中国东部新生代碱性玄武岩中的流体组成及其碳,氧同位素地球化学特征

利用热分解质谱法测定了中国东部新生代碱性玄武岩中流体挥发分的组成,并对不同温度段释放出的ＣＯ２气体测定了Ｃ,Ｏ同位素值,流体组成和ＣＯ２的Ｃ,Ｏ同位素值表明中国东部上地幔源区的不均一性,与其中所含幔源岩捕体相比,碱性玄武岩浆发育在相对氧化的环境中,并有外来流体组分的加入。     

地幔流体组成

地幔流体是当今地球科学研究中的前沿领域之一 ,具有重要的研究价值。文中总结了地幔流体组成研究的手段、实验方法及近年来的进展 ,探讨了目前存在的问题 ,认为当前需进一步工作的领域有 :(1)确定适宜于地幔流体组成测定的实验方法 ,以便进行全球数据对比 ;(2 )开展不同类型地幔源区中地幔流体稀有气体同位素体系与PbSrNdHfOs同位素体系的对比性研究 ;(3)对不同构造单元中的地幔流体进行研究 ,建立不同端员地幔源区的地幔流体组成和稳定同位素制约因素 ;(4 )研究壳幔相互作用过程中的地幔流体 ,确定地幔流体中再循环地壳组分的鉴别标志 ;(5)在全球范围内探讨地质历史时期地幔流体的组成、性质、运移及演化规律 ;(6 )开展幔源H2 及烃类的研究 ,为非生物成因天然气理论及勘探提供依据。     

地幔流体作用——地幔捕虏体中流体包裹体的研究

被碱性玄武岩和金伯利岩带到地表的地幔捕虏体是认识地球深部信息的窗口 ,是人们能够直接观察到的一种上地幔样品 ,其矿物中流体包裹体的存在提供了上地幔流体活动的直接证据。流体 /地幔矿物之间元素的分配对约束地幔交代过程中流体相的作用和上地幔流体的组成 ,揭示俯冲带壳幔物质的再循环过程 ,解释岛弧玄武岩高场强元素亏损的原因有重要意义。文章对近年来有关地幔捕虏体中流体包裹体的研究进行了评述 ,并结合近年来流体 /地幔矿物之间元素分配的高温高压实验研究讨论了流体在地幔中的重要作用。     

地幔矿物与水流体之间元素分配系数的研究及意义

流体是地球内部物质和能量迁移最为活跃的介质，它在造成地幔化学的富集和亏损，产生具有不同地球化学特征的幔源岩浆岩石，以及促进壳幔物质的再循环过程等诸多方面都起了重大作用，高温高压下实验模拟流体与地幔岩石和矿物之间痕量元素分配作用是揭示地幔流体的组成与性质，地幔中不同元素类型之间或内部的分异作用，地幔交代介质的类型与特征，岛孤玄武岩高场强元素亏损原因的一个重要的手段，并对近年来有关高温高压下流体与地幔矿物之间痕量元素分配作用的实验模拟研究进行了评述，分析了制约流体与地幔矿物之间痕量元素分配系数的因素，总结了这些研究的应用。     

云南中甸峨眉山玄武岩中超基性—基性岩包体的地幔流体微观踪迹及其熔离成矿意义

通过对中甸峨眉山玄武岩中超基性—基性岩包体的岩相学、电子探针、扫描电镜和能谱分析,发现在光学显微镜下呈黑色不透明的物质,在电子显微镜下表现为硅酸盐和尖晶石族氧化物为主的超显微隐晶—非晶质集合体。结合超微晶矿物晶体化学和元素地球化学分析认为,该物质是一种具熔浆和超临界性质及地幔流体属性的富铁(微晶)玻璃,是深部地质过程中,包含于幔源岩浆并与其同步运移但互不混熔的地幔流体作用遗留的微观踪迹物质。该地幔流体在伴随幔源岩浆的结晶成岩过程中,表现出由硅酸盐→尖晶石→磁铁矿→铬铁矿→钛铁矿的熔离作用,并相应触发主岩和包体岩石的交代蚀变和金属矿化,是推动和引发地壳中成岩成矿的重要动力源和物质源。由此进一步认识到,滇西地区上地幔发育峨眉地幔柱活动,为该区二叠纪之后的不同部位和不同矿种的内生多金属成矿提供了有利的深部地质背景条件。     

