CFP 管道流数值模拟方法综述

岩溶地区往往具有高渗透性的岩溶管道,低渗透性的基岩,与多孔介质相比,水流在管道中的运移速度要大得多,穿过含水层的时间很小。岩溶地区含水层的这种特征给水流的数值模拟带来很大困难。 Conduit Flow Process （ CFP）管道流模拟程序,专门为岩溶地区的地下水数值模拟而设计,本文详细介绍其适用范围、实现原理及使用方法。     

弯曲岩溶管道溶质运移的尺度效应研究

岩溶管道溶质运移的尺度效应研究对穿透曲线的正确解译非常重要,但目前针对单一弯曲管道中溶质运移尺度效应的研究仍比较缺乏。文章将岩溶管道和溶潭分别概化为透明软管和水箱,基于前期建立的水箱-管道系统(简称“管道系统”),在水箱下游设置不同长度的弯曲管道,通过示踪试验研究管道运移尺度对穿透曲线的影响,并采用暂时存储模型模拟试验曲线。结果表明：(1)随着水箱下游管道长度的增加,峰值质量浓度逐渐缓慢降低,穿透曲线上升段斜率无明显变化,穿透曲线拖尾逐渐缩短,表明运移管道长度增加对溶质运移的影响大于下游管道弯曲;(2)穿透曲线偏度系数、后段溶质羽穿透时间和溶质羽穿透时间与管道系统长度呈良好的负线性相关关系(R²>0.96);(3)当对称和不对称水箱管道系统长度分别增加至154.5 m和164.3 m时,偏度系数接近0,穿透曲线分布接近对称;(4)弥散系数、存储区截面积和交换系数与管道系统长度呈良好的负线性相关关系,当对称和不对称水箱管道系统长度分别增加至159.9 m和178.1 m时,存储区截面积接近0,水箱导致的溶质运移滞后效应基本消失。研究结果对野外岩溶管道穿透曲线的...     

基于CFP的岩溶管道流数值模拟研究——以桂林寨底地下河子系统为例

为了描述岩溶多重含水介质存在非达西流问题,研究管道流CFP模型在岩溶区数值模拟中的应用。在分析管道流CFP基本原理的基础上,通过建立概念模型算例(5个管道,上下临界雷诺数分别为2 000和4 000),探讨不同管道水文地质参数对出口流量及水流状态的影响,并对参数敏感性进行分析,最后将CFPM1模型应用于广西寨底岩溶地下河系统,探讨在实际应用中的管道流模型适用性。概念模型结果表明,参数敏感度从大到小依次为:管道直径、水力梯度、管道渗透系数、弯曲度及粗糙度,流量与雷诺数随管道参数增大而增大,水流状态从层流变为紊流。寨底岩溶管道流模型中3个观测井及地下河出口实测流量表明CFPM1能较好地模拟出岩溶地下水水位变化趋势。得出结论:CFPM1管道流模型允许岩溶管道与基岩含水层进行水流交换,能够较好地刻画岩溶区管道介质非达西流特征,但管道参数获取较为困难,且不能刻画岩溶管道形态变化。该方法具有一定通用性,可为实际应用提供指导。     

岩溶管道与裂隙介质间溶质暂态存储机制

溶质暂态存储是岩溶地下水溶质运移过程中的普遍现象。为揭示岩溶管道与裂隙介质间溶质暂态存储机制,本文构建室内管道-裂隙物理模型,开展集中补给条件下的定量示踪试验,运用双区对流弥散模型实现溶质运移过程模拟。研究表明：随着集中补给水动力条件的增强,裂隙暂态存储水量呈线性增加趋势,溶质穿透曲线由单峰型向双峰型转变;管道和裂隙中的平均流速呈负相关关系,溶质在管道和裂隙中的滞留时间差决定了穿透曲线的形态;溶质暂态存储引发了穿透曲线的拖尾效应和双峰现象,对岩溶地下水溶质运移过程具有重要的控制作用。     

水箱-管道系统溶质运移实验研究及其岩溶水文地质意义

为了研究岩溶管道中溶潭对溶质运移的影响,在实验室内构建水箱-管道系统,在不同管道结构和水流条件下进行定量示踪实验并得到相应的穿透曲线(BTCs);采用Qtracer2软件分析溶质运移参数,采用滞后系数R分析实验结果与一维经典对流弥散方程解析解之间的差别。实验结果显示:随着水箱数量的增加,示踪剂(NaCl)峰值质量浓度逐渐降低,弥散系数和弥散度逐渐增加,穿透曲线拖尾逐渐增长,表明水箱的瞬态存储使溶质运移滞后;与不对称水箱相比,对称水箱BTC拖尾较长;峰现时间随着不对称水箱数量的增多明显滞后;出口流量增加时,弥散度减小,BTC拖尾变短。一维经典对流弥散方程解析解仅对单管道最大流量条件下的BTC拟合较好,对流量较小的单管道和水箱-管道系统的BTC拟合较差,需研究适用的模型解释其拖尾现象。     

