中国高空温度变化初步分析

利用全国1961～2004年134个台站的探空温度资料,对我国各高度层温度变化趋势进行了初步分析,并对比讨论了与地面气温变化的关系.结果表明,自从20世纪60年代初以来,我国对流层温度变化呈微弱减少趋势,整体温度下降速率为-0.06℃/10 a;对流层中下层温度表现出微弱增加,增温速率为0.05℃/10 a,比同期地面气温增暖趋势弱得多.1961年以来,我国对流层上层和平流层底层年平均温度均呈现明显下降趋势,变化速率分别为-0.17℃/10 a和-0.22℃/10 a.近25年来中国对流层中下层的温度呈现明显上升,增温速率达到o.25℃/10 a,与地面气温变化趋势更为接近.我国高空和地面温度变化结构的这一特点与全球或北半球平均情况大体相似.但是,20世纪60年代初以来对流层中下层与地面气温变化趋势的明显差别,以及最近20多年对流层中下层与地面的同步增温,仍然需要给出合理的解释.     

吉林地面和高空风速变化特征及成因分析

利用1975-2012年吉林50个地面气象站观测资料和3个探空站测风资料,对地面和0.5~40km高空风速的时空变化特征进行了分析,并分析了高、低空风速变化的原因。结果表明:吉林地面(10 m)年和四季平均风速均呈现中西部和东部近海区较大、东南部地区较小的空间分布特征;近38年吉林地面年平均风速平均每10年减少0.21 m·s~(-1),高于全国平均和大部分区域平均,大风区或大风季节的风速减小幅度最大;在1975-2012年期间,吉林高空风速随高度增加呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,对流层和平流层下层的夏季平均风速趋于减小,冬季平均风速趋于增加,而且冬季风速增加对年平均风速增加的贡献最大。大气环流系统对吉林地面和高空风速均有影响,城市化的发展、观测环境的改变减小了地面风速。     

1963—2012年内蒙古自治区风速的时空变化特征分析

利用内蒙古自治区1963—2012年95个地面气象观测站的风速观测资料,分析该地区风速的时空变化特征,包括内蒙古年平均风速的变化特征、四季风速变化特征、不同区域风速变化特征,旨在揭示长时间序列的历史风速变化规律,为预测今后内蒙古风速变化趋势奠定基础,并进一步为内蒙古风能资源的开发与利用提供理论参考依据。结果表明:近50a内蒙古地区年平均风速呈现非常显著的减弱趋势(p<0.01),平均每10a减小0.24m·s-1,50a间四季平均风速由大到小依次为春季>秋季>冬季>夏季,风速平均值分别为3.81、2.93、2.90、2.84 m·s-1。四季平均风速的减弱速度介于-0.19^-0.29 m·s-1/10a之间,其中以春季风速减小最为显著,冬季、秋季次之,夏季风速减弱最缓。具体到各盟市:兴安盟、通辽市、赤峰市、锡林郭勒盟、乌兰察布市、包头市、阿拉善盟这几个区域的风速较大,年平均风速均在3.0 m·s-1以上,是风能资源的富集地区,尤其是位于中部的锡林郭勒盟和包头市的一些区域,年平均风速达5.0 m·s-1以上,风能资源蕴藏量最为丰富。风速变化趋势的空间分布结果显示:近50a间包头市和乌兰察布市风速减弱幅度最大,二者平均每10a风速分别减小0.36 m·s-1和0.38 m·s-1。     

南极长城站气侯特征及其趋势

利用我国南极长城站1985-2013年地面气象观测要素,分析了气候特征及其变化趋势,将有助于我们对最近30年亚南极地区气候变化的认识。结果表明,年平均气温为-2.2℃,变化速率为0.07℃/10a,呈升高趋势但不显著。年平均气压为989.3hpa,呈下降趋势,速率为-0.19hpa/10a。年平均相对湿度为89%,变化速率为0.34%/10a,上升趋势不明显。年降水量为539.3mm,变化速率为32.5mm/10a,呈明显增加趋势。年平均风速为7.5m.s-1,变化速率很小,盛行风向为西北和东南2个方向。     

库尔勒近50a气候特征分析

利用1961—2010年库尔勒气象站年平均气温、年平均气压、年降水量、年平均地面风速、年沙尘日数、年沙尘暴日数及年日照时数等资料,分析了近50 a库尔勒市气候变化基本特征。分析表明:(1)近半个世纪来库尔勒市年平均气温上升速率为0.29℃/10 a,高于0.22℃/10 a的全国平均水平,与全球变暖的大背景相一致;(2)年降水量变化趋势不明显,但年际变率大;(3)年平均地面风速减小速率为0.25 m/s/10 a;(4)年沙尘日数、年沙尘暴日数都呈减少趋势,减少速率分别为14.3 d/10 a和0.77 d/10 a;(5)库尔勒年平均气压前期和后期较低、中期较高,年日照时数年际变化较大;(6)库尔勒的气温、年沙尘日数用Mann-kendall方法检验分别在不同年份发生了的突变。与同期相邻轮台站相比,年平均气温、年平均地面风速、年沙尘日数和年沙尘暴日数变化趋势存在明显不同,这可能和两地不同的城市化速度、绿程度有关。     

