生态因子对萱藻(Scytosiphon lomentaria)孢子体生长发育的影响

采用实验生态学方法,研究了温度、光照、营养盐(N、P)对萱藻孢子体生长发育的影响.结果表明,在5-23℃范围内,温度越高,越有利于萱藻孢子体的生长.9-17℃是比较利于孢子囊产生的温度范围,其中13 ℃,L:D=10:14,20μmol/(m<'2>·s)条件下最有利于孢子囊的形成与孢子的放散.光强6-30μmol/(...     

Antioxidant efficacy of extracts from a variety of seaweeds in a cellular system

As a part of an ongoing search for antioxidants frodm marine sources, antioxidant activities of 24 kinds of seaweeds (4 green algae, 8 brown algae, and 12 red algae) were investigated. The seaweeds were extracted by acetone/ dichloromethane and methanol, respectively. The antioxidant properties of both extracts were evaluated using four different activity tests, including degree of occurrence of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), NO, lipid peroxidation, and GSH (glutathione) in mouse macrophage Raw 264.7 cells. The levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and GSH were measured using 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) and monobromobimane as fluorescence probe, respectively. Moreover, the generation of NO and lipid peroxidation products were determined by each method based on the Griess reaction and TBARS assay. Solvent extracts from seaweeds such asScytosiphon lomentaria, Prionitis cornea, Laruencia okamurae,Callophyllis japonica, Sargassum horneri, Dictyopteris divaricat a,Lomentaria catenata, Corallina confuse, Ishige okamurae, andAhnfeltiopsis flabelliformi exhibited high antioxidant activities in cellular oxidizing systems.     

Sources of heavy metals in sediments of the Hudson river Estuary

Sediments in the Hudson Estuary contain zinc, copper and lead from metal pollutants discharged to the harbor in the New York City area, from dispersed sources of contamination introduced upstream, and from natural weathering processes. The magnitude of the contribution from each of these three sources to particular sites can be estimated on the basis of total metal abundances, relative proportions of several metals, and other sediment properties. The pattern of recent heavy-metal contamination in Hudson sediments closely follows the distribution in sediments of ¹³⁷Cs which was derived over the past two decades from global fallout and local releases from a commercial nuclear reactor. Several simple empirical corrections related to grain size and mineralogy variations are suggested for comparing heavy-metal contamination levels of sandy continental shelf sediments with fine-grained estuarine and coastal sediments. Iron has little variation in Hudson sediments while manganese is greater in surface sediment of some low-salinity and fresh-water areas than deeper in the sediments, and generally less in the high-salinity area of rapid sediment deposition in New York harbor. Much of the pollutant Cu added to the harbor appears to be rapidly deposited in the sediments.     

LPS-induced NO inhibition and antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts and their solvent partitioned fractions from four brown seaweeds

The nitric oxide inhibitory (NOI) and antioxidant (ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging effects with reducing power) activities of the ethanol (EtOH) extracts and solvent partitioned fractions from Scytosiphon lomentaria, Chorda filum, Agarum cribrosum, and Desmarestia viridis were investigated, and the correlation between biological activity and total phenolic (TP) and phlorotannin (TPT) content was determined by PCA analysis. The yield of EtOH extracts from four brown seaweeds ranged from 2.6 to 6.6% with the highest yield from D. viridis, and the predominant compounds in their solvent partitioned fractions had medium and/or less polarity. The TP and TPT content of the EtOH extracts were in the ranges of 25.0–44.1 mg GAE/g sample and 0.2–4.6 mg PG/g sample, respectively, which were mostly included in the organic solvent partitioned fractions. Strong NOI activity was observed in the EtOH extracts and their solvent partitioned fractions from D. viridis and C. filum. In addition, the EtOH extract and its solvent partitioned fractions of D. viridis exhibited little cytotoxicity to Raw 264.7 cells. The most potent ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging capacity was shown in the EtOH extracts and their solvent partitioned fractions from S. lomentaria and C. filum, and both also exhibited strong reducing ability. In the PCA analysis the content of TPT had a good correlation with DPPH (r = 0.62), ABTS (r = 0.69) and reducing power (r = 0.65), however, an unfair correlation was observed between the contents of TP and TPT and NOI, suggesting that the phlorotannins might be responsible for the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities.     

