香溪河岩溶流域水系结构与洪峰特征关系

为研究香溪河岩溶流域地表水系结构特征与洪峰流量衰减过程规律,采用统计方法分析典型子流域的水系结构特征,采用流量衰减方程分析其典型退水过程。地表水流量衰减过程存在若干个亚动态,将各个亚动态的水量分配比例作为描述洪峰特征的特征值,将水系数目比例、水系长度比例作为描述水系结构的特征值,把两者作相关分析。结果表明:岩溶区水系长度比例与水量比例在第一和第三亚动态具有较高的相关性,相关性判定系数高达0.84,使用水系长度比例更能反映水系结构的特征。      

非闭合流域岩溶水模型

通过对贵州普定后寨河实验流域的研究,论述了非闭合流域岩溶水形成机制,根据流域地表、地下结构,将全流域划分为4个单元,并考虑各单元的闭合程度,建立了概念性岩溶水模型,为非闭合岩溶流域水文研究提供了新的途径。     

干旱区资料稀缺流域日径流过程模拟

选取具有物理基础的分布式水文模型MIKE SHE来模拟大尺度资料稀缺地区水文过程。以塔里木河主要源区之一开都河流域为研究区域,将流域内气象水文站点观测数据与遥感数据相结合,运用GIS空间分析方法修正数据输入。利用气象、土壤类型、土地利用和地表覆盖、数字高程和降雨等资料,研究大气、陆面、地表水和地下水的相互作用机理,通过模型敏感性分析确定了5个"自由"参数,并依据出山口水文站数据对模型进行率定和验证。结果表明,MIKE SHE能在水文、气象站点稀少,土壤及水文地质数据缺乏的条件下,模拟开都河流域的日径流过程,模型效率系数达到0.7以上,率定期与验证期水量平衡误差均小于3%,模拟径流与实测径流高度相关。     

平治河岩溶流域退水规律分析与降雨径流模拟

以平治河岩溶流域为研究对象,分析其地下退水规律,将其划分为9个子流域,在传统新安江模型基础上,将地下径流划分为慢速和快速地下径流,分别采用两个线性水库进行模拟,构建降雨-径流模拟方案,并选取2011-2015年期间的7场洪水作为率定期洪水,以确定性系数（DC）最大为优化目标,应用遗传算法率定模型参数,而以8场洪水作为验证期洪水进行验证分析,获得率定期合格率为85.71%,平均确定性系数为0.846,验证期合格率为75%,平均确定性系数为0.893,达到乙级精度。其结果表明所构建的模拟方案能够较好地模拟该流域的径流规律。      

大清河流域枯季径流变化规律和中期预报

大清河流域处于东亚季风范围,降水季节性变化十分明显,河川径流变化亦有汛期枯季之分,在枯水季节,径流的形成主要取决于流域蓄水的消退,春秋季,降水对径流影响不大,冬季径流变化受气温、降雪、冰冻影响较大.利用望宝山水文站1980～1990年的旬平均流量的实际资料,用退水系数法和相关分析法分析枯季径流变化规律是径流演变基本服从退水规律.根据枯季径流变化规律,采用退水系数法和一元线性回归方程法建立中期预报方案,通过1980～1990年资料检验,预报合格率在90%左右.     

干旱区资料稀缺法流域日径流过程模拟

选取具有物理基础的分布式水文模型MIKE SHE来模拟大尺度资料稀缺地区水文过程.以塔里木河主要源区之一开都河流域为研究区域,将流域内气象水文站点观测数据与遥感数据相结合,运用GIS空间分析方法修正数据输入.利用气象、土壤类型、土地利用和地表覆盖、数字高程和降雨等资料,研究大气、陆面、地表水和地下水的相互作用机理,通过模型敏感性分析确定了5个"自由"参数,并依据出山口水文站数据对模型进行率定和验证.结果表明,MIKE SHE能在水文、气象站点稀少,土壤及水文地质数据缺乏的条件下,模拟开都河流域的日径流过程,模型效率系数达到0.7以上,率定期与验证期水量平衡误差均小于3%,模拟径流与实测径流高度相关.     