地表地下耦合的水量及溶质运移模拟研究进展

地表水与地下水之间存在强烈的相互作用,构建地表水和地下水耦合的水量和溶质运移模型可以揭示地表水和地下水之间的相互作用机制,并提高地表地下水量水质预测的精度。介绍了现有的地表地下耦合的水量及溶质运移模型,对比了各模型的求解方法和适用领域,总结了这些模型的应用现状。其中水量模型中全耦合模型精度较高,是未来模型发展的主流方向,溶质运移模型中溶质反应过程模拟较为欠缺。未来应在优化求解算法、提高溶质反应模拟和加强裂隙介质模拟等方面深入开展相关研究。     

昆明地热田岩溶地下热水系统中溶质运移的模拟

通过对昆明地热田深层基岩地下热水系统的地质、水文地质条件和开采现状的分析,建立了考虑温压变化和越流条件的岩溶热储层中地下热水的水流和溶质(污染物)运移的准三维非稳定流数学模型.对开采条件下地热田Ⅱ块段地下热水系统中水位及F-、Cl-、NH+4、SO2-4浓度的模拟结果表明,所建立的模型合理、可靠,具有较高的仿真性.模型可预测不同条件下地热田地下热水的流场和溶质浓度的动态变化趋势,为防治地下热水环境的进一步恶化提供参考.     

地下水溶质运移数值模拟模型参数的局部灵敏度研究

采用局部灵敏度分析方法计算天津市滨海新区南港工业区内某研究区含水层渗透系数、降水入渗补给系数、纵向弥散度、孔隙度对地下水溶质运移数值模拟模型模拟结果的影响。结果表明,含水层渗透系数、纵向弥散度及孔隙度灵敏度较高,对模拟结果影响较大,降水入渗补给系数对模拟结果影响很小。三个灵敏参数的灵敏度排序为孔隙度>纵向弥散度>渗透系数。     

基于MODFLOW-CFP的贵州大井流域岩溶地下水数值模拟

贵州大井流域岩溶分布广泛,岩溶水是当地人民生产和生活的主要来源。由于对岩溶水资源的不合理开发利用,水资源短缺现象经常发生。大井流域水文地质条件复杂,管道-多孔介质双重介质特征明显。文章采用MODFLOW-CFP耦合模型对大井流域展开数值模拟,进而掌握大井流域地下水运动规律、准确评价岩溶水资源,促进其合理开发利用。结果表明:大井流域管道与多孔介质交换量为6 719.1 m³·a^-1,主要集中在上游和中游;总补给水量为10 977.3×10⁴m³·a^-1,补给模数为133.495m³·km^-2·a^-1,其中降雨汇入量和降雨入渗量占总补给量的81.35%,而总排泄量为10 813.47×10⁴m³·a^-1,主要在地下河出口排泄。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液变密度地下水溶质运移模拟

为分析垃圾填埋场变密度渗滤液对地下水的影响,本文通过MODFLOW中的SEAWAT模块建立变密度地下水溶质运移模型,模拟了在密度效应情况下垃圾渗滤液在地下水中的运移规律,并且与不考虑密度影响的模型结果进行了对比。结果表明,在密度驱动下污染物运移得更快,出现了明显的“指流”,在3 650 d时,变密度模型中地下水质量浓度大于10%源强浓度的面积比恒定密度模型结果多1 611.95 m²;这表明变密度模型计算的污染物影响范围要比恒定密度模型的范围要大。根据不同质量浓度源强模拟结果可以看出,在整个预测期内源强为90 g/L的影响面积最大,随着源强浓度降低,影响面积逐渐减小。根据观测孔浓度曲线可以看出,1号、2号和3号孔的10 m、2 m观测层位浓度历时曲线都呈现变密度模型结果高于恒定密度模型,且底部观测层位更容易捕捉到污染物。因此在分析垃圾渗滤液或者其他密度较高的污染物对地下水的影响时,应重视密度因素。     

A dual-porosity model for ionic solute transport in expansive clays

A microstructure model of dual-porosity type is proposed to describe contaminant transport in fully-saturated swelling clays. The swelling medium is characterized by three separate-length scales (nano, micro, and macro) and two levels of porosity (nano- and micropores). At the nanoscale, the medium is composed of charged clay particles saturated by a binary monovalent aqueous electrolyte solution. At the intermediate (micro) scale, the two-phase homogenized system is represented by swollen clay clusters (or aggregates) with the nanoscale electrohydrodynamics, local charge distribution, and disjoining pressure effects incorporated in the averaged constitutive laws of the electro-chemo-mechanical coefficients and the swelling pressure, which appear in Onsager’s reciprocity relations and in a modified form of Terzaghi’s effective principle, respectively. The microscopic coupling between aggregates and a bulk solution lying in the micropores is ruled by a slip boundary condition on the tangential velocity of the fluid, which captures the effects of the thin electrical double layers surrounding each clay cluster. At the macroscale, the system of clay clusters is homogenized with the bulk fluid. The resultant macroscopic picture is governed by a dual-porosity model wherein macroscopic flow and ion transport take place in the bulk solution and the clay clusters act as sources/sinks of mass of water and solutes to the bulk fluid. The homogenization procedure yields a three-scale model of the swelling medium by providing new nano and micro closure problems, which are solved numerically to construct constitutive laws for the effective electro-chemo-hydro-mechanical coefficients. Considering local instantaneous equilibrium between the clay aggregates and micropores, a quasisteady version of the dual-porosity model is proposed. When combined with the three-scale portrait of the swelling medium, the quasisteady model allows us to build-up numerically the constitutive law of the equilibrium adsorption isotherm, which governs the instantaneous immobilization of the solutes in the clay clusters. Moreover, the constitutive behavior of the retardation coefficient is also constructed by exploring its representation in terms of the local profile of the electrical double layer potential of the electrolyte solution, which satisfies the Poisson–Boltzmann problem at the nanoscale.     