Detecting a field gradient of PAH exposure in decapod crustacea using a novel urinary biomarker

Norwegian coastal waters are subject to PAH contamination from electrochemical industries such as aluminium smelters. Evidence of PAH exposure has been established in fish and bivalves. The present study tests the applicability of a novel crustacean PAH exposure biomarker to a PAH contamination gradient in the field (Karmsund Strait, SW Norway). Fluorescence analysis of urine samples collected from crabs at each site revealed 1-OH pyrene "equivalent" levels (indicative of pyrogenic PAH contamination) decreased with increasing distance from a point source of pyrogenic PAH (a large aluminium works). The assay was shown to be suitable for the detection of PAH exposure in wild crustacean populations, for discriminating between contaminated and clean sites and is also sufficiently sensitive to detect gradients of PAH contamination. The method provides a rapid, inexpensive and non-destructive measure of biologically available PAH in crustaceans.     

中国经济海藻提取物生物活性

分别采用MTT法、双碟法、酶标法、光度法和增重法测定了广西涠洲岛、广东硇洲岛、山东青岛和威海沿岸具有代表性的大型海藻提取物的抗肿瘤、抗菌、免疫、抗炎、抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶和抗氧化的活性。结果表明，鸭毛藻、松节藻、小粘膜藻和点叶藻的甲醇提取物具有选择性细胞毒活性；酸藻水相、鸭毛藻的乙酸乙酯相有较强的抗菌活性；金膜藻、网地藻、石莼和萱藻的甲醇提取物有较好的免疫抑制活性；三叉仙菜、龙须菜、海萝、绳藻和小粘膜藻的甲醇提取物有较好的免疫增强活性；细枝软骨藻、粗枝软骨藻和绳藻的甲醇提取物有显著的抗炎活性；松节藻、肠浒苔和扁江蓠的脂溶性提取物能有效地抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性；褐藻多酚具有明显的抗氧化活性。     

近江牡蛎作为重金属污染生物指示种的初步研究

对近江牡砺作为监测广东岸海域Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ，Ｐｂ污染的生物指示种的可能性进行了初步研究和评价，应用ＰＯＬＹＤＩＶ统计技术对采自广东沿岩海域１４个站点的近江牡盛的重金属含量进行了统计分析，结果表明近江牡蛎受Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ污染的地理分布类型与广东沿海排放的工业废水的分布以及潮间带生物和表层沉积物的Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ含量分布相一致，因此，近江牡蛎可作为监测研究Ｃｕ，Ｚｎ，Ｃｄ污染的可靠生物指示种，但能     

应用实时定量PCR技术检测秦皇岛近岸海域褐潮原因种——抑食金球藻(Aureococcus anophagefferens)

Aureococcus anophagefferens, a small pelagophyte algae, has caused brown tide blooms in coastal waters of Qinhuangdao in recent years, presenting significant negative impacts on the shellfish mariculture industry. Under standard light microscopy, it is visually indistinguishable from other small algae in field samples due to its extremely small size. In this study, quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR) based on 18 S r DNA sequences was developed and used to detect and enumerate A. anophagefferens. A linear regression(R2 = 0.91) was generated based on cycle thresholds value(Ct) versus known concentrations of A. anophagefferens. Twenty-two field samples collected in coastal waters of Qinhuangdao were subjected to DNA extraction and then analyzed using q PCR. Results showed that A. anophagefferens had a wide distribution in coastal waters along Qinhuangdao. Elevated A. anophagefferens abundance, category 3 brown tide blooms(200 000 cells/m L) occurred at Dongshan Beach and Tiger-stone Beach in August in 2013. In shellfish mariculture areas along coastal waters of Qinhuangdao, 4 stations had category 3 blooms, and 6 stations had category 2 blooms(35 000–200 000 cells/m L) in August and all stations had category 1 blooms(0 to ≤35 000 cells/m L) in October. Quantitative PCR allows for detection of A. anophagefferens cells at low levels in filed samples, which is essential to effective management and prediction of brown tide blooms.     

长江口嵊泗海域生物体内持久性污染物残留量及分布特征

利用2007年10月“908”项目调查期间采集于长江口嵊泗海域的生物样品,采用气相色谱和气相色谱质谱法对其有机氯农药和多氯联苯的含量和组分特征进行了定量分析,并结合其它河口地区资料进行了对比,探讨了其残留量和分布特征,结果表明:研究海域各生物体内HCHs的总量水平为(6.0～20.3)×10-9,平均值为12.13×1...     