湘东地区某些典型铀矿床的成矿流体特征

根据流体包裹体的光学显微镜观察结果、液相和气相成分测试及稳定同位素组成的分析,对湘东地区某些典型铀矿床的成矿流体组成、性质和来源等问题进行也研究。认为该区铀矿床成矿流体为一种中低温、低盐度热液体系,流体中的水主要来自循环加热的大气降水,而ＣＯ２等气体则来自深部地或上地幔。不同类型和不同地区的铀矿床,其成矿流体具有十分相似的特征,说明湘东中新生代区域热液铀成矿作用具有统一的动力学背景,邓铀矿床的形成     

阳山金矿成矿流体的He-Ar同位素示踪

甘肃阳山金矿的成因类型及成矿流体来源多年来颇受关注,本文利用惰性气体同位素质谱仪测定了该矿床黄铁矿和石英样品中流体包裹体He、Ar同位素组成。结果显示,成矿流体的3 He/4 He值为0.03~0.08Ra,指示成矿流体来源于壳源,不含幔源He;40 Ar/36 Ar值为434.1~863.0,稍高于大气饱和水(295.5),流体中除地壳放射成因Ar外,还有大气Ar,表明大气降水曾参与成矿。结合矿床地质特征,认为阳山金矿成矿流体是以造山作用产生的变质水与经断裂下渗的大气饱和水为主,下渗的大气饱和水与高U、Th含量的花岗岩发生水-岩交换,导致了成矿流体中极低的40 Ar*/4 He(0.0227~0.0539)。     

内生金矿床的成矿流体

流体具有媒介和作用剂的双重属性,流体作用贯穿于整个内生金矿成矿作用过程.不同地区、不同类型金矿床具有相似的原始成矿流体——来源于上地幔或下地壳的、富含SiO2、挥发份、成矿元素的C-H-O体系.在从深部至浅部的运移过程中受岩石建造性质、岩石(层)中流体成分的混入以及水-岩反应等因素作用,原始的成矿流体物理化学性质、组成成分等发生了不同程度的改变,最终形成直接导致金矿化的成矿流体.造成成矿流体中金等成矿物质发生沉淀的主要原因是流体的沸腾作用、流体中挥发份的逸失、流体相的分离作用、不同类型流体之间的混合作用以及热液蚀变(水-岩反应)作用等.     

中国东部陆下岩石圈地幔中的再循环地壳流体组分

地幔捕虏体中的流体挥发份保存了地幔演化过程的流体介质.中国东部二辉橄榄岩捕虏体中橄榄石、斜方辉石和单斜辉石流体挥发份的化学组成和碳、氢和氧同位素组成分步加热质谱法测定结果表明,陆下岩石圈地幔以较轻的碳、氢同位素和氧同位素组成变化范围大为特征,高温(800～1200 ℃)释放的CO2和CO呈现较轻的δ13C值,与世界其他地区的地幔捕虏体明显不同[1].     

幔源铀成矿作用探讨

地幔流体及深源铀成矿作用是当前铀矿地学界备受关注的前沿课题。文章扼要阐述了幔源铀成矿的地球动力学背景,评述了热点铀成矿理论。通过地幔流体参与铀成矿的现实性与地幔含铀性的论证,结合粤北“交点型”铀成矿地质地球化学特征,认为地幔中铀含量存在不均一性,在大陆型热点活动（地幔柱）区的岩石圈地幔通常含有较高的铀丰度;提出在热点驱动下,地幔流体（如CO2、F等）能够溶解或萃取地幔岩中的铀并得以浓集形成富铀成矿流体,幔源铀成矿是可能的。对幔源铀成矿作用机理作了初步探讨。     

