CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIATION IN SURFACE ALBEDO AND SNOW FORCING OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

The combination of field experiments and satellite observations is the fundamental way tounderstand the characteristics of spatial-temporal variation in surface albedo over the Tibetan(Qinghai-Xizang) Plateau. Under the condition without snow cover, the relatively regular annualvariation cycle of the surface albedo can be expressed by an empirical formula. The effect of snowcover on the surface albedo in winter can be expressed by introducing two variables of snow forcingand sensitivity parameter. The existing satellite retrieved results of surface albedo may provide thedigital grid data for describing the geographical distribution. However, some satellite retrievedsurface albedos available over the Tibetan Plateau are obviously too low in winter. Taking thesatellite derived results in summer as the background field representative of geographicaldistribution and combining the empirical formula of annual cycle based on the surface observations,a dynamic model of surface albedo is developed for the need of modeling the climatic influence ofthe underlying surface forcing of the Tibetan Plateau.     

青藏高原UT/LS夏季CO的季节内变化特征及可能影响因子分析

基于2005、2006年夏季大气微波临边探测仪(MLS)探测的青藏高原上对流层-下平流层(UT/LS)一氧化碳(CO)和臭氧浓度数据,分析了其浓度的季节内变化特征并对可能机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明,青藏高原及其周边区域UT/LS是大气痕量成分的异常区,具有对流层特性的一氧化碳和具有平流层特性的臭氧在时间变化呈现出反位相变化特征;UT/LS大气成分的变化存在两个主要季节内振荡(ISO)周期,即10～20天和30～60天,但不同的高度上具有不同的表现特征,UT主要表现为10～20天的季节内振荡,而LS主要表现为30～60天的季节内振荡;这两个振荡周期分别和夏季对流活动以及南亚高压的季节内变化具有同位相特征,说明上述两个因子可能是影响该区域不同高度的大气痕量成分季节内振荡的两个主要动力过程。      

1998年夏季青藏高原多时间尺度低频降水的活动和传播特征

研究表明,准４５ｄ、准２３ｄ和准１４ｄ等３类低和水的频率愈低,低和水愈趋向于从高原东侧和南侧向高原传播,反之,频率愈高,低频降水愈趋向于由高原向高原东侧和南侧传播。低频降水的传播路径倾向于与其上空１５０ｈＰａ低辐散带的传播中径相一致,但强度则不完全一致。高原中南就低频降水强度远大于高原北部,且与其周围平原和海洋地区的低频降水具有相对独立性。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF UT/LS CARBON MONOXIDE INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS AND THEIR IMPACT FACTORS OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS IN SUMMER

The study presented herein investigated the main characteristics of carbon monoxideintraseasonal variability and evaluated its possible impact factors using the upper troposphere and lowerstratosphere (UT/LS) Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations over Tibetan Plateau and itsadjacent areas in summer (June to August) of 2005 and 2006. Observations show a persistent constituentextreme extending up into the UT/LS throughout summer, as well as a temporally reversed phase variationbetween the carbon monoxide and ozone in UT/LS. The intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) of carbonmonoxide during summer are investigated by using methods of wavelet and band pass filter analysis. It isfound that ISOs over the Tibetan Plateau have periods of 10 to 20 days and 30 to 60 days. The formermainly appeared in upper troposphere while the latter in lower stratosphere. Further analysis shows thatthese two periods of ISOs in UT/LS are mainly in phase to the activities of convection over the south of theplateau and the variation of South Asia High, respectively. The above two factors and their dynamicalcoupling may be responsible for the tracer ISOs at different levels.     

青藏高原云-辐射-加热效应和南亚夏季风--1985年与1987年对比分析

文中首先利用NCEP NCAR再分析的风场资料 ,分析了南亚夏季风的时空特征 ,选取了有代表性的典型强、弱夏季风年 ,继而利用ISCCP C2、ERBE S4卫星观测资料和NCEP NCAR再分析资料 ,对比分析了强、弱夏季风前期青藏高原地区的云—辐射—加热状况及其在海、陆差异中的作用。分析结果表明 ,南亚夏季风强或弱 ,其前期青藏高原地区的云—辐射—加热效应有明显的差异。在强 (弱 )南亚夏季风的前期 ,青藏高原大部分地区为相对少 (多 )云区 ,其云量变化不仅表明了此区的云—辐射—加热效应的不同 ,更重要的是与此同时出现的海、陆之间云量分布的“跷跷板”现象 ,进一步改变了海、陆之间的热力差异。而且 ,在强南亚夏季风年 ,这种热力差异不但开始得早 ,而且持续时间长、作用范围大 ,从而对南亚夏季风的形成和变化产生重要的影响     

CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC HEATING AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION DURING ACTIVE PERIOD OF 500 hPa HIGH OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IN SUMMER

In correspondence with the establishment of the“upper high and lower high”pressure pattern due to the activitiesof 500 hPa high over the Tibetan Plateau in summer,a series of changes of the East Asia atmospheric circulation willtake place.In this paper,the distributions of divergence and vertical velocity of 500 hPa high,the evolutions of atmos-pheric heat source,the variations of vorticity and zonal wind at 100 hPa level and vertical meridional cell over theTibetan Plateau etc.are statistically analyzed.Thus,we can see that the ascending motion and the convective heatingover the Tibetan Plateau,the South Asia high and the westerly jet on the north of the Plateau at 100 hPa level are weak-ened.The northern branch and the southern branch of the easterly jet on the south of the Plateau merge into a singlewhole and situate on the south of the former northern branch.In the meantime,thermodynamic land-sea discrepancy inSouth Asia and the convective heating over the Bay of Bengal is enhanced.It will play an important role in the mainte-nance of the easterly jet and the South Asia monsoon.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF SEASONAL VARIATION OF RAINFALL OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU DURING SUMMER 1998 AND ITS IMPACT ON EAST ASIAN WEATHER

The seasonal variation of rainy season over the Tibetan Plateau in summer 1998 is analyzed byusing daily observational rainfall data for Lhasa from 1955 to 1996,and rainfall data at 70 stationsfrom January to August of 1998 over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and adjacent regions,as well asTBB data from May to August of 1998.The onset date of rainy season for Lhasa is climatologically6 June.Among the analyzed years,the earliest onset date is 6 May,while the latest may delay to2 July.The obvious inter-decadal variation can be found in the series of onset date.The onset dateof summer 1998 over middle TP (onset date of Lhasa) is 24 June,which is relatively later than thenormal case.The onset for rainy season of 1998 started over southeast and northeast parts of TP and thenpropagated westward and northward.The convection over east and west parts of TP shows thatthere is a quasi 12-15 day oscillation.In June,the convection over middle and lower reaches ofYangtze River is formed by the westward propagation of convection over subtropical westernPacific.while in July.it is formed by the eastward propagation of convection over TP.Besides,it is also found that there exists good negative and obvious advance and lagcorrelation between the convection over the middle and western TP and that over the subtropicalwestern Pacific and southern China.Therefore it can be inferred that a feedback zonal circulationwith a quasi two-three week oscillation exists between the ascending region of TP and descendingregion of subtropical western Pacific,i.e.the convection over TP may affect the subtropical highover western Pacific and vice versa.     

THE EXCHANGE OF MASS BETWEEN STRATOSPHERE AND TROPOSPHERE OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND ITS SURROUNDINGS IN 1998

n this paper,using NCEP dataset and the Wei's method,we calculate the exchange of massacross the thermal tropopause during 1998 over the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings.Theresults indicate that:(1)There is strong air transport from troposphere to stratosphere in summerover the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings.The air transport reaches the summit in midsummerwith three large value centers among which the Bay of Bengal is the largest and the other two largecenters lie in the east and northwest of the Tibetan Plateau,respectively.In May and October thecross-tropopause mass exchange reaches balance.In other months the mass transport is fromstratosphere to troposphere.(2)As far as the cross-tropopause mass exchange from June toSeptember in 1998 is concerned,the net mass transport is 13.7×10~(18) kg from troposphere tostratosphere,So the area from Tibetan Plateau to the Bay of Bengal is a channel through which airmass gets into stratosphere from troposphere.     

