非极限状态非饱和土主动土压力试验及理论分析

目前土压力研究大都以极限状态下的土体为研究对象,且假定土体处于饱和或干燥状态,未考虑墙体位移与土体非饱和特性对土压力的影响,在实际工程的应用中有局限性。鉴于此,开展主动平动模式下墙后不同含水量砂土的刚性挡墙土压力室内模型试验,并采用渗压计和土压力盒分别量测不同深度处土中的基质吸力和土压力,以及利用DIC图像关联技术观察不同挡墙位移时的土体位移情况。试验结果表明,当墙后土体处于非极限状态时,土体破坏面始终通过墙踵,且其形态接近于平面;其次,在此基础上,结合非极限状态下墙土摩擦强度发挥特性和非饱和土强度准则,提出位移相关的非饱和土强度模型,并建立非极限状态下非饱和土主动土压力计算模型,以及与室内试验结果对比验证了该模型的合理性;最后,针对提出的计算方法探讨了墙体位移和土体基质吸力对主动土压力的影响。参数分析结果表明,非饱和土主动土压力随挡墙位移量的增大而逐渐减小,而随着基质吸力的增大呈现先减小再增加的趋势,且存在一极小土压力值,朗肯土压力值和Fredlund扩展朗肯土压力值分别为该模型在饱和与非饱和情况下位移达到极限状态时的特殊值。     

对饱和粘性土渗透规律的新认识及其应用

通过实验，对饱和粘性土的渗透规律进行研究，得到几点新认识。利用此认识建立了饱和粘性土越流补给量的计算公式，并在实际应用中得到验证。     

冲击荷载下饱和粘土孔压特性初探

冲击荷载作用下，孔压的增长与消散规律是研究动力固结法加固饱和粘土地基的基础与理论支持，就此问题进行了冲击荷载作用下饱和粘土孔压增长与消散规律的一维模型试验，试验中考虑了不同击数N和不同击能WH的影响，试验的结论新颖，对其进行了初步探讨。     

对饱和粘性土渗透规律的新认识及其应用

通过实验，对饱和粘性土的渗透规律进行研究，得到几点新认识。利用此认识建立了饱和粘性土越流补给量的计算公式，并在实际应用中得到验证。     

饱和粉土振动液化分析

液化是造成场地地震破坏的首要原因之一。自Casagrande的经典工作以来,对地震液化的研究已经取得了很大的进展。然而这些研究大多是针对于砂土而进行的,对于粉土液化研究的相对较少,且粉土的液化特性也有别于砂土。因此,在已有研究的基础之上利用粉土液化试验得出的结果,分析了粉土液化的机理、影响因素以及在振动过程中粉土中孔隙水压力的增长规律,认为粉土中的粘粒含量、密实度以及土的结构性对其抗液化能力有较大的影响。考虑到试验中振动次数的离散性,引入了时间参数的概念,根据动三轴试验结果提出了孔隙水压力增长的经验公式,可以比较方便地应用于计算液化的有限元程序中去。     

饱和粘土在循环荷载作用下的孔压预测

通过对饱和粘土循环试验成果的回归分析，建议了用两种模型分别描述ＮＣ粘土和ＯＣ粘土的循环加载孔压变化规律，并研究了在非等幅循环情况下（如波浪、风荷等不规则荷载）所建议模型的应用方法，本文所提供的模型比文献［１］所建议的“动孔压系数法”更符合粘土孔压的增长规律。     

颗粒-流体耦合算法与饱和土不排水剪切特性研究

在颗粒流方法 PFC~(3D)的基础上发展了颗粒-流体耦合模型。在耦合模型中引入了孔隙度,其可考虑孔隙结构的可变性,并开发了可以考虑孔隙水压力和孔隙结构变化的颗粒-流体耦合计算程序。在此基础上模拟了饱和土的不排水剪切试验,与北京黏质粉土的试验数据及常体积模拟方法进行了对比。结果表明:采用颗粒-流体耦合方法计算得到的结果和常体积法计算结果与北京黏质粉土的试验结果相比均是一致的,验证了耦合算法的可靠性;分析比较了相同计算条件下耦合方法和常体积法计算得到的偏应力及径向应变曲线,研究了不同围压下试样的不排水剪切特性。颗粒-流体耦合计算结果表明:饱和土不排水剪切过程随着围压升高,孔隙水压力和偏应力均升高,而应力比曲线变得平滑,应力比有所降低。     

