1972—2021年长三角地区夏季降水特征分析

文中基于1972—2021年长三角地区国家基本气象观测站的逐日降水资料,利用线性趋势分析、合成分析等方法分析了长三角地区夏季降水的时空分布特征,并讨论了夏季降水异常的可能成因。结果表明：1） 长三角地区夏季降水呈显著上升趋势,且具有明显的年际变化特征;空间分布呈南多北少的特征,降水大值区主要位于安徽南部和浙江南部沿海地区。2） 长三角地区夏季降水偏多年,东亚沿岸上空为明显的东亚太平洋（East Asia Pacific,EAP）遥相关型的负位相。夏季降水与西太平洋副热带高压面积、强度指数呈显著正相关关系,与脊线位置指数呈显著负相关关系。3） 长三角地区夏季降水与孟加拉湾、阿拉伯海、西太平洋和东北太平洋的海温呈显著正相关关系,与副热带东北太平洋海温呈显著负相关关系。     

长江三角洲梅汛期降水与大气环流季节内演变的关系及延伸期预报

基于1981—2020年长江三角洲(简称长三角)地区62个国家基本气象站的逐日降水量资料及NCEP/NCAR全球大气逐日再分析资料,分析了长三角地区梅汛期降水与前期大气环流季节内协同演变的关系,在此基础上利用改进的时空投影方法(STPM)构建了针对该地区梅汛期降水的延伸期预报模型.结果表明:(1)长三角地区梅汛期降水存...     

基于MODIS数据的土地覆盖资料对长三角城市群区域夏季高温模拟的影响评估

随着长三角地区经济发展的同时,人类活动对自然环境产生了很大影响,其中土地覆盖状况变化显著,尤以城市化扩展为主。为了评估土地覆盖资料对天气过程的数值模拟影响,了解土地覆盖变化对区域气象环境产生的作用,本文利用中尺度数值天气模式WRFV30/Noah/UCM,选取2005年250 m分辨率的MODIS数据制作土地覆盖资料,针对2007年7月长三角地区一次夏季高温过程进行数值试验,分析表明：新的土地覆盖资料更真实地反映了长三角地区的下垫面结构,尤其体现出区域内城市群面积快速增长的特征。将模拟结果与高分辨率的气象站观测资料对比,统计结果显示精细化土地覆盖资料的引入明显改善了模拟效果,较真实的反映出城市化发展对区域气象环境的影响作用。     

基于MODIS数据的土地覆盖资料对长三角城市群区域夏季高温模拟的影响评估

随着长三角地区经济发展的同时,人类活动对自然环境产生了很大影响,其中土地覆盖状况变化显著,尤以城市化扩展为主。为了评估土地覆盖资料对天气过程的数值模拟影响,了解土地覆盖变化对区域气象环境产生的作用,本文利用中尺度数值天气模式WRFV3.0/Noah/UCM,选取2005年250 m分辨率的MOD IS数据制作土地覆盖资料,针对2007年7月长三角地区一次夏季高温过程进行数值试验,分析表明:新的土地覆盖资料更真实地反映了长三角地区的下垫面结构,尤其体现出区域内城市群面积快速增长的特征。将模拟结果与高分辨率的气象站观测资料对比,统计结果显示精细化土地覆盖资料的引入明显改善了模拟效果,较真实的反映出城市化发展对区域气象环境的影响作用。     

长三角地区冬季霾污染日数的季节预测

将霾日数年际增量作为预测对象、前期外强迫因子作为自变量,分别运用多元线性回归方法和广义相加模型建立长三角地区冬季霾日数预测模型.综合考察"去一法"交叉验证和循环独立样本实验的结果,选出适用于各个模型较优的建模方法,并对比长三角地区冬季霾日数预测模型(MODEL1)和长三角地区冬季霾日数分月预测模型(MODEL2).MO...     

