沟谷地形参数对滑坡运动距离的影响研究

滑坡运动场地上的沟谷地形,对滑坡运动产生约束、偏转、导流、阻止等作用,导致了滑坡运动距离的差异。根据滑坡滑源区、运移区的运动方向与沟谷堆积区延伸方向的夹角,将沟谷型滑坡划分为沟谷顺直型和沟谷偏转型两种类型。通过建立滑坡体积、沟谷地形参数与运动参数的非线性回归模型,分析体积及地形参数变化率对沟谷型滑坡运动距离变化的影响特征。研究表明:随体积增加,沟谷顺直型和沟谷偏转型滑坡的运动距离差异逐渐增大。体积作为滑坡运动距离的显著性因素,其原因在于滑坡体积在数量级上的差异,而在同一数量级内,体积变化仅对沟谷型滑坡最大水平运动距离变化的影响最大;滑源区和沟谷堆积区坡度的变化对垂直运动距离和堆积区水平运动距离影响大于滑坡体积。偏转角度对沟谷偏转型滑坡运动距离的影响较小,其原因在于沟谷区地形坡度显著影响了偏转角度对滑坡运动距离的作用。研究结果为沟谷型滑坡的致灾程度评估提供了参考依据。      

坡脚型与偏转型地震滑坡运动距离及地形因素作用

运动距离作为滑坡防灾减灾的主要评价指标之一,不仅受到滑坡体积和落差的控制,还与滑坡的下垫面场地的地形作用相关。通过分析坡脚型和偏转型两类典型的地震滑坡运动特征,研究了滑坡体积V、落差 、坡度差 和偏转角度 对最大垂直运动距离H、水平运动距离L以及坡脚以下或偏转后的水平运动距离 的作用。由于偏转型滑坡受偏转前、后坡度和偏转角度对运动距离的共同影响,导致 指标小于坡脚型滑坡,而两类滑坡的 的均值较为一致,表明地形因素对不同类型滑坡的水平运动参数的作用具有一致性特征。分别建立了体积、落差与地形参数的坡脚型和偏转型滑坡运动距离拟合方程。拟合方程的参数指标表明：体积对H的作用指数较小,体现了高位滑坡的运动特征; 对 的影响指数较小;坡脚型滑坡的坡度 对运动距离的影响指数都较为显著,偏转角度 对偏转型滑坡的 的影响较为显著。研究结果为滑坡运动距离的预测和地形因素控制提供了参考,并且对于坡脚型和偏转型滑坡运动距离的模拟和机制研究而言,不应忽略坡脚坡度差和偏转角度的作用。     

坡脚型滑坡运动特征分析及运动距离预测

为了分析地形因子对坡脚型滑坡运动参数（最大水平运动距离L_max、坡脚运动距离L、等效摩擦系数f）的影响,建立不同滑坡规模的运动参数非线性统计模型进行反演分析,分析结果表明:（1）不同滑坡规模下,最大运动距离L_max、坡脚运动距离L、等效摩擦系数f均主要受滑坡高差（H）和斜坡坡度（α）的影响。（2）随滑坡规模的增大,L_max、L受β的影响逐渐减弱,表现为坡脚阻止效应的减弱;f受β的影响逐渐增大,表现为滑坡运动能力改变。（3）随滑坡规模的增大,L_max、f受γ的影响逐渐增大,表现为堆积场地的微地貌效应显著增强。最后,基于主要地形参数（H、α、β、γ）和滑坡规模（V）建立的最大水平运动距离预测统计模型,具有较好的预测精度和一定的适用性。     