上海深厚饱和覆盖土层的动力耦合地震反应分析

上海的第四纪沉积土层呈水平层状分布，市区的土层厚度约为270－290m，年平均地下水位0.5-0.7m。上海地区上覆深厚、饱和的沉积土层，对土层的地震反应特性具有重要的影响。基于动力耦合理论，将上海深厚饱和覆盖土层视为由固相和液相组成的两相饱和多孔介质，建立了能够反映上海土层深厚、饱和特点的地震反应计算模型。然后应用该模型，以El Centro,Taft，苏南和唐山地震波作为基岩输入加速度，对深度280m的上海深厚覆盖土层进行了动力耦合地震反应计算，并对加速度、振动孔隙水压力和地基震陷结果进行了分析。     

饱和土中劈裂灌浆压力研究

在塑性力学和大变形理论的基础上,分析土体在劈裂灌浆初始阶段的力学机理。将劈裂灌浆的初始阶段视为无限土体中的圆孔扩张问题,并将圆孔周围土体中的应力分布分为两个区域。在弹性区中土体服从小变形假设,在塑性区中服从大变形假设。利用水力压裂理论和圆孔扩张理论,假设孔隙水压力大于或等于初始应力与扩张应力增量之和时,土体将出现拉应力,若拉应力超过土的抗拉强度,土体将产生开裂,此时的灌浆压力就为初始劈裂灌浆压力。当土体在灌浆压力作用下,大小主应力正好换位时,则出现劈裂时的灌浆压力就为二次劈裂灌浆压力值,推导出饱和土体劈裂灌浆压力的理论公式。该理论的计算结果与工程实测结果比较接近,初步证实了该理论的可靠性。     

Reliability assessment of ultimate limit state of twin caverns

Construction of a cavern in close proximity to an existing cavern modifies the state of stresses and movements in a zone around the existing cavern, as some degree of interaction between these two caverns generally takes place. This study investigates the interaction of two parallel caverns and the influence of such interaction on stress-induced global stability in terms of a global factor of safety. A series of finite difference analyses were performed to derive the global factor of safety of a system of two parallel and adjacent caverns. A mathematical response surface model was then built using the multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) approach and a series of charts based on this surrogate model were developed to relate the global factor of safety to the critical parameters. The built MARS model is of high accuracy and is simple to interpret and can be used to perform probabilistic assessment of ultimate limit state of twin caverns.     

Generalized plasticity state parameter‐based model for saturated and unsaturated soils. Part 1: Saturated state

The behavior of granular materials is known to depend on its loose or dense nature, which in turns depends both on density and confining pressure. Many models developed in the past require the use of different sets of constitutive parameters for the same material under different confining pressures. The purpose of this paper is to extend a basic generalized plasticity model for sands proposed by Pastor, Zienkiewicz and Chan by modifying the main ingredients of the model flow—rule, loading–unloading discriminating direction and plastic modulus—to include a dependency on the state parameter. The proposed model is tested against the available experimental data on three different sands, using for each of them a single set of material parameters, finding a reasonably good agreement between experiments and predictions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the evolution of simple shear in saturated soils

Development of shear bands in saturated soils is a multi-stage process based on the theoretical and numerical investigations in this paper. The soil is initially in homogenous shear strain state, and the instability can be characterized by a dimensionless number D. The inhomogenous distribution of shear strains appears when D>1, and the shear band will initiate and develop gradually. Numerical solutions show that only single shear band that is finally formed in the central region of the specimen even several disturbances (distributed along the specimen) appear in the beginning. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Finite element analyses of two-tier geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls: Comparison involving centrifuge tests and limit equilibrium results