中国长三角地区PM2.5时空分布数值模拟研究

利用第三代空气质量预报模式LOTOS-EUROS(Long Term Ozone Simulation-European Operational Smog)对2018年中国长三角地区细颗粒物(PM_2.5)浓度的时空分布进行数值模拟,通过对比模拟结果与地面观测值,验证模式对PM_2.5长期特征模拟的合理性并探讨长三角地区PM_2.5的时空分布特征。结果表明：LOTOS-EUROS模式可以较好地再现中国长三角地区PM_2.5浓度的时空分布特征,监测站点观测值和模拟值的整体相关系数达到0.64,可以用于长三角地区细颗粒物的模拟。长三角地区PM_2.5浓度呈冬高夏低,西北高东南低的特征。冬季PM_2.5浓度高值出现在长三角地区的西北部,安徽省等地区的浓度水平最大值可达到160 μg·m^-3;春季和秋季PM_2.5浓度的高值集中在30°N以北、120°E以西地区,浓度为40-80 μg·m^-3;而夏季PM_2.5浓度水平大幅度降低,大部分地区维持在20-40 μg·m^-3,低值中心出现在长三角地区东南部沿海城市,低于10 μg·m^-3,最低值可达5 μg·m^-3。     

长三角地区11月大雾频次变化的天气气候背景

采用1977—2006年长三角地区5个国家气候一级站的1日4次地面气象观测资料以及NCEP/NCAR相关资料,初步分析了该地区11月区域雾频次变化的天气气候背景。结果表明,长三角11月区域雾少发（多发）时,500hPa高空为较强的西北风（平直的西风）,850hPa上为强西北风（弱西北、东北风）,低层925hPa上偏北风分量较大且相对湿度较小（偏北风减小并出现偏东风分量且相对湿度较大）,海平面气压场上长三角受强冷高压控制（位于弱高压底前部均压区内）。     

中国三大城市带城市化气候效应的检测与对比

利用国家基本、基准站1951—2009的逐日气候数据和1986—2008的城市人口资料,建立了一种新的城市化指标,分析了京津冀城市带、长江三角洲城市带和珠江三角洲城市带中典型城市及区域整体的城市化特征,对三个城市群区的城市气候特征和气候效应进行了比较。结果表明：城市化使典型城市的平均气温和最低气温显著升高,城市化气候效应特征可以分为“冷季型”、“暖季型”和“过渡季节型”三种类型。长三角地区的城市化气候效应最强,京津冀次之,珠三角最弱。长三角地区与京津冀地区城市化气候效应的共同点为平均气温和夜间气温升高,春、秋两季增温显著;不同点是长三角夏季强于冬季,最高气温明显升高,京津冀冬季强于夏季,最高气温无明显变化。城市化对降水的影响在三个城市群区有着不同的特点,主要体现在极端强降水事件上。     

降雨天气对大气污染物浓度的影响分析

利用2014—2016年的中国气象局地面观测资料和中国环境保护部公布的6种大气污染物浓度数据,对降雨天气前后的大气污染物浓度变化进行分析。结果表明:在京津冀、长三角和珠三角区域,降雨天气后6种大气污染物浓度降低的时次约占43%—60%,其中PM_(10)浓度降低最为明显,PM_(2.5)、O_3、SO_2和NO_2次之,最不明显的是CO。一般而言,降水天气前大气污染物浓度越高,降雨后浓度降低的时次所占比例越大,浓度降低值也越大,但当降雨天气前大气污染物浓度较低时,降雨天气后浓度升高的个例也很多,约占21%—61%。京津冀地区由于平均大气污染物浓度较高,降水天气对大气污染浓度的降低效果比长三角和珠三角地区更明显。对于大多数降雨时次,小时降水量越大,大气污染物浓度降低的时次所占比例越大,但浓度降低值反而越小。例外的是,小时雨强大于10 mm的降雨后,京津冀地区的O_3和SO_2浓度以及长三角地区的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和SO_2浓度降低程度不如小时雨强小于10 mm时;而珠三角地区的NO_2和O_3在降雨后的浓度变化对小时雨强不敏感。在京津冀地区,降雨天气对较大浓度的O_3清除作用非常明显。在长三角和珠三角地区,降雨前CO浓度较低时,降雨后浓度升高时次比浓度减小的多;另外,降雨天气对SO_2的清除作用非常明显。     