中国重点海水浴场中粪肠球菌和主要肠道病毒的调查研究

本文调查了中国十大典型海水浴场,旨在监测人类肠道病毒在海水浴场的发生情况,并且找出表面海水中肠道病毒的存在与传统的粪便污染指示物一粪大肠菌群是否存在关系,如果存在,是什么关系。分别采用常规的平板计数法和RT-PCR技术对粪大肠菌群和人类致病性的主要肠道病毒（甲肝病毒、轮状病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒）进行了检测。结果显示,在2...     

Tintinnid species as biological indicators for monitoring intrusion of the warm oceanic waters into Korean coastal waters

This study examined seasonal and annual occurrences of warm oceanic tintinnid species in southern Korea coastal waters. The indicative species of tintinnids was monitored using three approaches: monitoring from cruises traveling from the warm pool in the western North Pacific to the Korea Strait; biweekly or monthly monitoring in the Korea Strait; and daily monitoring in the nearshore water. Annual pulses of warm oceanic indicator species were regularly observed in the Korea Strait. In September 2008 recorded a maximum species number of warm water indicators, a representative species for warm oceanic waters, Climacocylis scalaroides was simultaneously detected in the nearshore water as well as the Korea Strait. The result indicates that the greater warm water extension into Korean coastal areas was in September 2008. Sharp declines in species diversity were observed in the transitional area between neritic and Kuroshio zone in East China Sea (ECS). Epiplocyloides reticulata, reported previously as a Kuroshio indicator, was considered an ECS indicator species, as it was undetected in the western North Pacific central zone but was found abundantly in the ECS. Tintinnid species can be used as biological indicators to detect the inflow of warm oceanic waters into Korean coastal waters.     

The Mollusc Thais haemastoma -An Exhibitor of 'Imposex' and Potential Biological Indicator of Tributyltin Pollution

Abstract. In the Azores the gastropod Thais haemastoma shows varying degrees of imposex, the induction of male sex characters in the female. It is inferred that imposex in T. haemastoma is caused by tributyltin (TBT) associated with boats using organotin-based antifouling paints. The two indices - relative penis size and vas deferens sequence - employed previously for Nucella lapillus , were used without alteration. T. haemastoma is only the third species reported as exhibiting 'effective sterilisation' of the female. Unlike Nucella lapillus, T. haemastoma has a planktonic larva, allowing populations to be sustained even when local TBT pollution is high. This makes T. haemastoma potentially a better indicator species, as monitored populations can be maintained by the influx of larvae. T. haemastoma may thus provide a cheap method of assessing the extent of TBT contamination in warm waters, particularly in the Mediterranean and Atlantic Islands. Preliminary examination of material from a marina in Spain showed a high incidence of 'sterile' animals.     

Factors affecting the biokinetics of technetium (95mTc) in marine macroalgae

Technetium (Tc) biokinetics were investigated in marine macroalgae using ^92mTc as tracer. Green and red algae accumulated Tc (VII) to a very low degree (CF ? 1–20); however, a much higher affinity for pertechnetate was found in some brown algal species (CF > 10³). Comparative tests with different species of brown algae revealed that technetium does not accumulate similarly in all species of this group. Moreover, no significant differences in radionuclide uptake were noted between brown algae exposed to Tc in either the IV or VII oxidation states. Bioaccumulation of technetium appears to be a metabolically controlled process since uptake did not occur in heat-killed individuals and both light and temperature significantly enhanced the accumulation of technetium in brown algae. Dissection of Sargassum vulgare following the uptake phase showed that the rapidly growing air bladder, leaf-like laterals and small branches contained higher Tc concentrations and retained a greater fraction of the radioactivity than the older, cylindrical main axis. Pertechnetate retention in two brown algae was found to be significantly different; their biological half-lives for Tc differed by an order of magnitude ($\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>b</mtext><mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{= 19 and 196}\text{days}$). During depuration, loss took place more rapidly from the younger portions of the seaweed, as evidenced by the highest concentration and greatest fraction of Tc retained in the older, cylindrical main axis. Provided certain precautions are taken, brown algae such as Cystoseira compressa and S. vulgare would serve as good bioindicator organisms for the presence of Tc contamination in marine waters.     