湖盆三角洲沉积坡度带特征及其与滑塌浊积岩分布关系的初步探讨

三角洲前缘滑塌浊积岩是分布于深水环境中一种重要的储集砂体,也是陆相湖盆中一种重要的岩性油气藏。三角洲沉积体系一般存在三个地形坡度转折点,即顶积层与前积层之间的转折点、三角洲前缘斜坡与前三角洲沉积之间的转折点、三角洲沉积体系与正常湖泊沉积作用之间的转折点,其中前缘斜坡的地形坡度最大。前缘斜坡地形坡度是控制滑塌作用和形成滑塌浊积岩的关键因素之一,滑塌作用一般发生于前缘斜坡的上部,而滑塌浊积岩主要分布于前缘斜坡的根部和前三角洲外侧,这些地区是三角洲沉积体系中地形坡度的转折点。前缘斜坡的坡度决定了前三角洲外侧坡度转折点的位置,坡度越大,转折点越靠近前缘斜坡带,结合东营三角洲的精细解剖分析,建立了两者之间的定量关系式。     

汶川地震前后都江堰山区滑坡滑动距离影响因素变化分析

滑坡滑动距离作为滑坡防灾减灾的主要评价指标之一,不仅受滑坡体积和落差的影响,还与滑坡运动的地质环境作用相关。本文在对都江堰地区51个地震滑坡、16个降雨滑坡详细调查编目的基础上,采用数理统计方法分析了斜坡原始坡度、滑坡前后缘高差、滑坡平面形态、体积、滑体平均厚度及坡面摩擦系数等6个因素与滑坡水平滑动距离的相关性,借此厘清了汶川Ms8.0级大地震前后不同因素对不同类型滑坡运动的贡献大小,进而构建了不同成因类型滑坡的滑动距离预测关系式,可为龙门山区的滑坡防灾减灾工作提供参考。研究表明:影响都江堰地区地震滑坡运动距离的主要因素有滑坡体积(lg V)、斜坡原始坡度(α)、滑坡平面形态(R)和滑坡前后缘高差(ΔH);而控制降雨滑坡运动距离的主要因素为滑坡前后缘高差(ΔH)、滑坡体积(lg V)、斜坡坡度(α)和斜坡表面摩擦系数(μ);汶川地震后,影响该地区降雨滑坡滑动能力的因素发生了变异,各因素与滑坡滑动距离的相关性较弱,显示出其贡献率在急剧减弱,仅滑坡体积(lg V)与滑动距离的相关性较强。     

顺层岩质滑坡运动过程数值模拟研究

顺层岩质滑坡相对难以治理,分析其运动过程对此类滑坡的风险评价和减缓至关重要。为了研究滑坡过程的运动参数,引入滑坡运动及涌浪过程模拟的新方法——Tsunami Squares法,该方法具有计算量小,可仿真复杂地形及适用多种灾害的特点。在滑坡物理模型实验的基础上,通过该数值模拟方法对顺层岩质滑坡运动过程的实验结果进行反演,讨论了不同地质参数(滑坡坡度、地面粗糙度和滑体岩性)组合下,滑坡过程厚度、速度和动量等运动参数的基本规律。结果表明:(1)顺层岩质滑坡在地形变化部位,整体滑动结束,开始发生扩容和解体;(2)在整体滑动阶段,其运动参数主要受基底摩擦系数控制,对其他地质参数不敏感;(3)滑坡解体后,运动参数因地质参数不同而改变,其对地形最敏感,但对滑体材料强度不敏感;(4)滑动速度和距离主要受地形和滑面粗糙度的影响,考虑侧向扩容的影响范围和堆积厚度则主要受地形和滑体材料影响。     

黄土高原区地形与植被分布规律对滑坡发生概率的影响

黄土高原区自然斜坡的地形与植被条件对滑坡的发生有一定的促进和抑制作用。通过将研究区划分为31 418个自然斜坡单元,利用ArcGIS区域统计功能提取斜坡单元的地形和植被参数,分析研究区斜坡的坡体形态和植被空间分布规律。依据区内292处滑坡调查点的资料,统计分析不同坡体形态下的滑坡发生概率。分析结果表明,研究区正向类的凸型和直线型斜坡发生滑坡的概率明显高于负向类的凹型和阶梯型边坡;随着斜坡坡度和坡高增大,发生滑坡的概率增大;阳坡发生滑坡的概率明显高于其他坡向的边坡;随着NDVI增大,滑坡发生概率显著降低。     