This study presents the procedure and results of the finite element (FE) analyses of a series of centrifuge tests on geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) two-tier wall models with various offset distances. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the applicability of FE for analyzing GRS two-tier walls with various offset distances and to investigate the performance and behavior of GRS two-tier walls in various stress states. The FE simulations were first verified according to the centrifuge test results by comparing the locations of failure surfaces. The FE results were then used to investigate the effective overburden pressure, mobilization and distribution of reinforcement tensile loads, and horizontal deformation at the wall faces. The interaction between two tiers was investigated based on the FE results, which were also used to examine the modeling assumption of reinforcement tensile loads in limit equilibrium (LE) analysis and to evaluate the design methods in current design guidelines. This study demonstrated favorable agreement between FE and the centrifuge model in locating the failure surface. The FE results indicated that as the offset distance increased, the reinforcement tensile load and wall deformation decreased in both the upper and lower tiers, suggesting the attenuation of interaction between the two tiers. The maximum tensile loads of all reinforcement layers at the wall failure predicted using FE analysis and LE method assuming uniform distribution of reinforced tensile loads were comparable. Compared with the FE results, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) design guidelines are conservative in determining the effect of overburden pressure, required tensile strength, location of maximum tension line (for designing the reinforcement length), and the critical offset distance. Furthermore, the FHWA design guidelines do not account for the influence of the lower tier on the upper tier that was observed in this study.     

隧道复合式衬砌初期支护极限状态模型试验研究

当前既有以及新建的隧道结构大多采用复合式衬砌形式,在长期使用过程中,初期支护不可避免会出现劣化甚至失效的情况,会对隧道结构整体的承载力及耐久性造成影响。通过室内模型试验,采用可劣化的石膏模型制作初期支护的各构件,对其劣化失效过程进行模拟,记录二衬结构的状态变化,再通过增加荷载确定隧道结构整体承载力的变化情况。试验结果显示,钢架和喷射混凝土层的劣化对二衬结构的影响要比锚杆劣化的影响大得多,然而单纯的初期支护失效并不会造成二衬结构的破坏,且二衬结构还有较大的安全余度;初期支护构件劣化都会造成隧道结构整体承载力的降低,锚杆的影响最为明显,钢架及喷射混凝土失效对整体承载力降低影响不大。     

TECHNICAL NOTE An experimental investigation of air flow patterns in saturated soils during air sparging

Air sparging is an emerging method used to remediate saturated soils and groundwater that have been contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). During air sparging, air is injected into the subsurface below the lowest known depth of contamination. Due to buoyancy, the injected air will rise through the zone of contamination. Through a variety of mechanisms, including volatilization and biodegradation, the air will serve to remove or help degrade the contaminants. The contaminant-laden air will continue to rise towards the ground surface, eventually reaching the vadose zone, where the vapours are collected and treated using a soil vapour extraction (SVE) system.Air sparging performance and ultimately contaminant removal efficiency is highly dependent on the pattern and type of subsurface air flow. This paper presents the results of a laboratory experimental study which investigated the injected air flow pattern development within an aquifer simulation apparatus. The test apparatus consisted of a tank measuring 61 cm long by 25.4 cm wide by 38.1 cm high. The apparatus was equipped with one air injection well and two vapour extracton wells. Three different soils were used to simulate different aquifer conditions, including a sand, a fine gravel and a medium gravel. Experiments were performed with different injected air pressures combined with different vacuum and groundwater flow conditions. Experiments were also conducted by injecting air into simulated shallow aquifers with different thicknesses. The air flow patterns observed were found to depend significantly on the soil type, groundwater flow conditions and system controls, including injected air pressure, flow rate and applied vacuum. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Salinity effect on the liquid limit of soils

Acta Geotechnica - Previous studies stated that, with increasing salinity, the decreased liquid limit for expansive soils was attributed to the shrinkage of diffuse double layer, while the...     