沉积盆地深部流体的地球化学特征及油气成藏效应初探

以济阳坳陷东营凹陷和塔里木盆地塔中地区为例，在前人深部流体研究的基础上，应用同位素地球化学、有机地球化学及热力学定量模型，对沉积盆地深部流体的活动特征及其油气成藏效应进行了初步的探讨。研究表明，在东营凹陷不仅存在着幔源富二氧化碳流体（H2O＋CO2）的活动，而且还存在着幔源富氢流体（H2O＋CH4＋H2）的活动。塔里木盆地塔中地区也发现了幔源富二氧化碳的活动。深部流体上升过程中热能传递的定量研究表明，幔源流体是良好的热能载体。东营凹陷和塔中地区的有机质异常热变现象证实了深部流体的热效应。有机质热演化生烃不仅需要热，而且是个缺氢的过程，富氢流体注入沉积盆地势必对油气的生成产生影响。加氢热模拟实验结果表明，加氢可大幅度提高烃源岩的产烃率；对腐泥型干酪根而言，加氢生烃效应最显著的阶段是在生烃高峰之后，产率可增加147％以上；腐植型干酪根的加氢生烃效应在各个阶段都较显著。在东营凹陷和塔中地区分别发现了深部流体促进烃源岩生烃的现象。因此，深部流体在能量上和物质上对油气的生成均可构成重要的影响。     

云南老王寨金矿的深部地质过程——来自显微岩相学和元素地球化学的证据

通过老王寨金矿围岩、蚀变岩石、矿石的显微岩相学和元素地球化学的系统研究发现：伴随硅化、碳酸盐化等蚀变和硫化物矿化,岩（矿）石中发育沿粒间、裂隙或角闪石解理纹贯入或穿插的黑色不透明超显微隐晶,经电子探针、扫描电镜和能谱分析鉴定,该固体物质主要由超显微晶石英、硅酸盐、碳酸盐、硫化物以及呈熔离交生关系的金红石、白钨矿和镜铁矿（磁铁矿）组成;熔离交生结构与沉淀共晶结构共存的特有岩相学特征指示成矿流体具备由熔体性质向热液性质转化的特性。结合岩（矿）石稀土微量元素研究,认为这种在透射光显微镜下呈黑色不透明的超显微隐晶固体物质,是具熔浆流体特点和超临界流体性质的地幔流体引发交代蚀变的直接微观表现之一;在交代蚀变过程中其性质由熔浆向地壳热液过渡,同时与地壳物质发生混染而有利于成矿作用的进行。     

The relationship between Archaean gold mineralization and spatially associated minor intrusions at the Kambalda and Norseman gold camps,western Australia: Lead isotope evidence

Many Archaean mesothermal gold deposits are spatially associated with felsic to lamprophyric minor intrusions and it has been suggested that magmatic processes related to such intrusions may be important in the genesis of these deposits. A comparison of the Pb-isotopic signature of gold-related galenas from Kambalda and Norseman with that of spatially associated minor intrusions (at the time of mineralization) indicates that the ore-fluid Pb cannot have been derived solely from the intrusions or their source regions. For both study areas, the galena Pb-isotopic compositions are bracketed by those of local volcanic (mafic) and intrusive (largely felsic) rock types. This is consistent with the ore fluid having derived metallic components from the crust (or crustally derived granitic rocks) and the mantle (or mantle-derived rocks of the greenstone succession) via metamorphic dewatering or mantle/crustal degassing. Interaction of granite-derived magmatic fluids with greenstone lithologies could plausibly produce a similar array of Pb-isotopic signatures. The Norseman data, as a whole, are more radiogenic than the Kambalda data for broadly synchronous mineralization, reflecting the greater abundance of older granitic rocks with respect to mafic/ultramafic rocks in the Norseman district. The provinciality exhibited by the Pb-isotopic composition of the ore fluid indicates that the gold-mineralizing process formed galena whose Pb-isotopic composition was very sensitive to local variations in crustal Pb-isotopic composition, either within the source region of the fluid or along fluid conduits.     

