会减小组合动力锚的下落速度并加剧锚的偏转,需综合锚的下落速度和偏角来确定锚在水中下落高度。     

新型动力安装锚水动力学特性模型试验研究

相比于已有动力锚(鱼雷锚、多向受荷锚等),新型轻质动力安装锚借助助推器安装,具有质量轻、埋深大、承载效率高、在海床中下潜容易等特点。良好的水动力学特性(较小的拖曳阻力系数及稳定的下落垂直度)是确保动力安装锚准确、有效地安装到指定地点并贯入到设计深度的前提。通过4组10个工况的模型试验,研究了轻质动力安装锚的终端速度和拖曳阻力系数,及轻质动力安装锚和助推器的组合锚在水中自由下落时的方向稳定性。试验结果表明:优化后轻质动力安装锚的拖曳阻力系数为0.51~0.55,这有助于提高组合锚在水中的下落速度,从而提升组合锚的沉贯深度;增大助推器尾翼展弦比和选用轻质材料制作尾翼能减小组合锚的下落偏角,提高组合锚的方向稳定性。     

冲绳海槽热液柱动力过程的数值模拟

本文以冲绳海槽伊平屋北部热液区(126o53.80′,27o45.50′)的现场水文数据作为背景条件,使用k-ε湍流模型模拟热液柱的动力过程。模拟计算得到的羽流速度、温度和湍流耗散率等基本物理量展现了热液柱的时空演化过程。模拟结果显示,羽流最大上升高度及中性浮力面高度与海底的距离分别为83.62m和68.97m,和2014年先导专项在此附近热液区所观测的温度异常和盐度异常的深度位置(离海底约66—86m)接近。羽流的上升速度满足高斯分布,其半径b与距喷口高度z-H成正比:b=0.0985(z-H),其中z为距海底高度,H为热液烟囱体的高度。羽流的最大体积通量比喷口的初始值增加了878倍,达1.034m~3/s;在中性浮力面位置附近,动量通量达到最大值,为0.156m~4/s~2,比初始值增加了882倍;浮力通量在中性浮力面以下和BM2000(Bloomfield et al,2000)理论模型符合良好,在中性浮力面以上则呈现随高度先增加后减小的特征。本文计算得到的平均卷挟率为α≈0.0807,与背景流较弱的热液区的声学现场观测结果相符。     

基于椭圆型滑动面的砂土中条形锚板上拔承载力计算方法

对于砂土中的竖向拉拔锚板,锚周土体滑动面的形态会随埋深比的增大而发生变化。基于滑动面连续演化的观点,审视了既有统一模型中滑动面形态表征函数的不足,在此基础上,提出了一种新的椭圆形态函数,并建立了相应的统一力学分析模型,提出了新的承载力计算方法。结果表明：新的形态函数能更好地反映滑动面的实际形态,承载力计算新方法也表现出了更好的适应性。     

管道热屈曲动力过程数值模拟

运输高温高压油气的海底管道会发生整体热屈曲现象。管道热屈曲过程中可能会产生平衡状态的跃迁(snapthrough),且这样的跃迁过程必然会伴随着动力响应。管道热屈曲动力过程中侧向弹出的速度以及轴向缩进的速度对管土相互作用参数的取值有很大影响,然而关于管道热屈曲动力过程的研究却很少。本文给出了数值模拟过程中管道系统阻尼值和升温速率的确定方法,研究了管道初始几何缺陷以及海床参数对管道热屈曲动力过程的影响。     

基于SPH-ALE方法的浮力摆水动力数值模拟

基于光滑粒子流体动力学-任意拉格朗日欧拉(SPH-ALE)方法建立二维数值波浪水槽,在控制方程中引入近似黎曼解替代人工黏性,采用排斥力边界条件防止流体粒子穿透固边界,采用指数型衰减函数设置海绵层以消除水槽末端的波浪反射。应用所建立的数值模型对规则波传播及其与浮力摆摆板的相互作用进行了水动力数值模拟,结果表明:文中SPH-ALE模型能够较精确地模拟波浪传播,合理地复现波浪与浮力摆摆板相互作用的物理过程。     

浅水浮式风机基础水动力特性及波浪荷载的CFD数值分析

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对OC4-DeepCwind半潜式风机基础在30～100 m水深下的水动力特性和非线性波浪荷载进行了研究。基于验证的数值波浪水池,通过结构自由衰减运动及规则波下浮式基础的幅值响应算子(RAO)计算,分析了浮式风机基础的结构动力特性及水动力特性随水深的变化规律,研究了浅水条件下非线性波浪荷载特征。研究结果表明,随着水深的减小,风机基础结构垂荡固有周期略有增大,垂荡和纵摇的阻尼比均呈现逐渐增大的趋势;与黏性流理论计算结果相比,势流结果在浅水波浪工况下对垂荡和纵摇RAO存在显著低估;在浅水波浪作用下,风机基础所受波浪荷载的三倍波频成分占比可超过5%,体现了浅水条件下波浪与结构之间较强的非线性作用。     