Copper speciation in estuarine waters by forward and reverse titrations

The chemical speciation of copper in the estuarine waters of the Vigo Ria was determined by titrations with salicylaldoxime (reverse copper titrations) and with copper (forward titrations). The forward titrations quantified the concentrations of ligands present in excess whereas the reverse titrations demonstrated the presence of low concentrations of very strong binding ligands, approximately matching the copper concentration. The data obtained by the reverse titrations indicated that copper was about 10× stronger bound than data based on the usual forward titrations.The copper concentration in these ria waters was low at 5 nM with a minor mid-estuarine maximum of 8 nM. These copper levels are amongst the lowest reported for estuarine waters and therefore represent uncontaminated waters. The concentration of inorganic copper was very low across the ria at  10–100 fM, except at Bouzas harbour (salinity 35.5) where it was raised to  1 pM due to copper contamination, in waters affected by the port facilities, to total levels of 15 to 20 nM copper, exceeding the concentration of the very strong ligand detected by the reverse titrations.     

中国近海扇贝科的研究 Ⅷ.扇贝亚科

扇贝亚科(Pecteninae)的种类，多数个体较大，有的种生长快，数量多，是较重要的捕捞及养殖对象。本亚科的主要特征是贝壳呈圆扇形，两壳不等，右壳凸；左壳除少数种略凸外，多数种较平或略凹。一般两壳耳呈三角形，略相等。壳两侧相等或略相等。壳表放射肋一般较规则、光滑，有些种肋上具有排列整齐的生长小鳞片。两壳表颜色不同，右壳呈白色或浅色；左壳颜色较深，多具深红褐或紫褐色花斑。 这一亚科有些种在地质年代上出现较早，故化石种类较多。现生种广分布在世界各大洋，以热带和亚热带海的种类较多，多数种仅见于潮下带百米以内的浅海底。 本文继栉孔扇贝亚科(Chlamydinae)，报道中国近海扇贝亚科2属4种，对每一种的形态和分布等都做了较详细的描述。     

海南岛近海表层沉积物分散元素的富集特征与污染评价

对海南岛周边海域表层沉积物中7种分散元素镓(Ga)、锗(Ge)、铷(Rb)、铊(Tl)、镉(Cd)、碲(Te)和硒(Se)的分布与富集特征,及其与沉积物粒度、总有机碳和有机氮的相关性进行了较系统的分析,并分别利用内梅罗综合指数法和污染负荷指数法对这些元素的污染情况进行了初步评价。结果表明,分散元素的富集与沉积物粒度、有机碳和有机氮的含量有密切关系,除Te外,其它6种分散元素均表现出在粉砂或黏土质,以及有机碳和有机氮含量高的沉积物中趋于富集;沉积物的分散元素污染总体上呈轻微程度,但在局部海域(如海南岛西北部、西部、东南部近海海域以及陵水和三亚段海域)接近中等污染程度,说明这些区域受人类活动的影响较大,应引起海洋环境保护主管部门的重视。     

连云港对虾养殖区表层沉积物重金属污染评价

在2010年6月对连云港市对虾养殖区的沉积物环境状况进行这站调查,分析了对虾池养殖区表层沉积物中重金属的含量及分布,并采用海洋沉积物质量国家标准和地积累指数法对该养殖区沉积物中重金属污染进行了评价。结果表明: (1)Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、Cr、As的平均浓度分别为22.31 mg/kg、283.9 mg/kg、64.86 mg/kg、0.58 mg/kg、0.0056 mg/kg、89.23 mg/kg、35.58 mg/kg,通过计算单项污染指数表明所有元素的污染指数均在 0～1 之间,属于非污染,表明虾池沉积物属于清洁土壤。(2)利用地积累指数 (Igeo)法对所得到的调查结果进行了评价,发现各样点沉积物呈现出轻洁至中等的污染程度,参与评价的6种重金属的污染程度依次为As> Zn> Pb、Cd> Cr> Cu。进一步的生态风险评价结果表明,所有站位沉积物Cu和Cd（除站位5）的含量皆低于ERL值,说明Cu和Cd很少产生不利的生态效应;全部站位的重金属Zn、Pb和8个站位的Cr的含量均在ERL和ERM之间,表明这三种金属偶尔产生不利的生态效应。     