城市化对石家庄站近地面风速趋势的影响

利用1972—2012年石家庄城市站和4个乡村站地面风速资料,采用城乡对比方法,对石家庄城市站地面风速序列中的城市化影响进行分析,结果表明,石家庄站年和季节平均地面风速和平均10 min最大风速的长期下降趋势,主要是由城市化因素引起。具体结论如下：(1)石家庄站年和四季平均风速、平均10 min最大风速和大风日数均呈极显著的减少趋势,年平均减少速率分别为-0.15 (m/s)/10a、-1.05 (m/s)/10a和-2.90 d/10a;乡村站年平均风速呈微弱下降趋势,年平均10 min最大风速减少较为明显,年大风日数减少趋势非常显著,减少速率分别为-0.02 (m/s)/10a、-0.21 (m/s)/10a和-2.19 d/10a。(2)石家庄站年平均风速下降趋势中的城市化影响为-0.13 (m/s)/10a,城市化影响非常显著,城市化贡献率达到86.0%。该站春、夏、秋、冬季平均风速变化的城市化影响分别为-0.16 (m/s)/10a、-0.10 (m/s)/10a、-0.13 (m/s)/10a和-0.15 (m/s)/10a,城市化贡献率分别为82.8%、87.6%、88.6%和85.4%。(3)石家庄站年平均10 min最大风速变化趋势中的城市化影响为-0.84 (m/s)/10a,城市化贡献率为79.7%;春、夏、秋、冬季平均10 min最大风速变化趋势中的城市化影响分别为-0.94 (m/s)/10a、-0.80 (m/s)/10a、-0.60 (m/s)/10a和-1.01 (m/s)/10a,城市化贡献率分别达到90.4%、78.6%、64.9%和79.1%。(4)城市化对石家庄站年大风日数减少的影响不显著,但冬季大风日数减少仍明显与城市化过程有关。     

新疆东部地区风速的年代际变化及其成因

用新疆东部5个气象站1960～2005年的大风、气温资料,结合国家气候中心下发的74项环流指数和NCEP／NCAR月平均再分析资料分析了新疆东部风速变化的特征。结果表明：①新疆东部地面风速分布特点是北部和南部戈壁地区大,巴里坤一伊吾盆地和哈密盆地小。不同地区风速的年内变化及分布特征基本相同;②1960—2005年年平均风速下降了0．94m·s^-1,减弱速率〉-0．2m·s^-1／10a。南部哈密市风速变化最大,变化速率达-0．46m·s^-1／10a,伊吾县的年平均风速变化最小,变化速率为-0．09m·s^-1／10a。哈密市夏季变化速率最大为-0．5m·s^-1／10a,46a下降了2．3m·s^-1,冬季最小,为-0．4m·s^-1／10a,下降了1．8m·s^-1;③全地区2．0—2．9m·s^-1级的风速出现频率最大,占22．04％,其次是1．0～1．9m·s^-1等级风速,出现频率占18．46％,3．0—3．9m·s^-1级风速出现频率为17．67％;④新疆东部风速变化主要和强冷空气、寒潮、沙尘暴等天气有关。20世纪80年代中期以后侵入新疆东部的强冷空气天气在次数和强度上明显减弱,这与大陆冷性高压和气旋活动趋弱有关,西风指数、极涡面积和强度及东亚大槽等环流因子与风速变化有着很好的相关性,也与城镇化或观测环境的变化等有关。     

1961～2010年河北省地面风变化特征及成因探讨

利用1961~2010年河北省73个地面气象站风观测资料,结合NCEP/NCAR(2.5°×2.5°)月平均再分析资料和国家气候中心下发的环流指数,采用线性趋势拟合方法,分析地面风速的空间分布以及风速和最大主风向风频的时间变化特征,并对风速减小的成因进行探讨。结果表明:空间上风速呈东北西南向带状分布,依次有大、小、大3个风速带。年平均风速呈减小趋势,减小速率为0.207 m·s-1/10 a;3.0 m/s以下的风速日数呈明显增加趋势,8.0 m/s以上的日数呈显著减小趋势,3.0~8.0 m/s风速的日数没有明显变化趋势。代表站最大主风向为偏南风,最大主风向风频平均每年增加0.54 d。风速的减小与1980年代以后影响我国的环流经向度减小、西风指数增加有关,也与城市化效应的影响有关。     

1961-2008年东北三省地面气压变化特征

利用1961-2008年逐月观测资料,分析了东北三省年和季平均地面气压变化的时空特征。结果表明：（1）整个时期东北三省年平均地面气压变化趋势不很明显,1961-1990年呈递增趋势,1991-2008年呈明显的递减趋势,变化速率达-0.32hPa.（10a）-1,通过了0.05显著性水平检验;（2）1961-2008年...     

东亚地区一次切断低压引起的平流层、对流层交换数值模拟研究

用中尺度模式(MM5)模拟研究东亚地区(网格中心45°N,120°E)一次强切断低压过程(2000年4月8日～12日)引起的平流层、对流层交换.用Wei公式计算此次过程由平流层到对流层的净交换量为5.0×1014 kg,平均交换通量为-0.72×10-3 kg m-2 s-1.地面锋与高空锋的相互作用,在急流入口处和高空锋区出现对流层顶折叠,并引起平流层、对流层物质交换,其中空气的水平运动起主要作用.利用历史天气图统计东亚地区(20～70°N,80～180°E)切断低压的年平均个数为60,占北半球极区类型切断低压的52%.由此,推断东亚地区的平流层、对流层交换对整个北半球的平流层、对流层交换贡献很大.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.