垂荡板对半潜式风机基础拖航过程中水动力性能及运动响应的影响分析

垂荡板对半潜式风机基础水动力性能有极大的影响,从而影响基础拖航安装过程的安全。为了研究垂荡板对半潜式基础拖航过程中运动响应的影响,建立了拖缆—WindFloat浮式风机半潜式基础拖航系统模型。首先,基于三维势流理论,采用AQWA开展了拖航系统的频域水动力分析,分析了垂荡板的尺寸及形状对基础水动力性能的影响规律;进一步采用时域方法对拖航系统的运动响应进行分析,探究了垂荡板的尺寸及形状在不同浪向下对基础运动响应的影响规律。结果表明：垂荡板能有效抑制基础的垂荡RAO,但垂荡板形状对基础的水动力性能无明显影响;具有圆形垂荡板的半潜式基础在拖航过程中的运动性能略优于六边形垂荡板,在原设计基础上继续增大垂荡板尺寸对基础运动响应的抑制效果呈现先增大后减小的趋势,说明半潜式风机基础存在一个最优的垂荡板尺寸。     

俯冲板片熔融柱的数值模拟:上覆板块破坏及动力地形效应

洋壳俯冲过程中温度、压力升高和密度差异,可导致俯冲板片熔融柱的快速上涌,并作用在上覆板块岩石圈地幔底部,从而导致岩石圈的破坏减薄以及地表形态的剧烈变化,该过程类似于地幔柱对岩石圈的破坏作用。目前,对于俯冲板片熔融柱的形成及其对岩石圈破坏程度的研究相对较少,特别是地表动力地形变化与深部岩石圈破坏作用之间的响应关系依然不清楚。为此,本文将利用I2VIS有限差分方法,基于质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程以及能量守恒方程,通过给定材料参数和一定边界条件,计算揭示俯冲洋壳在不同时间和不同深度下发生部分熔融并形成俯冲板片熔融柱的过程,从而模拟再现该熔融柱对上覆板块岩石圈的破坏过程,并进一步分析其导致的浅部地表地形变化响应。数值模拟结果显示,在大洋板片俯冲过程中,由俯冲的陆源沉积物以及洋壳形成的混合熔融柱垂向侵蚀岩石圈底部,造成岩石圈减薄。在熔融柱的横向侵蚀过程中,岩石圈地幔熔融范围增加,可达300 km。在地形变化方面,板块俯冲造成大陆前缘受挤压变形,引起构造变形,构造变形范围可达300 km。同时,与俯冲相关形成的熔融柱对岩石圈地幔底部的侵蚀作用逐渐增强,动力地形变化幅度增大,并持续抬升,最终可垂向抬升至4 km。动力地形的变化范围局限在300 km以内,这与岩石圈地幔的破坏范围保持一致。     

Toward a quick evaluation of the performance of gravity installed anchors in clay: Penetration and keying

Gravity installed anchors (GIAs) are the most recent generation of anchoring solutions to moor floating facilities for deepwater oil and gas developments. Challenges associated with GIAs include predicting the initial embedment depth and evaluating the keying performance of the anchor. The former involves high soil strain rate due to large anchor penetration velocity, while the later influences the subsequent behavior and pullout capacity of the anchor. With the coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian method, three-dimensional large deformation finite element models are established to investigate the penetration and keying of GIAs in non-homogeneous clay. In the penetration model, a modified Tresca soil model is adopted to allow the effects of soil strain rate and strain softening, and user-defined hydrodynamic drag force and frictional resistance are introduced via concentrated forces. In the keying model, the anchor line effects are incorporated through a chain equation, and the keying, diving and pulling out behaviors of the anchor can all be replicated. Parametric studies are undertaken at first to quantify the effects of various factors on the performance of GIAs, especially on the penetration and keying behaviors. Based on the results of parametric studies, fitted formulae are proposed to give a quick evaluation of the anchor embedment depth after the installation, and the shackle horizontal displacement, shackle embedment loss and anchor inclination at the end of the keying. Comparative studies are also performed to verify the effectiveness of the fitted formulae.     