基于MODIS数据的近8年长三角城市群热岛特征及演变分析

利用MODIS hdf数据来反演地表温度,首先通过数据挑选少云覆盖图像,再经多波段综合法去云,用近8年的MODIS历史资料选择劈窗算法反演计算给出了长三角平均地表温度分布图,以长三角作为区域整体研究热岛效应,分析了城市群热岛分布特征,指出主要城市热岛分布呈"Z"字型分布格局。长三角地区热岛强度季节变化是夏季最强,春季次之,秋冬季除少数地区为较强热岛外,大部分地区都显示为弱热岛或无热岛。采用GIS地理统计方法比较16城市的强热岛面积分布,分析了2001—2008年夏季各城市热岛强度的年际变化趋势。     

Trade-offs of different land and bioenergy policies on the path to achieving climate targets

Many papers have shown that bioenergy and land-use are potentially important elements in a strategy to limit anthropogenic climate change. But, significant expansion of bioenergy production can have a large terrestrial footprint. In this paper, we test the implications for land use, the global energy system, emissions and mitigation costs of meeting a specific climate target, using a single fossil fuel and industrial sector policy instrument, but with five alternative bioenergy and land-use policy architectures. These scenarios are illustrative in nature, and designed to explore trade-offs. We find that the policies we examined have differing effects on the different segments of the economy. Comprehensive land policies can reduce land-use change emissions, increasing allowable emissions in the energy system, but have implications for the cost of food. Bioenergy penalties and constraints, on the other hand, have little effect on food prices, but result in less bioenergy and thus can increase mitigation costs and energy prices.     

RCP 8.5��A scenario of comparatively high greenhouse gas emissions

This paper summarizes the main characteristics of the RCP8.5 scenario. The RCP8.5 combines assumptions about high population and relatively slow income growth with modest rates of technological change and energy intensity improvements, leading in the long term to high energy demand and GHG emissions in absence of climate change policies. Compared to the total set of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), RCP8.5 thus corresponds to the pathway with the highest greenhouse gas emissions. Using the IIASA Integrated Assessment Framework and the MESSAGE model for the development of the RCP8.5, we focus in this paper on two important extensions compared to earlier scenarios: 1) the development of spatially explicit air pollution projections, and 2) enhancements in the land-use and land-cover change projections. In addition, we explore scenario variants that use RCP8.5 as a baseline, and assume different degrees of greenhouse gas mitigation policies to reduce radiative forcing. Based on our modeling framework, we find it technically possible to limit forcing from RCP8.5 to lower levels comparable to the other RCPs (2.6 to 6 W/m²). Our scenario analysis further indicates that climate policy-induced changes of global energy supply and demand may lead to significant co-benefits for other policy priorities, such as local air pollution.     

Land-use transition for bioenergy and climate stabilization: model comparison of drivers,impacts and interactions with other land use based mitigation options

In this article, we evaluate and compare results from three integrated assessment models (GCAM, IMAGE, and ReMIND/MAgPIE) regarding the drivers and impacts of bioenergy production on the global land system. The considered model frameworks employ linked energy, economy, climate and land use modules. By the help of these linkages the direct competition of bioenergy with other energy technology options for greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, based on economic costs and GHG emissions from bioenergy production, has been taken into account. Our results indicate that dedicated bioenergy crops and biomass residues form a potentially important and cost-effective input into the energy system. At the same time, however, the results differ strongly in terms of deployment rates, feedstock composition and land-use and greenhouse gas implications. The current paper adds to earlier work by specific looking into model differences with respect to the land-use component that could contribute to the noted differences in results, including land cover allocation, land use constraints, energy crop yields, and non-bioenergy land mitigation options modeled. In scenarios without climate change mitigation, bioenergy cropland represents 10–18 % of total cropland by 2100 across the different models, and boosts cropland expansion at the expense of carbon richer ecosystems. Therefore, associated emissions from land-use change and agricultural intensification as a result of bio-energy use range from 14 and 113 Gt CO2-eq cumulatively through 2100. Under climate policy, bioenergy cropland increases to 24–36 % of total cropland by 2100.     