基于R型因子分析法的滑坡发育影响因素分析

以陕西省岚皋县境内滑坡为研究对象,借助R型因子分析法,对滑坡发育的影响因素进行分析研究。结果表明:起主导作用的主项因素按照其影响作用的大小依次为滑坡前缘河流影响距、人类工程活动、地形地貌和控滑结构面;影响较大的分项因素按照其影响作用的大小依次为滑坡体前缘河流影响距、开挖坡脚、原始斜坡坡向、控滑结构面倾向、耕地(占坡体百分比)和滑坡体碎石含量。结合影响滑坡发育的主项因素和分项因素,综合确定影响滑坡发育的主控因素按照其影响的作用大小依次为河流影响距、开挖坡脚、原始斜坡坡向、控滑结构面倾向。该问题的研究不仅可以为滑坡灾害的分析提供新的方法,而且对滑坡灾害的防灾减灾提供了一种新思路。     

基于R型因子分析法的滑坡发育影响因素分析

以陕西省岚皋县境内滑坡为研究对象,借助R型因子分析法,对滑坡发育的影响因素进行分析研究。结果表明:起主导作用的主项因素按照其影响作用的大小依次为滑坡前缘河流影响距、人类工程活动、地形地貌和控滑结构面; 影响较大的分项因素按照其影响作用的大小依次为滑坡体前缘河流影响距、开挖坡脚、原始斜坡坡向、控滑结构面倾向、耕地（占坡体百分比）和滑坡体碎石含量。结合影响滑坡发育的主项因素和分项因素,综合确定影响滑坡发育的主控因素按照其影响的作用大小依次为河流影响距、开挖坡脚、原始斜坡坡向、控滑结构面倾向。该问题的研究不仅可以为滑坡灾害的分析提供新的方法,而且对滑坡灾害的防灾减灾提供了一种新思路。     

黄土高原沟谷型滑坡整治研究——以延安市子长县阎家沟滑坡为例

以延安市子长县阎家沟滑坡为例,分析了沟谷型滑坡的发育特征和复活机理,认为沟谷型黄土滑坡再次产生失稳破坏的根本原因是水流不断冲刷侵蚀滑坡体,使滑坡前缘产生新的临空面,提出了基于"侧挡+排水"的整治措施,实现了低成本的沟谷型黄土滑坡的整治。     

Tectonic and lithologic control over landslide activity within the Larji–Kullu Tectonic Window in the Higher Himalayas of India

The purpose of this study is to analyze and characterize recent landslide events in the Larji–Kullu Tectonic Window (LKTW), and to establish a relationship between the tectonic and lithologic characters of the terrain and the landslides activity. Using multispectral satellite image analysis with selected field investigation, a landslide occurrence database has been generated for the period between 1984 and 2015. To decipher the accelerated occurrences of landslides in the region, an integrated study is undertaken in the Kullu (also known as Kulu) valley of Beas River basin within the LKTW complex, to analyze the litho-structural and terrain slope interactions using morpho-tectonic parameters such as Topographic/Bedding Plane Interaction Angle (TOBIA) index, terrain surface roughness index and lithological competency analysis. A prominent clustering of landslides is observed in the north of Sainj River, contained within the tectonic window. Major sites of landslides are found to be located in the intensely fractured Manikaran Quartzite occurring within the core of the LKTW. The landslides are mostly associated with southern and southwestern-facing slopes and activations are pronounced in the ‘Orthoclinal’ slope class with gradient of 37°–48°. Thematic maps, e.g., geological, structural, geomorphological, slope and slope-aspect maps are generated and considered together to understand the morpho-tectonic scenario of the tectonic window. Observations from the above-stated thematic maps along with the occurrences of moderate magnitude earthquake epicenters helped to infer neotectonic movements along the Sainj River fault. Tectonic upliftment of the northern bank of the Sainj River along with increased precipitation through decades has resulted in recurrent landslides within the LKTW.     