动力锚在斜坡地基上的沉贯特性

水上浮式结构都需要锚固基础来定位.动力锚依靠重力以自由落体的方式安装,是一种自安装锚固基础,具有安装过程简单高效的优点.通过1g模型试验研究了自行研制开发的板型动力锚在斜坡地基上的沉贯过程,分别考虑了基床坡度、锚柄方位和贯入速度对锚最终偏角的影响.结果表明:基床的坡度越大,锚的最终偏角也越大,但基床坡度对动力锚最终偏角影响有限,对动力锚的安装和承载能力影响较小.当贯入速度相同时,锚柄平行坡面时锚的最终偏角最小,锚柄指向坡外时锚的最终偏角最大;当基床坡度相同时,锚的贯入速度越大,锚的最终偏角越小.     

波浪与起伏水平板防波堤相互作用数值模拟

利用自主研发的基于紧致插值曲线CIP(constrained interpolation profile)方法的数学模型,开展规则波与起伏水平板防波堤相互作用的数值模拟研究。模型在笛卡尔直角坐标下建立,以CIP方法为流场基本求解器,分步求解Navier-Stokes方程,利用高精度的流体体积类型的THINC/SW (tangent of hyperbola for interface capturing with slope weighting)方法重构自由液面,采用浸入边界IBM(immersed boundary method)方法处理波浪与起伏板防波堤的耦合作用问题,通过动量源项造波方法模拟波浪的产生。重点关注波浪的浅水变形和板两端涡旋脱落的非线性现象,分析不同潜深、波要素下的板周围流场分布、板的运动响应和波浪的反透射系数。结果表明:起伏水平板主要通过能量反射、板上浅水变形和板两端的涡脱落消能,能有效减小板后波高,具有作为防波堤的可行性。     

Suction force below plate anchors in soft clay

The results of a number of laboratory model tests for the short‐term ultimate uplift capacity of a circular plate anchor embedded in saturated soft kaolinite and montmorillonite are presented. The tests were conducted with and without venting the bottom of the plate anchor in order to determine the variation of the suction force with embedment ratio. The variation of the suction force is presented in terms of the undrained shear strength of the clay and also the net ultimate uplift capacity.     

基于边界面模型的砂土中板锚循环承载力数值分析

利用带误差控制的显式积分算法,将一种适用于饱和砂土排水循环动力分析的边界面塑性模型编写成可供有限元软件调用的用户自定义材料子程序。建立土体单元有限元数值模型对Toyoura砂的静、动排水三轴试验进行模拟,验证了模型具备合理描述砂土在不同荷载条件下力学响应的能力。建立饱和砂土中板锚循环承载分析的数值模型,针对板锚在砂土中的单调抗拔特性和循环承载特性进行数值分析,得到了与模型试验一致的荷载—位移响应规律。考察循环荷载要素对板锚循环承载特性的影响,结果发现,随着循环荷载的施加,板锚永久位移逐渐累积,循环荷载会导致板锚持续移动,循环幅值越大,初始位移和位移变化率越大;循环均值越大,初始位移越大,但位移变化率越小。     

Loading performance of fish and OMNI-Max anchors in crust-over-soft clays

This paper reports the results from three-dimensional dynamic finite element analysis undertaken to provide insight into the behaviour of the fish and OMNI-max dynamically installed anchors during loading in crust-over-soft clay sediments. Particular attention was focused on the situations where the anchor is embedded to a shallow depth during dynamic installation due to the strong crust layer. Large deformation finite element analyses were carried out using the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach, incoporating the anchor chain effect. Parametric analyses were undertaken varying the initial embedment depth, anchor shape, loading angle, strength ratio between the top and bottom layers. The tracked anchor trajectory confirmed that the diving potential of the fish and OMNI-Max anchors were enhanced by the presence of the crust layer as that somewhat restircted the upward movement. This will be beneficial for many hydrocarbon active regions with layered seabed sediments where the anchor embedment depths during dynamic installation are expected to be low.     

Numerical implementation of the installation/mooring line and application to analyzing comprehensive anchor behaviors

With the application of innovative anchor concepts and advanced technologies in deepwater moorings, anchor behaviors in the seabed are becoming more complicated and pose a great challenge to the analytical methods. In the present work, a large deformation finite element (FE) analysis employing the coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian technique is performed to simulate the installation/mooring line, and then is applied to analyzing comprehensive anchor behaviors in the seabed. By connecting cylindrical units with each other using connector elements, the installation/mooring line is constructed. With the constructed installation/mooring line, FE simulations are carried out to investigate comprehensive anchor behaviors in the seabed, including long-distance penetration of drag anchors, keying of suction embedded plate anchors and non-catastrophic behavior of gravity-installed anchors. Through comparative studies, the accuracy of the proposed method is well examined. A parametric study is also undertaken to quantify the effects of the frictional coefficient, initial embedment depth, and soil weight on the profile of the embedded anchor line and the shackle load. The present work demonstrates that the proposed FE model, which incorporates the installation/mooring line and the anchor, is effective in analyzing the comprehensive anchor behaviors in the seabed.