SOME ADVANCES IN CLIMATE WARMING IMPACT RESEARCH IN CHINA SINCE 1990

Increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will strengthen the naturalgreenhouse effect,which could lead to global climate warming and more other changes.China is alargely agricultural country with a large size of population and the relative shortages of farminglands and water resources,thus increasing the importance of climate warming for national economydevelopment.Therefore,Chinese government and scientists have paid great attention to theimpact-assessment of climate warming on national economy in China,especially during the past 10years.This presentation will briefly describe some major issues of climate warming impact researchon national vegetation,agriculture,forest,water resources,energy use and regional sea level forChina,etc.As a result,all climate change scenarios derived by GCMs suggest a substantial change in thecharacteristic natural vegetation types.It is also shown that comparing with the distributionsimulated under the normal time period 1951—1980 as the present climate,by 2050 large changesin cropping systems would occur almost everywhere in China.Climate warming would lead toincrease cropping diversification and multiplication.Unfortunately,the possible net balancebetween precipitation and evapotranspiration would be negative and it would lead to reduce thegrain production in China significantly due to enhanced moisture stress in soil.The most evidentinfluence of climate warming on water resources would happen in Huanghe-Huaihe-Haihe Basin andthe water supply-demand deficit would be substantially enhanced in this area.And also,a warmerclimate for China will alter the energy requirement for domestic heating and cooling,that is,reduce energy use for heating in northern China and increase energy consumption for cooling insouthern China.     

吉林省城市住宅采暖气候耗能距平序列的建立方法

 由于中国社会经济统计资料中均缺乏历年采暖能源消费数据,在分析气候变化对采暖能耗的影响时,始终存在着一个瓶颈。为此,提出了一种城市住宅采暖气候耗能距平序列的建立方法,这种方法把气候变化因素与相关的社会经济因素（如人口、人均居住面积等）结合在一起,较直观地反映了气候变化对城市住宅采暖耗能的影响。以地处高纬的吉林省为例,利用吉林省历年城镇人口、城镇人均居住面积、采暖度日数以及单位面积采暖耗煤量指标,建立了吉林省历年采暖气候耗能距平序列。结果表明：相对于1971-2000年30 a平均气候状况,吉林省2001/2002年的采暖期理论上因气候偏暖可以节约35.98万t标准煤,而2000/2001年采暖期因气候偏冷需要增加15.5万t标准煤。     

吉林省城市住宅采暖气候耗能距平序列的建立方法

由于中国社会经济统计资料中均缺乏历年采暖能源消费数据,在分析气候变化对采暖能耗的影响时,始终存在着一个瓶颈。为此,提出了一种城市住宅采暖气候耗能距平序列的建立方法,这种方法把气候变化因素与相关的社会经济因素（如人口、人均居住面积等）结合在一起,较直观地反映了气候变化对城市住宅采暖耗能的影响。以地处高纬的吉林省为例,利用吉林省历年城镇人口、城镇人均居住面积、采暖度日数以及单位面积采暖耗煤量指标,建立了吉林省历年采暖气候耗能距平序列。结果表明：相对于1971-2000年30 a平均气候状况,吉林省2001/2002年的采暖期理论上因气候偏暖可以节约35.98万t标准煤,而2000/2001年采暖期因气候偏冷需要增加15.5万t标准煤。     

Better air for better health: Forging synergies in policies for energy access,climate change and air pollution