饱和可液化土中地下结构在震后固结中的响应

饱和可液化土中地下结构在强震作用下会由于土层液化而上浮,从而对地下结构造成破坏。可液化土在地震结束之后,将由于超静孔隙水压力的消散而产生固结变形,而地下结构在土层震后固结过程中的响应是一个值得研究的问题。以地下结构在土层震后固结过程中的垂直位移为重点,应用非线性动力两相体有限元方法研究饱和可液化土和地下结构相互作用体系在地震后土层固结过程中的响应。研究结果表明,地下结构的上浮趋势不会在地震结束时立即结束,而是在土层超静孔隙水压力经过一段时间的重分布及消散以后停止,之后地下结构有一定的沉降位移,但沉降位移远小于上浮位移,因此地下结构在震后会残留向上的垂直位移。文中还讨论了土层的应力路径响应、水压消散过程及截断墙与土层渗透系数对地下结构在震后固结过程中响应的影响,试图讨论饱和可液化土中地下结构在震后固结中响应的机理。     

Numerical modeling of rainstorm-induced shallow landslides in saturated and unsaturated soils

For the assessment of shallow landslides triggered by rainfall, the physically based model coupling the infinite slope stability analysis with the hydrological modeling in nearly saturated soil has commonly been used due to its simplicity. However, in that model the rainfall infiltration in unsaturated soil could not be reliably simulated because a linear diffusion-type Richards’ equation rather than the complete Richards’ equation was used. In addition, the effect of matric suction on the shear strength of soil was not actually considered. Therefore, except the shallow landslide in saturated soil due to groundwater table rise, the shallow landslide induced by the loss in unsaturated shear strength due to the dissipation of matric suction could not be reliably assessed. In this study, a physically based model capable of assessing shallow landslides in variably saturated soils is developed by adopting the complete Richards’ equation with the effect of slope angle in the rainfall infiltration modeling and using the extended Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion to describe the unsaturated shear strength in the soil failure modeling. The influence of rainfall intensity and duration on shallow landslide is investigated using the developed model. The result shows that the rainfall intensity and duration seem to have similar influence on shallow landslides respectively triggered by the increase of positive pore water pressure in saturated soil and induced by the dissipation of matric suction in unsaturated soil. The rainfall duration threshold decreases with the increase in rainfall intensity, but remains constant for large rainfall intensity.     

Numerical and analytical investigation of compressional wave propagation in saturated soils

In geotechnical earthquake engineering, wave propagation plays a fundamental role in engineering applications related to the dynamic response of geotechnical structures and to site response analysis. However, current engineering practice is primarily concentrated on the investigation of shear wave propagation and the corresponding site response only to the horizontal components of the ground motion. Due to the repeated recent observations of strong vertical ground motions and compressional damage of engineering structures, there is an increasing need to carry out a comprehensive investigation of vertical site response and the associated compressional wave propagation, particularly when performing the seismic design for critical structures (e.g. nuclear power plants and high dams). Therefore, in this paper, the compressional wave propagation mechanism in saturated soils is investigated by employing hydro-mechanically (HM) coupled analytical and numerical methods. A HM analytical solution for compressional wave propagation is first studied based on Biot’s theory, which shows the existence of two types of compressional waves (fast and slow waves) and indicates that their characteristics (i.e. wave dispersion and attenuation) are highly dependent on some key geotechnical and seismic parameters (i.e. the permeability, soil stiffness and loading frequency). The subsequent HM Finite Element (FE) study reproduces the duality of compressional waves and identifies the dominant permeability ranges for the existence of the two waves. In particular the existence of the slow compression wave is observed for a range of permeability and loading frequency that is relevant for geotechnical earthquake engineering applications. In order to account for the effects of soil permeability on compressional dynamic soil behaviour and soil properties (i.e. P-wave velocities and damping ratios), the coupled consolidation analysis is therefore recommended as the only tool capable of accurately simulating the dynamic response of geotechnical structures to vertical ground motion at intermediate transient states between undrained and drained conditions.