郑州地下水均衡试验场的改建工程——试验场监测资料的推广应用核心问题

郑州地下水均衡试验场的改建,是中国地质环境监测院主持的国家地下水监测工程中地下水均衡试验场的改建项目之一,由河南省地质环境监测院具体负责实施。针对场地尺度均衡试验资料推广至野外生产实践核心问题,采用确定型模型(水分运移方程)和随机模型(区域性包气带参数)相结合的研究方法。拟选黄河南冲洪积区24 km~2作为野外试验场地,通过场地上有限数量的采样,标定该场地包气带参数变异性特征,并借助于区域气象资料,结合地下水均衡试验场所建土壤水分运移数学模型成果,计算区域降雨入渗补给量与潜水蒸发,为地下水资源评价、地质环境评价及地下水资源可持续开发利用提供科学依据。同时也为大范围土壤面状污染评价工作奠定基础。     

郑州地下水均衡试验场的改建工程——主要测试设施与数据自动化采集

郑州地下水均衡试验场的改建,是由中国地质环境监测院主持的国家地下水监测工程中地下水均衡试验场的改建项目之一,由河南省环境地质监测院具体负责实施。科学技术的发展,为试验场观测数据采集的自动化奠定了良好基础。试验场数据采集需要自动化的有:3m高主杆气象站测试系统;太阳全辐射、太阳净辐射、太阳直射观测仪,E—601蒸发仪,5TM含水率、温度传感器,自动补水仪,负压测量仪。除后两项外,其他需要数据采集仪器已经市场化。后两项是作者的发明与实用专利。自动补水仪是用来模拟地下水位埋深的设备,它是以传统的马里奥特瓶补水原理为基础,采用控制电路使其可以自动补给因蒸发而消耗的水量,同时还可以记录降水的历时过程。负压测量是利用空气运动黏度约大于水运动黏度的15倍这一特性,即当水刚通过多孔瓷头时,气体不能通过多孔瓷头,据此设计了在包气带中能测定负压的传感器。数据采集则应用了惠斯登电桥平衡的补偿原理。由于控制、供电、采集数据的电缆过多,因此数据自动化采集系统应用了三级采集、逐级集成的方案。     

郑州地下水均衡试验场的改建工程——试验介质的选择与试验土柱建造

郑州地下水均衡试验场的改建,是中国地质环境监测院主持的国家地下水监测工程中地下水均衡试验场的改建项目之一。在均衡试验场的改建中试验土柱构建是一个核心问题,涉及到两个方面:试验介质的选择与试验筒装填。据河南省地质地貌特征,分为五地貌单元:黄河北冲积平原、黄河南冲积平原、淮河冲积平原、南阳盆地、豫西黄土丘陵。结合野外调查,概化出了五个地貌单元的岩性与不同岩层的叠置关系,并通过典型地段勘查对岩性及结构的代表性进行论证,以此确定五分区各类岩性的采样地点,为试验土柱构建奠定了地质基础。试验筒的总长达90 m,按设计要求将试验土样装入试验筒。制定小柱体模拟沉降试验,求得按设计要求装填土样之沉降系数,作为试验土样装填试验筒厚度的计算依据。试验土柱装填完成后,对其进行沉降观测,确认沉降趋稳且不影响试验土柱传感器安装时,试验柱才算构建完成。郑州地下水均衡试验场改建共建造25个试验柱,试验柱的高度分别包含1 m、2 m、3 m、5 m、7 m等五个不同高度,每个高度又包含黄河北冲积平原、黄河南冲积平原、淮河冲积平原、豫西黄土丘陵、南阳盆地等五个区域包气带。     

地下水计算参数的测定与估计

叙述了浅层地下水资源评价中几个常用参数(给水度、降雨入渗补给系数和潜水蒸发系数)的测定和估计方法,并结合实例进行剖析.通过分析,得到几点新的认识:(1)给水度值同注水的方式有关,在实际情况中,由于农田表层土壤疏松,且有作物影响,因而其最大值会出现在地表附近;(2)用抽水试验法测定给水度,其值因孔而异;(3)降雨入渗补给系数与土壤结构和给水度的关系密切,一般随着埋深的增加,该系数随之减小;(4)不同季节和不同作物,潜水蒸发系数不同,表现在计算公式上的参数也不相同.     