贵州典型岩溶流域日降雨径流过程模拟研究

以蓄满产流方式描述岩溶地区的产流过程,采用稳定入渗法划分径流,将非线性水箱模型用于模拟单元流域的调蓄过程,以遗传算法为基础率定模型参数,建立了基于遗传算法率定参数的概念性岩溶水文模型,并以贵州普定后寨河流域为例,采用流域内老黑潭、六谷、后寨测站的水文资料对所建模型进行检验,以相对误差、互相关系数和确定性系数来评定模型.结果表明,本模型预报结果的相对误差均小于士10%,互相关系数均大于0.80,确定性系数均大于或等于0.70,说明所构建的模型能够模拟及预报岩溶地区的降雨径流过程.     

无机水化学离子在实验流域降雨径流过程中的响应及其示踪意义

为研究无机水化学离子在降雨径流示踪中的可能性,在实验流域实测降雨、地面径流、壤中流、地下水径流过程和流域内17个测孔的地下水过程中,施测了Na+,K+,Ca2+,Mg2+,Cl-,SO₄2-,HCO₃-+CO₃2-,NO₃-,F-,NH₄-,PO₄2-,SiO₂和pH,EC,18O的同步过程,还施测了少数土壤水水样。结果是:①在Ca2+与Cl-/SO₄2-和EC与Na+/(Na++Ca2+)的关系中以及除NO₃-,NH₄-,PO₄2-外的所有离子,都可识别出上述各种径流组分;②径流离子过程均与降雨离子过程相仿,随径流组分从地面到地下而渐趋坦化;③除个例外,离子浓度过程均以降雨为最小并从地面径流到地下水径流渐次增大;④降雨和地下水离子过程表现为径流离子过程的两端元;⑤在降雨和各径流组分中,18O过程与大部分离子过程有一定的同步性。从以上结果认为,降雨并不是流域径流离子输出的主要来源,然而却是形成它的主要控制因素。此外,有关试验结果还对应用Cl-进行地下水补给的估算方法提出了问题。     

气候变化对阿尔泰山乌伦古河流域径流过程的影响

由于气候变化导致的我国西北地区气温、降水量的变化引起了社会的广泛关注.乌伦古河流域位于阿勒泰地区的东南部,发源于阿尔泰山的东南坡,季节性积雪和夏季降水是乌伦古河的主要补给源.根据乌伦古河50多年的实测水文、气象资料分析,结果表明:50多年来,乌伦古河流域的气温、降水呈波动性上升趋势,上升幅度高于北疆的上升率.4-5月水量有增加趋势,而6-8月水量有减少趋势,说明积雪消融水量提前;径流受气温影响明显,径流对气温的变化较为敏感.气温升高和冬季降水量增多,导致融雪洪水增多,洪峰流量增大,破坏性加大.     

云南重点岩溶流域水文地质及环境地质调查成果评析

2003～2012年云南岩溶水文地质及环境地质调查共安排10个地质调查项目,取得了重要的成果和显著的经济效益.完成成果报告12个,数据库11个,发表论文19篇,专著3本,建立岩溶水开发示范项目40项,解决85294人的缺水困难.成果资料为地方经济发展及抗旱救灾等提供了重要的基础水文地质资料.     

西南岩溶小流域农业可持续发展优化模式研究

以贵州为代表的西南岩溶地区,农业人口众多,水土资源匹配程度低,人地矛盾突出,农业发展环境先天不足,农业发展缓慢。文章通过野外实地考察并结合相关理论分析认为,水土资源匹配问题并不是限制农业发展的关键,其关键在于现行农业发展模式收益普遍较低,农业生产要素外流,导致农业生产模式缺乏创新。现行传统农业发展模式下农户收益低,且农业生产机会成本高,导致农户对农业投入减少,农业生产要素外流严重。而提高农业生产收益就成为促进农业可持续发展的关键。因此,根据因地制宜突出特色、农户生计与环境保护兼顾和“外驱”与“内生”农业创新模式相结合的农业建设和发展原则,发展以商品化有机生态农业的发展模式、乡村旅游及农业生产复合发展模式和区域标准化农业联合生产模式为代表的,以保障提高农户收益为核心的新农业发展模式,从根本上促进生产要素回流农业生产,是实现农业生产创新和持续发展的根本所在。      