Flow and solute transport monitoring in the karst aquifer in SW Slovenia

The role of the unsaturated zone in the karst aquifer hydraulic behaviour was brought into focus in these studies of the catchment of the Hubelj spring (SW Slovenia). The variations of natural tracers in precipitation and in groundwater during a summer storm event made it possible to trace local flow and solute transport in the observed aquifer. The results produced data on the aquifer recharge, storage and discharge processes, as well as on mechanisms that affected them, which reflects a karst groundwater dynamics also at a regional scale. They point out the significance of effects of the fast preferential flow—epiflow that is the main factor controlling solute/contaminant transport towards the aquifer saturated zone. Numerous arguments indicate that the karst aquifer flow and solute transport mechanisms depend on the hydraulic behaviour of the epikarst zone.     

A model of early evolution of karst conduits affected by subterranean CO2 sources

 In investigating early karstification of one-dimensional conduits by computer models, so far one has assumed that the CO₂ content of the calcite aggressive water stems entirely from the surface. Subterranean sources of CO₂, however, can rejuvenate the solutional power of water already close to equilibrium with respect to calcite, and boost dissolution rates. In a first scenario we have investigated the influence of a punctual source of CO₂ as the most simple case of release of CO₂ into a karstifiable fracture at some position KL from its entrance of the widening joint with length L, (K<1). The results show that only a small increase of the p _CO2 in the solution to about 0.01 atm is sufficient to reduce the breakthrough times to about 0.3 with respect to the case, where no CO₂ is delivered. Other sources of CO₂ are due to the metabolic activity of microorganisms. The existence of such diverse subterraneous microbial life in karst systems is demonstrated. Whether situated on the fissure surfaces or free floating in the karst water, one basic product of their metabolism is CO₂. This contributes over the whole flow path to the p _CO2 of the karst water. Therefore in a second scenario we assumed a constant rate of CO₂-input along parts of the fracture, as could be delivered by the activity of aerobic bacteria dwelling at its walls. Such a scenario also applies to an extended diffuse CO₂ migration from volcanic activity deep underground. In this case drastic reductions of the breakthrough time by about one order of magnitude are observed. These reductions are enhanced when the fracture aperture width of the initial fracture decreases. The physicochemical mechanisms of enhancement of karstification are discussed in detail by considering the evolution of the fracture aperture width and of the dissolution rates in space and time. Received: 17 December 1998 · Accepted 23 April 1999     

A numerical study of fronts in random media using a reactive solute transport model

We simulate the random front solutions of a nonlinear solute transport equation with spatial random coefficients modeling inhomogeneous sorption sites in porous media. The nonlinear sorption function is chosen to be Langmuir type, and the random coefficients are two independent stationary processes with fast decay of correlations. The model equation is in conservation form, and the random fronts are similar to random viscous shocks. We find that the average front speed is given by an ensemble averaged explicit Rankine–Hugoniot relation, and the front position fluctuates about its mean. Our numerical calculations show that the standard deviation is of the order O( $\sqrt t $ ) for large time, and the front fluctuation scaled by $\sqrt t $ converges to a Gaussian random variable wih mean zero. We come up with a formal theory of front fluctuation, yielding an explicit expression of the root t normalized front standard deviation in terms of the random media statistics. The theory agrees remarkably with the numerically discovered empirical formula.     

裂隙岩体溶质运移模型综述

本文综述了裂隙岩体系统中溶质运移的概念模型和数学模型。分析了目前各种裂隙岩体系统中溶质运移的数学模型的适用性和优缺点，为选取合理的数学模型求解具体的问题提供了参考依据。最后提出了有待进一步研究的问题。     

裂隙岩体溶质运移模型研究

核废料的地下深部贮存、垃圾填埋造成的污水下渗、海水入侵、输油管道老化引起渗漏等诸多应用领域的发展,要求从机理、试验和模型等方面发展裂隙岩体溶质运移理论。基于裂隙岩体系统溶质运移的多尺度概念模型,分析了目前描述裂隙岩体系统中溶质运移各种数学模型的适用性和优缺点,为选取合理的数学模型求解具体的问题提供了参考依据。最后提出了需要进一步研究的问题。