Experimental Study of Partial Melting of Mantle Peridotite--A Discussion about the Genesis of Silica-rich Fluids (Melts)

Experiments on partial melting of mantle lherzolite have been realized at 0.6 and 1.0 GPa and the chemical compositional variations of melts during different melting stages have been first discussed. The results show that the trends of variations in SiO2, CaO, Al2O3, Na2O and TiO2 are different at different melting stages. The melts produced at lower pressure are richer in SiO2 than those at higher pressure. The mantle-derived silica-rich fluids (silicate melts) are polygenetic, but the basic and intermediate-acid silicate melts in mantle peridotite xenoliths from the same host rocks, which have equivalent contents of volatile and alkali components and different contents of other components, should result from in-situ (low-degree) partial melting of mantle peridotite under different conditions (e.g. at different depths, with introduction of C-O-H fluids or in the presence of metasomatic minerals). The intermediate-acid melts may be the result of partial melting (at lower pressure) Opx + Sp + K-Na-rich fluid±(Amphi)±(Phlog)= Ol+melt.But the intermediate-acid magmas cannot be produced from the partial melting of normal mantle peridotite unless the crustal materials are introduced to some extent.     

Aqueous fluids and hydrous melts in high-pressure and ultra-high pressure rocks: Implications for element transfer in subduction zones

High-pressure (HP) and ultra-high pressure (UHP) terranes are excellent natural laboratories to study subduction-zone processes. In this paper we give a brief theoretical background and we review experimental data and observations in natural rocks that constrain the nature and composition of the fluid phase present in HP and UHP rocks. We argue that a fluid buffered by a solid residue is compositionally well defined and is either an aqueous fluid (total amount of dissolved solids < 30 wt.%) or a hydrous melt (H₂O < 35 wt.%). There is only a small temperature range of approximately 50–100 °C, where transitional solute-rich fluids exist. A review of available experimental data suggest that in felsic rocks the second critical endpoint is situated at 25–35 kbar and  700 °C and hence must be considered in the study of UHP rocks. Despite this, the nature of the fluid phase can be constrained by relating the peak metamorphic conditions of rocks to the position of the wet solidus even if the peak pressure exceeds the pressure where the wet solidus terminates at the second critical endpoint. Transitional solute-rich fluids are expected in UHP terrains (P > 30 kbar) with peak temperatures of about 700 ± 50 °C. At higher temperatures, hydrous granitic melts occur whereas at lower temperatures aqueous fluids coexists with eclogite-facies minerals. This argument is complemented by evidence on the nature of the fluid phase from high-pressure terrains. We show that in the diamond-bearing, high-temperature UHP rocks from the Kokchetav Massif there are not only hydrous felsic melts, but probably also carbonate and sulfide melts present.

Hydrous quartzo-feldspathic melts are mainly produced in high temperature UHP rocks and their composition is relatively well constrained from experiments and natural rocks. In contrast, constraining the composition of aqueous fluids is more problematic. The combined evidence from experiments and natural rocks indicates that aqueous fluids liberated at the blueschist to eclogite facies transition are dilute. They contain only moderate amounts of LILE, Sr and Pb and do not transport significant amounts of key trace elements such as LREE, U and Th. This indicates that there is a decoupling of water and trace element release in subducted oceanic crust and that aqueous fluids are unable to enrich the mantle wedge significantly. Instead we propose that fluid-present melting in the sediments on top of the slab is required to transfer significant amounts of trace elements from the slab to the mantle wedge. For such a process to be efficient, top slab temperature must be at least 700–750 °C at sub-arc depth. Slab melting is likely to be triggered by fluids that derive from dehydration of mafic and ultramafic rocks in colder (deeper) portions of the slab.     

Deep fluids in subduction zones

The fluid inclusions preserved in high and ultrahigh pressure rocks provide direct information on the compositions of fluid phases evolved during subduction zone metamorphism, and on fluid–rock interactions occurring in such deep environments. Recent experiments and petrologic studies of eclogite–facies rocks demonstrate that stability of a number of hydrous phases in all rock systems allows fluid transport into the mantle sources of arc magmas, as well as into much deeper levels of the Earth's mantle. In eclogite–facies rocks, the presence of large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare earths (LREE)-bearing hydrous phases such as epidote and lawsonite, together with HFSE repositories as rutile and other Ti-rich minerals, controls the trace element budget of evolved fluids and fluid-mediated cycling of slab components into the overlying mantle.