贵州喀斯特与非喀斯特农业生态地质环境质量对比研究

为寻求喀斯特地区农产品低劣的根源,通过调查和采样测试对比研究了贵州碳酸盐岩和非碳酸盐岩地质环境和农作物产品质量的差异.结果表明:(1)非碳酸盐岩的微量元素含量为10.894 2×10~(-3),而碳酸岩的为35.322 7×10~(-4);非碳酸盐岩地区耕作土中有效态微量元素含量为3.260 5×10~(-4),碳酸盐岩分布区的耕作土仅为1.014×10~(-4),彼此相差3倍;(2)优质农作物多产于非碳酸盐岩地区,随机调查贵州省内38个优质水稻产地,有33个位于非碳酸盐岩地区,仅有5个在碳酸盐岩区.茶叶、马铃薯、西瓜等也有此类规律.由此认为,喀斯特环境缺乏多种矿物营养元素,是形成其农作物质量低下的根本原因,也是贵州喀斯特农业生态环境脆弱的内在原因.     

Long karst spring discharge time series and droughts occurrence in Southern Italy

A series of long karst spring discharges have been analysed to determine trends, fluctuations and relationship to rainfall. Data come from aquifers in southern Italy, and in some cases cover more than one hundred years of records. Based on yearly discharge data, hydrological series show the drop of the discharge after 1986, which has been interrupted by the recent wet years of 2009 and 2010. This drop is connected to the decrease in annual rainfall, but other factors also seem to contribute to this phenomenon. Based on monthly scale data series, the relationship between meteorological and hydrological droughts has been analyzed, using the standard precipitation index (SPI). As karst systems are large reservoirs, only longer meteorological droughts induce groundwater droughts, and the start, duration and time-lag of the hydrological droughts have been evaluated.     

Storm runoff processes in a small forested drainage basin

A brief review was made of storm runoff processes and the mechanisms of its generation in relation to subsurface water behaviors in a small forested drainage basin located in the western suburbs of Tokyo, Japan. The results of field investigations showed that the main source of storm runoff was groundwater flow and that the rapid and large amounts of groundwater discharge during a storm event could not be explained solely by the traditional concept of Darcian matrix flow. Several mechanisms such as pipe flow, air pressure effect, and capillary barrier effect were recognized that would induce a rapid response of groundwater to storm events depending on differences in local hydrologic conditions. All of these mechanisms were chiefly attributed to inhomogeneities of the soil deposits. The importance of dynamic behaviors of subsurface water during a storm event was emphasized in considering the mechanism of storm runoff generation.     

Comparison of net primary productivity in karst and non-karst areas: a case study in Guizhou Province,China

Green plants play an important role in energy flows and material cycles. The net primary productivity (NPP) reflects the capability of vegetation to convert solar energy into photosynthate (fixed carbon). Understanding the factors that contribute to variations in NPP is of key importance for improving the rock-desertification environment in karst areas. In this paper, the NPP model (Light Use Efficiency model) is modified on the basis of remote sensing data [moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS)], climate data and observed information. Then the model is employed to estimate the spatial–temporal variations of NPP in the Guizhou Province, China. Finally, the NPP differences between karst area and non-karst area, and the relationships between NPP and climate factors are analyzed. The results show that the NPP estimated using MODIS data are reasonable. The mean NPP of territorial vegetation is 421.46 gC m⁻² year⁻¹; the NPP in the non-karst area is 13.3% higher than that in the karst area; the correlation degree between NPP and precipitation is better in southeastern and western districts.     

中国北方岩溶水变化特征及其环境问题

随着自然条件改变和人类活动强度的加大,我国北方岩溶水系统从输入、输出到结构、水资源要素转换关系均发生了巨大变化,在短短几十年内有近30%岩溶大泉断流,80%泉水流量大幅度衰减,区域岩溶地下水位每年以1~2m速度持续下降,同时,有20%以上的岩溶水系统主排泄带的水质在Ⅲ类以下且总体趋向恶化,此外,还存在着矿坑突水,岩溶塌陷、地裂,海水入侵,旅游功能降低,生态功能丧失等诸多的岩溶水环境问题,极大地加剧了水资源的紧张状况。本文根据前人成果和实地调查资料并采用一些典型事例归纳总结了岩溶水环境问题及其发展演化趋势,展示北方岩溶水面临的严峻形势,以引起社会各界对此问题的关注,加大岩溶水资源调查研究与保护力度,同时,也为广大学者开展相关立项与研究提供参考。      