Sources of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn in Portuguese coastal waters

In order to identify the major sources of trace metals (TM) in the Portuguese coastal waters, 58 surface water samples were collected during September 1988. The area sampled extended from the Tagus Estuary (down to a salinity of 25) to cape Ste Marie on the southern coast of Portugal. Dissolved metal concentrations in the fully marine waters ranged from 30 to 250 pM for Cd, 0.7–15 nM for Cu, 0.9–20 nM for Zn and 1.8–4.5 nM for Ni. Within the Tagus Estuary (salinity 25), concentrations increased to 3400 pM for Cd, 26 nM for Cu, 14 nM for Ni and 230 nM for Zn.The large-scale distribution of these metals is dominated by two strong continental sources, both probably linked to the exploitation of pyrite ores. In the Tagus Estuary, TM enrichments can be mostly attributed to a pyrite roasting plant located on the shore in front of Lisbon. Concerning the south Portuguese shelf waters, several hypotheses are proposed to explain their elevated metal concentrations. We particularly discussed the likely influence of the Tinto/Odiel rivers located 100 km eastward, an influence well known in the shelf waters of the Gulf of Cadiz. These rivers are extremely metal-rich because of acid mine tailings originating from their catchment. Between these two regions, upwelling of relatively metal-poor water largely contributes to the dilution of the continental inputs. Indeed, water exchanges on the shelf linked to the upwelling involve water fluxes 500 times higher than the Tagus River flow, and renew the coastal waters that are thus cleaned from terrestrial contamination. Contrary to many other upwelling systems in non-contaminated areas, the Portuguese upwelling does not act as a source of trace-metal enrichment of the continental margin waters.     

Blooms of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichodesmium erythraeum</Emphasis> in the South Eastern Arabian Sea during the onset of 2009 summer monsoon

This study presents in situ evidence for the blooms of Trichodesmium erythraeum observed in the shelf waters of the South Eastern Arabian Sea (SEAS) during the onset of the southwest monsoon in June 2009. Evidence showed that water surface discoloration was caused by the accumulation of T. erythraeum, and that the water column contained a colony of T. thiebautii. The surface water color in the bloom region varied from pale brown to pinkish red. Pale brown indicated healthy algae at the peak of its photosynthetic activity, while pinkish red indicated the presence of photosynthetically less active filaments. Zooplankton abundance, especially copepodites, in the bloom area substantiated the theory that Trichodesmium filaments are excellent epiphytes to which the copepodites cling. The bloom area was very fertile with copious quantities of dissolved oxygen (6.85 ml L^?1), PO₄-P (0.108 μmol L^?1) and SiO₄ (1.29 μmol L^?1). Lower NO₃-N (0.028 μmol L^?1) values in the bloom area did not appear to affect Trichodesmium growth from molecular nitrogen fixation. However, lower NO₃-N values altered the normal phytoplankton composition of this area.     

Distribution and seasonal variation of phosphorus in Tokyo Bay

Phosphorus dynamics in Tokyo Bay waters were investigated along with other oceanographic variables. Seasonal variations of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and particulate phosphorus (PP) are inversely correlated with each other, and reflect variation in biological activity. A high concentration of PP in summer surface waters is caused by high primary production. The PP settled in the deeper layer is decomposed, and orthophosphate is regenerated within the water column and in sediments. Even during summer stratification period, the regenerated orthophosphate is occasionally advected upward by wind-induced water mixing and contributes to phytoplankton growth in the upper layer. Some dissolved organic phosphorus is producedin situ from PP, but it may be rapidly decomposed in the water column. The ratios of Cchlorophylla and CN in particulate matter suggest that phytoplankton in the summer surface waters of Tokyo Bay are limited neither by nitrogen nor by phosphorus. The PN ratio in particulate matter varies substantially but it is positively correlated with the ambient concentration of DIP. Phytoplankton take up and store phosphorus within their cells when ambient DIP exceeds their demand. An abundance of total phosphorus in the summer water column can be attributed to increased discharge of river waters, although enhanced release of orthophosphate from anoxic sediments cannot be discounted.