Air pollution and its related health impacts are a global concern. This paper addresses how current policies on air pollution, climate change and access to clean cooking fuels can effectively reduce both outdoor and household air pollution and improve human health. A state of the art modeling framework is used that combines an integrated assessment model and an atmospheric model to estimate the spatial extent and distribution of outdoor air pollution exposures. Estimates of household energy access and use are modeled by accounting for heterogeneous household energy choices and affordability constraints for rural and urban populations spanning the entire income distribution. Results are presented for 2030 for a set of policy scenarios on air pollution, climate change and energy access and include spatially explicit emissions of air pollutants; ambient concentrations of PM2.5; and health impacts in terms of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) from both ambient and household air pollution. The results stress the importance of enforcing current worldwide air quality legislation in addressing the impacts of outdoor air pollution. A combination of stringent policies on outdoor air pollution, climate change and access to clean cooking fuels is found to be effective in achieving reductions in average ambient PM2.5 exposures to below World Health Organization recommended levels for a majority of the world's population and results in a significant decline in the global burden of disease from both outdoor and household air pollution.     

Land-use and climate change within assessments of biodiversity change: A review

Projected changes in biodiversity are likely inadequately estimated when climate and land-use change effects are examined in isolation. A review of studies of the effects of these drivers singly and in combination highlights little discussed complexities in revising these estimates. In addition to considering interactions, different characterisations of climate change, land-use change and biodiversity greatly influence estimates. Habitat loss leading to decreased species richness is the most common land-use change and biodiversity relationship considered with less attention being given to other land-use changes (e.g. other conversions, fragmentation, different management intensities) and biodiversity characterisations and responses (e.g. selected groups of species, increased species richness). Characterisations of more complex relationships between climate change, land-use change and biodiversity however are currently limited by a lack of process understanding, data availability and inherent scenarios uncertainties.     

人口与GDP空间化技术支持下的暴雨洪涝灾害承灾体脆弱性分析

基于统计年鉴资料和土地利用数据,分别建立人口、GDP空间化模型,模拟南京市浦口区人口和GDP的空间分布。并结合暴雨洪涝历史灾情数据,探索区县级行政区域暴雨洪涝灾害承灾体脆弱性风险评估技术方法,最终获得100 m×100 m格网的浦口区暴雨洪涝灾害承灾体脆弱性空间分布图。研究结果表明:(1)人口、GDP的空间化模拟结果,既与各镇街统计数据保持一致,又反映了各镇街内部的人口、GDP分布的空间变化,可以为承灾体脆弱性评估提供精细化、可靠的数据源。(2)浦口区暴雨洪涝灾害承灾体脆弱性高风险区,分布在东北部经济较为发达的城镇街道而老山山脉和沿江内陆滩涂地区脆弱性风险较低。     

近十年来我国气候变暖影响研究的若干进展

近年来，我国政府和科技界十分关注气候王馥棠变暖对我国经济发展可能影响的评估, 开展了许多重大项目和课题的研究。该文仅就气候变暖对我国自然植被、农业、森林、水资源、能源利用和区域海平面上升等领域影响评估研究的若干有意义的初步结果简要归纳和评述如下:取自不同GCM模型的未来气候变化情景下的影响评估模拟表明，我国的特征性自然植被类型将会发生明显的变化。同当前气候（1951~1980年）下的模拟分布相比，到2050年我国几乎所有地方的农业种植制度均将发生较大变化；气候变暖将导致复种指数增加和种植方式多样化，但降水与蒸散之间可能出现的负平衡和土壤水分胁迫的增加以及生育期的可能缩短，最终将导致我国主要作物的产量下降。气候变暖对我国水资源最明显的影响将会发生在黄淮海流域，这个区域的水资源供需短缺将大大提高。同时，气候变暖将改变我国室内取暖和降温的能源需求关系:北方冬季取暖的能源消耗将减少, 而南方夏季降温的能源消耗将会增加。海平面的上升将使我国三个主要沿海低洼脆弱区，即珠江三角洲、长江三角洲和黄河三角洲，面临部分遭受海水淹没的威胁。