抽放水自动监测系统在抽水试验中的应用

抽水试验是确定含水层参数,了解水文地质条件的主要方法。本文介绍了抽放水试验的技术要求和计算水文参数的方法,并介绍了一种可自动记录水文参数的抽放水自动监测系统,简述了系统的组成和基本工作原理,并给出了应用实例。应用实例表明,该系统操作简单,运行稳定可靠,能大大减轻放水试验的工作量,提高试验数据的准确性。     

解决潜水蒸发问题的阿维里扬诺夫经验公式在地下水数值模型中的应用——以格尔木河流域为例

数值模型对地下水流和溶质运移等问题进行模拟的方法以其有效性、灵活性和相对廉价性逐渐成为地下水研究领域的一种不可缺少的重要方法。在地下水浅埋区,蒸发是地下水的主要排泄方式之一,而地下水埋深是影响蒸发度的敏感因子,因此,数值模型中对地下水埋深的拟合精度,将直接影响地下水数值模拟模型的精度。本文以格尔木河流域为例,通过阿维里扬诺夫经验公式的线性与非线性模型的计算结果对比,来说明如何利用蒸发的数学模型提高模拟精度。     

在线技术在岩溶地下水示踪试验中的应用—— 以青木关地下河系统岩口落水洞至姜家泉段为例

在岩溶水文地质调查的基础上 ,采用高分辨率野外自动化荧光仪、人工取样和放置活性炭的方法 ,对青木关地下河系统投放的示踪剂荧光素钠接收情况进行检测。 结果表明: ( 1)姜家泉是青木关地下河系统的主要出口 ,岩口落水洞投放的示踪剂在姜家泉的回收量为 93. 9% ,初现时间为 33. 3h ,地下水最大视流速为222. 2m /h,平均视流速为 176. 6m /h,众数视流速为 172. 1m /h,说明本试验段内地下径流为典型的紊流流态 ,岩溶含水介质极不均匀 ,可能有规模较大且无岔道的岩溶管道存在 ; ( 2)岩口落水洞与大木水窝泉、纸厂泉没有直接的水力联系 ,出口姜家泉与纸厂泉也无直接的水力联系; ( 3)野外自动化荧光仪精度和自动化程度高 ,携带方便 ,大大节约了试验成本 ,在我国西南岩溶区的地下水示踪试验中具有较大的推广和应用价值。      

水文水井抽水试验参数自动监测系统的研制与应用

将现代计算机检测技术与水文水井抽水试验相结合，开发研制了多参数自动监测系统，可对抽水试验中孔内水位、水温和出水量进行实时同步检测，该系统在实际工程中得到了应用与验证。介绍了该系统的组成、检测原理、主要性能参数及生产试验情况。     

沉积盆地中古地貌恢复的方法与思路——以准噶尔盆地西山窑组沉积期为例

古地貌恢复需要借助两类参数,即特征参数(CP)和属性参数(PP).前者主要包括了残留地层厚度参数、剥蚀厚度参数、压实校正参数和古水深恢复参数,后者包括了古湖泊、古物源和古环境参数等一系列沉积学研究参数.单参数的研究仅是古地貌恢复的基础工作,而两类参数的对比分析才是古地貌恢复的核心.准噶尔盆地西山窑组沉积期古地貌恢复的成功实例证实了本文研究思路的可行性和准确性.     