Comparative analysis of contributing parameters for rainfall-triggered landslides in the Lesser Himalaya of Nepal

In the Himalaya, people live in widely spread settlements and suffer more from landslides than from any other type of natural disaster. The intense summer monsoons are the main factor in triggering landslides. However, the relations between landslides and slope hydrology have not been a focal topic in Himalayan landslide research. This paper deals with the contributing parameters for the rainfall-triggered landslides which occurred during an extreme monsoon rainfall event on 23 July 2002, in the south-western hills of Kathmandu valley, in the Lesser Himalaya, Nepal. Parameters such as bedrock geology, geomorphology, geotechnical properties of soil, and clay mineralogy are described in this paper. Landslide modeling was performed in SEEP/W and SLOPE/W to understand the relationship of pore water pressure variations in soil layers and to determine the spatial variation of landslide occurrence. Soil characteristics, low angle of internal friction of fines in soil, medium range of soil permeability, presence of clay minerals in soil, bedrock hydrogeology, and human intervention were found to be the main contributing parameters for slope failures in the region.     

Measuring displacements of the Thompson River valley landslides,south of Ashcroft,BC, Canada,using satellite InSAR

The Thompson River valley, south of Ashcroft in British Columbia, Canada, has experienced several landslides since the mid-1800s. The national railways that run along the valley cross a number of these landslides. All the landslides occur in glacial deposits, typically sliding on weak clay layers. Some have failed rapidly to very rapidly and are currently inactive or showing deformation rates from a few millimeters to centimeters per year. An evaluation of satellite InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) using RADARSAT-2 images between September 2013 and November 2015 provides new insight into landslide displacements in the Thompson River valley. This information enhances the ongoing hazard management of unstable terrain. This paper presents the comparison of the InSAR measurements with other instrumentation (GPS and ShapeAccelArrays? -SAA) installed at one moving landslide and then addresses the extent and magnitude of the slope movements observed. InSAR was found to provide similar displacement values to those measured otherwise. The stable location showed displacements of +/?1 mm with an average near zero during the whole monitoring period. Six areas of slope movement were identified within the study area, all within or adjacent to the footprints of past landslides. The average line of sight (LOS) displacement rates range between 11 and 39 mm/year. Most of the landslides exhibited seasonal variations in velocity that corresponds to changes in river elevation in the valley.     

坡面薄层流水动力学特性的实验研究

采用变坡实验水槽研究了坡面薄层水流水动力学特性——流态、流速、水深及阻力系数随流量和坡度的变化规律,实验坡度5°～25°、单宽流量为0.625×10-3～12.5×10-3m3/(s·m).研究结果表明,坡面薄层水流流态与水深密切相关,坡面流的流态基本上呈过渡流和紊流;薄层水流平均流速、水深和Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数主要受流量控制,坡度的影响并不显著,其关系均可用流量和坡度的幂函数形式模拟,相关系数(R2)分别为0.98、0.97和0.95,去掉坡度后相关系数分别下降7%、16%和3%.随着雷诺数的增大,Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数下降.当单宽流量小于0.008m3/(s·m)时,坡度对阻力系数的影响较为显著;当流量大于0.008m3/(s·m)时,阻力系数基本受流量控制.随着流量增大,阻力系数呈幂函数形式递减.     

The mobility of long-runout landslides

Several issues relevant to the mobility of long-runout landslides are examined. A central idea developed in this paper is that the apparent coefficient of friction (ratio of the fall height to the runout distance) commonly used to describe landslide mobility is physically meaningless. It is proposed that the runout distance depends primarily on the volume and not on the fall height, which just adds scatter to the correlation. The negative correlation observed between the apparent coefficient of friction and the volume is just due to the fact that, on the gentle slopes on which landslides travel and come to rest, a large increase in runout distance due to a large volume corresponds to a small increase in the total fall height, hence to a decrease in the apparent coefficient of friction.