夏半年青藏高原东部大气热源时间变化特征

本文利用１９８３－１９９２年夏半年逐日控空资料，计算了青藏高原东部大气热源和水汽汇，讨论了高原东部热源平均值的日变化，季节内变化，季节变化和年际变化。结果表明，热源和水汽汇铅直廓线存在明显的日变化，夏半年平均热源日变化振幅为１－２℃／Ｄａｙ，水汽汇为１－１．５℃／Ｄａｙ，热源铅直积分显示准双周振动特征，各半夏半年热源滤波曲线表明，７，８月份准双周振动较弱，５，６和９月份较强。     

夏半年青藏高原东部大气热源异常对环流和降水的影响

本文利用高原２３个测站探空资料，经客观分析求得的１９８３－１９９２年夏半年逐月青藏高原东部大气热源和水汽汇积分值，讨论了高原东部大气热源对北半球大气环流以及对我国降水的影响。月距平均资料显示，高原东部大气热源在ＥＮＳＯ年一般有所加强，与此相应，５００ｈＰａ高度场从高原到淮河流域为一低值区，蒙古一带为高压区，１００ｈＰａ高度场高原上空为高压区，我国东北，朝鲜和日本一带为低值区。     

青藏高原春夏季对流异常及其对西太平洋副高的影响

高原冬春季净辐射多寡可以显著影响高原地区大气环流季节转换进程和后期高原对流活动。净辐射偏多,初夏高原同低纬度之间温度梯度反转时间提前,高原对活跃,夏季高原主体对流异常,可以通过辐散环流造成西太平洋异常的下沉运动,影响副高的强度、南北位置和西伸程度,最终导致夏季降水的异常分析。     

青藏高原臭氧低谷的加深及其可能的影响

通过分析 TOMS(1 979～ 1 992 )资料发现 :(1 )青藏高原的臭氧不仅存在递减趋势 ,而且是一个递减的强中心 ,这个递减的强中心是同纬度地区 3个递减中心之一 ;(2 )夏季青藏高原臭氧低谷有加深的趋势 ,其递减率最大值为 - 0 .336% /a;加深区域为 2 9～ 33°N,78～ 94°E。另外 ,分析 SAGE 资料的结果表明 :青藏高原臭氧递减的强中心的形成是由于其平流层下部臭氧异常减少造成的。根据研究结果的趋势估测 :从 1 992年到 2 0 0 0年 ,夏季青藏高原紫外辐射增加大约为 1 .3%～ 2 .3% ,可能引起白内障发病率上升大约 0 .8%～ 1 .4% ,皮肤癌上升大约 3.2 %～ 5.4%。     

青藏高原总体输送系数的特征

利用中日亚洲季风机制合作研究计划设在西藏的 4个自动气象站（AWS）获得的5a多（199年7月～1998年12月）时次密集、观测连续的近地层梯度资料,以最小二乘法确定出相应站点各季节的地表粗糙度,并应用廓线-通量法计算了4站逐日的总体输送系数,分析了其随时间的变化特征。结果表明:青藏高原动量输送系数的多年平均值为3.53×10-3～4.99×10-3,热量输送系数为4.67×10-3～6.73×10-3,并且两种输送系数都存在明显的日变化和季节变化,部分站点还存在较明显的年际变化。另外,还讨论了总体输送系数与近地层大气层结稳定度、地表粗糙度以及地面风速等因子的关系,初步建立了可用常规气象站地面观测资料计算青藏高原总体输送系数的拟合公式。     

青藏高原大气热源和冬春积雪与中国东部降水的年代际变化关系

利用NCEP 1950—2004年逐日再分析资料,采用倒算法,对青藏高原大气热源的长期变化进行了计算,结果发现,青藏高原及附近地区上空大气春夏季热源在过去50年里,尤其是最近20年,表现为持续减弱的趋势。而1960—2004年青藏高原50站的冬春雪深却出现了增加,尤其是春季雪深在1977年出现了由少到多的突变。用SVD方法对高原积雪和高原大气热源关系的分析表明,二者存在非常显著的反相关关系,即高原冬春积雪偏多,高原大气春夏季热源偏弱。高原大气春夏季热源和中国160站降水的SVD分析表明,高原大气春夏季热源和夏季长江中下游降水呈反相关,与华南和华北降水呈正相关;而高原冬春积雪和中国160站降水的SVD分析显示,高原冬春积雪和夏季长江流域降水呈显著正相关,与华南和华北降水呈反相关。在年代际尺度上,青藏高原大气热源和冬春积雪与中国东部降水型的年代际变化(南涝北旱)有很好的相关。最后讨论了青藏高原大气热源影响中国东部降水的机制。青藏高原春夏季热源减弱,使得海陆热力差异减小,致使东亚夏季风强度减弱,输送到华北的水汽减少,而到达长江流域的水汽却增加;同时,高原热源减弱,使得副热带高压偏西,夏季雨带在长江流域维持更长时间。导致近20年来长江流域降水偏多,华北偏少,形成"南涝北旱"雨型。高原冬春积雪的增加,降低了地表温度,减弱了地面热源,并进而使得青藏高原及附近地区大气热源减弱。     