低幅值小应变振动下土体弹性刚度的非线性特征与表述方法

随着高速铁路建设的兴起,轨道以及沿线附近建筑物承受低幅值小应变振动荷载的作用。对于小应变振动下土体的有限元计算,如何确定连接应力和应变之间纽带的刚度张量E,对于建立合理的预测模型来分析高速铁路轨道以及沿线建筑物的沉降变形至关重要。低幅值小应变振动下剪切模量G和阻尼比D随剪应变幅值的变化是反映土体刚度及阻尼特征最重要的两个参数。通过共振柱试验发现,振动荷载作用下土体的剪切模量G必须通过振动应变幅值和固结围压共同来确定,即使在小应变（剪应变幅值10-6相似文献   

Review on status of groundwater database and application prospect in deep-time digital earth plan

Groundwater is an important water resource. The total amount of active groundwater in a hydrological cycle is about 3.5 times that of the total amount of surface water. The information in the deep groundwater records the material exchange and dynamics in the earth’s evolution, which is an important aspect of the Deep-Time Digital Earth (DDE) plan. In recent years, scientists have discussed the distribution of transboundary aquifers and the environmental significance of groundwater resources through groundwater databases established by international organizations, such as the Global Groundwater Information System and the chronicles consortium, and national institutes, such as national geological surveys. The application of the groundwater database in the DDE plan, however, has been limited by the management, interactivity, and monitoring method of the groundwater data. The ability to further integrate data that are private and scattered across research institutions and individuals, while establishing an open, unified, and shared groundwater data platform, is essential to enhance our understanding of groundwater, ranging from shallow to deep water, which is a goal of the DDE plan. In this study, we introduced the current situation of groundwater database operations in domestic and international research and provided frontier research with groundwater big data. Considering the related objectives of the DDE plan and the limitations of existing groundwater databases, we proposed an improvement plan and new prospects for applying groundwater databases in the research of the deep earth.     

地下水人工补给研究现状与前瞻

关于地下水人工补给的研究现状,本文从理论研究、方法技术及工程应用等方面进行了全面的归纳和总结;比较了国内外研究工作的新进展。通过分析表明,地下水人工补给在理论及其定量计算方法上的缺陷制约了其工程应用。结合当前研究的新进展,指出了地下水人工补给研究和工程应用领域存在的其他重要问题,从理论和实践两方面提出了地下水人工补给今后需要进一步加强研究的方向和任务。     

Urban and rural groundwater use in Zhengzhou, China: challenges in joint management

Groundwater plays an important role in the total water supply of much of China, particularly in the north. It has contributed substantially to both agricultural growth and urban and industrial expansion. However, overexploitation and poor management have contributed to infamous groundwater depletion problems and less publicized groundwater quality deterioration. One of the key challenges for China will be how to make groundwater use sustainable while still meeting increased food needs as well as the industrial and domestic demands of a rapidly urbanizing society. Zhengzhou City, one of China’s test cities for building a “water saving society” highlights both the difficulties and potential solutions to northern China’s joint rural and urban groundwater challenges. Based on secondary data and a primary survey of groundwater management in the region, this report provides an overview of Zhengzhou’s groundwater development and use as well as the ongoing institutional and policy reform processes within the water sector. The results highlight how a deepening of ongoing reforms, which simultaneously consider groundwater as an integral rural and urban issue and a fundamental economic and social asset, may improve groundwater outcomes, not only in Zhengzhou but in China, as the country’s economy and demography continue to change.     

VEBEX: Vegetation and surface energy balance experiment for the tropics

Surface features such as soil moisture and vegetation have a profound impact on the surface energy balance and the atmospheric boundary layer. To quantify this effect for a tropical location, a detailed field experiment, VEBEX, was designed and successfully executed in a tropical site at Bangalore, India. VEBEX was a joint experiment between the North Carolina State University, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), and the University of Agricultural Science (UAS) at Bangalore, India. Continuous surface meteorological measurements were taken over an entire crop period (pre-sowing to post-harvest). During different stages of the plant growth, intensive observations of surface turbulence, and measurements of physiological and soil moisture measurements were also conducted. The results obtained provide an insight into the unusually strong variability for the tropics. Interpretation of the observations and an overview of the analysis procedure and future research initiatives are also presented.     