It is shown that the spreading of a fluid-absent, granular flow is not able to explain the large runout distances of landslides, and in particular does not allow the centre of mass to travel further than expected for a sliding block. This contrasts with the behaviour of natural landslides, for which the centre of mass is shown to travel much further than expected from a simple Coulomb model. The presence of an interstitial fluid which can partly or entirely support the load of particles allows the effective coefficient of solid friction to be reduced or even suppressed. Air is not efficient for fluidising large landslides and a loose debris cannot slide over a basal layer of entrapped and compressed air, as air would rapidly pass through the debris in the form of bubbles during batch sedimentation. Water is much more efficient as a fluidising medium due to its higher density and viscosity, and its incompressibility. As water is known to enhance the mobility of the saturated debris flows, it is proposed that water is also responsible for the long runout of landslides. This is consistent with the fact that the increase in runout with volume is similar for debris flows and landslides. Field evidence suggests that most landslides are unsaturated with water but not dry, even on Mars.

Comparison of the velocity of well-documented landslides with that predicted by fluid-absent, granular models shows that these models predict landslides that are much faster and less responsive to topography than natural ones. The relatively low velocities of landslides suggest that energy dissipation is dominated by a velocity-dependent stress and that the coefficient of solid friction is very low. This is consistent with the physics of fluidised or partly fluidised debris and suggests that landslide velocity may be controlled by local slope and flow thickness rather than by the initial fall height. In the absence of a supply of fluid at the base, fluidisation requires a net downward flux of sediment, implying some deposition at the base of landslides, which may thus progressively run out of material. In such a model, the spreading of the portion of a landslide beyond a certain distance would primarily depend on the volume passing this distance and not on the total volume of the landslide. Landslide deposits may therefore have self-similar shapes, in which the area covered beyond a certain distance is a constant function of the volume beyond that distance. It is shown that the shape of some well-documented landslide deposits is in reasonable agreement with this prediction. One consequence is that, as recently proposed for debris flows, assessment of hazards related to landslides should be based on the correlation between the volume and the area covered by the deposit, rather than on the apparent coefficient of friction.     

Assessment of landslide susceptibility on the natural terrain of Lantau Island, Hong Kong

 Steep terrain and the high frequency of tropical rainstorms make landslide occurrence on natural terrain a common phenomenon in Hong Kong. For example, more than 800 slope failures were triggered by a rainstorm in November 1993 on Lantau Island, Hong Kong. Maps of recent landslides interpreted from aerial photographs, in combination with a geographical information system, were used to evaluate the frequency and distribution of landslides, with particular reference to such physical parameters as lithology, slope gradient, slope aspect, elevation, vegetation cover, and proximity to drainage line, all of which are considered to be influential in the occurrence of landslides. A stepwise logistic regression model was obtained between landslide susceptibility and the above mentioned physical parameters. The study area has been classified into five classes of relative landslide susceptibility, namely, very low, low, moderate, high, and very high, based on this methodology. Received: 17 December 1999 · Accepted: 21 March 2000     

植被淹没程度对坡面流水动力学特性影响

为深入揭示植被覆盖条件下坡面水流结构的内在规律,采用水槽模拟试验,系统研究了植被处于淹没及非淹没工况下淹没度对坡面流水动力学特性的影响。研究结果表明:坡度一定条件下,平均流速和雷诺数与淹没度均成正相关关系;柔性植被覆盖下,水流流型由缓流区过渡到急流区,综合阻力系数随淹没度的增加而减小,刚性植被覆盖条件下水流流型均处于缓流区;综合阻力系数呈单驼峰形式变化;峰值处淹没度为0.9,淹没度对相对摩阻流速的影响与其对阻力系数呈相反变化趋势,基于淹没度的阻力计算经验公式决定系数均达到0.97以上;由于淹没度对各水动力学参数的影响受制于坡度,在坡面水土保持中应根据山区坡度和水深选择适当的植被高度。