Compiling distribution of karst in Southern China and Southeast Asia

As China and Southeast Asian countries have accelerated and globalized their economic development, karst environmental problems have become increasingly prominent and studying on and compiling maps of karst geology is quite important. Therefore, based on a wide collection of data in Southeast Asian countries, a cooperative map compilation has been carried out internationally. Through comprehensive research and analysis, a unified understanding has been achieved in terms of compiling principles, contents and representing methods, Distribution of Karst in Southern China and Southeast Asia (1/5 000 000) has been compiled, which provides foundations for environmental protection and scientific studies of karst geology.     

岩溶区和非岩溶区玉米光合作用与锌含量和碳酸酐酶关系的对比研究

采用田间试验方法对比研究岩溶区和非岩溶区玉米叶片光合作用与锌含量和碳酸酐酶活性的关系, 结果表明:岩溶区施加有机肥的土壤有效锌和玉米叶片锌含量均高于非岩溶区,岩溶区和非岩溶区的玉米叶片的锌含量分别为47.85 mg/kg 和43.35 mg/kg;岩溶区玉米叶片的碳酸酐酶活性和光合作用也高于非岩溶区,岩溶区的碳酸酐酶活性平均为5.622U,非岩溶区的碳酸酐酶活性平均为3.485U;碳酸酐酶活性随玉米叶片的锌含量增加而提高,而玉米光合作用效率随碳酸酐酶活性增加而提高,反映了土壤锌含量对玉米叶片锌含量、碳酸酐酶活性和光合作用的控制.     

Groundwater resources in karst area in Southern China and sustainable utilization pattern

Occurrence conditions of groundwater in southern karst area are complicated. The water-bearing media in the karst have multiplicity, and the groundwater is hosted in holes, gaps, seams, pipes and caves. The karst water shows heterogeneity where fast and slow flow coexist, and the Darcy and non-Darcy flow coexist, and the liquid flow, the gas flow and solid flow coexist. The evaluation and investigation indicates that the mineable resource of karst groundwater is about 53.44 billion m3/y, and the current exploitation quantity is merely 6.565 billion m3/year. The exploitation and utilization potential is gigantic. In the region there are altogether 2 763 karst subterranean rivers with a total length of 12 687 km. The dry season runoff volume equals to 47 billion m3/year. At present the exploitation is only 10%. Four effective utilization models of karst groundwater resources have been put forward. (1) The karst hills-depression zone formed the surface-underground united reservoir. By digging tunnels, water diversion irrigation and generating electricity, the ecological economy is developed. (2) In the deep-cut peak cluster depression area, by using the high-part Epikarst spring and constructing the regulation and storage water tank, the stereo ecological agriculture is developed. (3) In the karst peak forest plain and hilly-gully area, the pump-type underground regulating reservoir is constructed and the water-saving ecological agriculture is strengthened. (4) In the fault basin region with the surrounding groundwater runoff belting beam backwater, the water resources are jointly controlled to develop a fruit crop base within the basin.     

岩溶与非岩溶区稻田土壤CO2固定细菌的丰度比较

以桂林毛村岩溶试验场稻田土壤为研究对象,以cbbLR1、cbbLG1和cbbM为CO2固定细菌的指示基因,采用荧光定量PCR技术,对比三者在岩溶区、混合区与非岩溶区中的丰度。结果表明,cbbLG1基因在岩溶区的丰度显著高于混合区和非岩溶区,最大值为1.42×109拷贝·g-1;cbbLR1和cbbM基因在混合区的丰度显著高于岩溶区和非岩溶区,最大值为2.06×109拷贝·g-1和3.35×107。相关性分析表明,cbbLG1的丰度与土壤中有机碳质量分数、全氮质量分数及阳离子交换量显著相关;三个cbbL基因对pH的敏感度不同：pH与cbbL G1基因呈显著正相,而与cbbM基因呈显著负相关。