DEM在构造地貌定量分析中的应用与展望

作为一种描述地形起伏特征的数据模型,数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model,DEM）通过有限的地形高程数据实现对地形曲面的数字化模拟（即地形表面形态的数字化表示）,为研究地表的演化过程提供了数据基础。文章归纳梳理了DEM在基本地形因子、流域地貌特征、古地貌面的重塑、构造地貌发育模式、地貌分类与制图以及地形特征提取算法等领域的应用现状。总的来看,DEM研究对象以陆地为重点,以河流地貌和山地地貌为主要内容;研究过程从早期对地貌形态的定性描述向多种地貌参数的半定量、定量分析转变;研究尺度空间上从某个小流域到整个造山带,时间上从数小时向百万年扩展。构造地貌演化时间序列的不确定性、地貌参数获取的复杂性、地形模型算法的多样化以及DEM生成过程中的误差因素,这些均影响构造地貌定量分析结果的准确度,因此在归纳梳理已有研究成果的同时,对DEM在构造地貌研究领域的应用进行了一些思考。      

石油类污染场地土壤与地下水污染调查实例分析

以冀中平原某石油类污染场地为例,从污染源分布勘察、场地水文地质模型建立、土壤及地下水的现场调查入手,采用物探、坑探、钻探综合调查技术和定深取样等一些取样方法,对不同深度土壤及地下水的有机污染进行调查和样品分析。结果表明:整个场地的土壤和地下水受到不同程度的污染,30m深度内包气带和饱水带已被污染,50m深度的地下水中有有机污染物检出,石油类场地的污染特征主要表现为土壤及其地下水中含有高浓度单环芳烃和卤代烃。且单环芳烃在土壤与地下水中的浓度高于其它有机污染物。     

Integration of hydrological factors and demarcation of groundwater prospect zones: insights from remote sensing and GIS techniques

The study demonstrates the potential of geographical information system and statistical-based approaches to identify the hydrological processes and demarcate the groundwater prospect zones of the Gangolli basin, Karnataka State, India. The basin is situated in humid tropical climate and influenced by three major rivers viz. Kollur (6th order stream), Chakra (6th order stream) and Haladi (7th order stream) which cover an area of ~1,512 km² and cumulative length of ~84 km. Various thematic maps—drainage, geomorphology, geology, slope, soil, lineament and lineament density—were prepared using Survey of India topographic maps, Indian remote sensing (IRS-P6) images and other published maps. Hydrogeomorphologic characteristics were correlated with different morphometric parameters to identify the hydrological processes and demarcate the groundwater potential zones of the basin. All the hydrological units and morphometric parameters were assigned suitable weightages according to their relative importance to groundwater potentiality to identify the most deficit/surplus zones of groundwater. Based on hydrological characteristics, integrated thematic maps reveal that ~14 % (~217 km²) of basin area falls under very good, ~32 % (~486 km²) under good, ~23 % (~353 km²) under moderate, and 30 % (~443 km²) under poor zones for groundwater potential. From the sub-basin-wise prioritisation, it has been inferred that SB-III scored highest groundwater potential, followed by SB-X. Result of morphometric analyses with the hydrologic parameters indicates that ~99 % area of SB-III and SB-X are under very good to moderate groundwater potential zone. This study clearly demonstrates that hydrological parameters in relation with morphometric analyses are useful to demarcate the prospect zones of groundwater.     

苏锡常地区浅层地下水开发利用前景分析

针对以往苏锡常地区浅层地下水开发利用所面临的一系列问题,本文通过选择典型地段进行浅层地下水开采试验工作,从浅层地下水的水质、水量以及所采取的开采工艺等几个方面论证了浅层地下水开采的可行性,分析了苏锡常地区浅层地下水的开发利用前景.