夏季青藏高原上影响MCS东移的动力场特征研究

运用空间数据挖掘中的聚类方法（K-均值法和CLARANS法）,对影响夏季青藏高原上中尺度对流系统（MCS）东移的动力场空间分布特征进行了研究,得到了有利于MCS移动和传播的动力学条件。研究成果不仅为预测高原上MCS的移动趋势,揭示其发生、发展的机理提供了一种新的方法和思路,且对于提高长江流域暴雨和强对流天气预报的准确性具有重要的实际应用价值。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF SEASONAL VARIATION OF RAINFALL OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU DURING SUMMER 1998 AND ITS IMPACT ON EAST ASIAN WEATHER*

The seasonal variation of rainy season over the Tibetan Plateau in summer 1998 is analyzed by using daily observational rainfall data for Lhasa from 1955 to 1996,and rainfall data at 70 stations from January to August of 1998 over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and adjacent regions,as well as TBB data from May to August of 1998.The onset date of rainy season for Lhasa is climatologically 6 June.Among the analyzed years,the earliest onset date is 6 May,while the latest may delay to 2 July.The obvious inter-decadal variation can be found in the series of onset date.The onset date of summer 1998 over middle TP (onset date of Lhasa) is 24 June,which is relatively later than the normal case.The onset for rainy season of 1998 started over southeast and northeast parts of TP and then propagated westward and northward.The convection over east and west parts of TP shows that there is a quasi 12-15 day oscillation.In June,the convection over middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River is formed by the westward propagation of convection over subtropical western Pacific.while in July.it is formed by the eastward propagation of convection over TP.Besides,it is also found that there exists good negative and obvious advance and lag correlation between the convection over the middle and western TP and that over the subtropical western Pacific and southern China.Therefore it can be inferred that a feedback zonal circulation with a quasi two-three week oscillation exists between the ascending region of TP and descending region of subtropical western Pacific,i.e.the convection over TP may affect the subtropical high over western Pacific and vice versa.     

青藏高原及其邻近地区旬感热通量基本气候特征

利用１９７９～１９９５年美国ＮＣＥＰ再分析资料中逐旬感热通量,对高原及其邻近地区旬感热通量季节变化、年际变化特征及冬、夏季感热通量旬异常的年际变化和季节变化进行了分析。结果表明：青藏高原感热通量有明显的季节变化,可分为科季型（１０月下旬～３月上旬）和夏季型（３月中旬～１０月中旬）,感热通量季节变化的明显区在高原北侧的荒原沙漠和南部珠峰一带,高原感热异常多发生在３～１５旬和２６～３６旬。冬季感热通量     

青藏高原及其附近地区资料的统计同化方案与试验

本文借助于Cressman逐步订正法和自然正交函数(EOF)的展开截断原理,对高原500hPa高度场和风场建立了一个初步的统计同化方案,并将该方法推广运用到对FGGEⅢ_b资料的修正和尺度分离上,在此基础上做了24小时的数值试验。初步证明此方法有一定的应用价值。     

夏季青藏高原上中尺度对流系统初生阶段特征

应用逐时GMS—5卫星红外云图云顶黑体辐射温度TBB资料，对1998—2000年夏季(6、7、8月)东亚地区各网格点的TBB按TBB≤-32℃及TBB≤-52℃这两个对流云顶阈值范围出现的频率进行了统计，结果表明，对流云顶TBB阈值出现的频率分布可以客观地揭示对流的地理分布和日变化特征。     

7月青藏高原大气热源空间型及其与东亚大气环流和降水的相关研究

对1958～1999年的7月份NCEP/NCAR再分析资料中青藏高原区域大气热源强度(整层气柱的总非绝热加热率)做旋转经验正交函数分析,结果表明该区域内大气热源强度的空间分布特征复杂,各地差异显著。前4个REOF型的加热中心位于高原东北部、高原西南部、克什米尔地区以及高原东南部地区上空。小波分析还表明各空间型都有2～4a的变化周期。文中计算了前4个RPC与东亚中、低空纬向风(U)、经向风(V)、纬向水汽通量(Q_u)、经向水汽通量(Q_v)的相关系数,并用这些相关系数构造矢量,进而分析其流场和水汽通量散度场,发现高原不同区域的大气加热异常所对应的东亚大气环流形势及降水也大不相同,由此表明,在研究高原加热对中国气候的影响时,应注意加热的空间分布特征。