Studies of fluid inclusions in eclogite–facies terrains suggest that subduction mainly evolves aqueous solutions, melts being produced only locally. Eclogite-facies rocks diffusely record processes of fluid–melt–rock interactions that exerted considerable control on the element and volatile budget of subduction fluids. Trace element fractionation during such interactions needs to be tested and quantified in more detail to achieve the ultimate compositions actually attained by fluids leaving off the slab. Variably saline inclusions with minor CO₂ and N₂ are trapped in rock-forming high pressure minerals; brines with up to 50% by weight dissolved solute are diffusely found in veins. The latter inclusions are residues after fluid–rock interactions and deposition of complex vein mineralogies: this evidence suggests increased mineral solubility into the fluid and formation, at a certain stage, of silicate-rich aqueous solutions whose geochemical behaviour and transport capacity can approach that of a melt phase. This is supported by experimental work showing high solubility of silicate components in fluids at high pressures. However, natural examples of inclusions trapping such a fluid and quantitative analyses of its major and trace element composition are not yet available.

Fluids in high and very high pressure rocks do not move over large scales and the channelways of fluid escape from the slab are not yet identified. This suggests that only part of the slab fluid is lost and returned to the surface via magmatism; the remaining trapped fraction being subducted into deeper levels of the upper mantle, to renew its budget of substances initially stored in the exosphere.     

俯冲带变质过程中的含碳流体

俯冲带含碳岩石通过俯冲过程的变质反应生成了含碳水流体、富硅酸盐的超临界流体和含碳熔体。不同类型流体的形成与岩石成分和岩石经历的温压条件相关。岩石中碳酸盐矿物脱碳反应的温压条件取决于岩石起初的流体成分：有水存在时,反应发生在低温条件下。在高压条件下,碳酸盐矿物在水或含盐水流体的溶解是生成含碳流体重要的机制,其导致的碳迁移作用可能超过脱碳变质反应的作用。高温条件下,含碳岩石的部分熔融可以生成含碳的熔体,这在热俯冲环境和俯冲带岩石底辟到上覆地幔的情况下是碳迁移重要载体。富硅酸盐的超临界流体可能是在第二临界端点上形成的超临界流体,目前在超高压岩石中观察到的非花岗质成分的多相固体包裹体被认为是这种流体结晶的产物,然而对其理解尚存在很多问题,需要进一步的实验研究。地表含碳岩石在俯冲带被带到深部,俯冲带地温特征的不同导致了不同类型含碳流体的形成,这些流体运移至上覆地幔引起岩石部分熔融产生含碳的岛弧岩浆,岩浆喷出到地表释放了其中的碳,这构成了俯冲带-岛弧系统的碳循环。

     

华北地幔橄榄岩锂同位素研究进展

作为非传统稳定同位素的代表,Li同位素已被广泛应用于示踪与熔体和流体相关的地质过程。地幔橄榄岩高度不均一的Li含量和Li同位素组成特征是熔/流体与地幔橄榄岩相互作用过程中同位素分馏作用及温度下降过程中Li在矿物之间扩散分馏的结果,同位素扩散现象通常被矿物颗粒边部的组成特征所记录。由于Li在橄榄石中的扩散速度比在辉石中慢,所以大颗粒橄榄石核部的Li含量和同位素组成更能反映岩石圈地幔的组成,而辉石的组成特征更多地记录了后期的过程。大量地幔捕虏体的锂同位素组成特征研究表明,华北克拉通岩石圈地幔经历了蚀变洋壳在俯冲过程中、残留俯冲板片在深部地幔、以及上涌的软流圈所释放的不同组成的熔/流体的改造过程。由于改造作用的多阶段性和改造程度的不同,华北克拉通东部与中部地幔橄榄岩的组成特征具有系统性的差异。Li同位素与其他地球化学指标的联合示踪是未来地幔地球化学研究的发展趋势。

     

铂族元素地球化学研究评述

随着分析技术的发展和数据的积累,人们逐渐认识到PGE在地球化学研究方面具有潜在的应用价值。但地幔中PGE的存在形式目前尚不清楚,在许多方面还有争议。文中通过大量的实例综述了近年来PGE的分异机制和其在上地幔分布不均一性方面取得的进展以及存在的问题,结果表明:除Au外,蚀变作用并不影响PGE的分异;PGE主要以硫化物或合金的形式赋存于地幔岩石中,其分布不均匀,单一地依靠PGE与MgO,Cr,Ni的相关性来探讨部分熔融、分离结晶过程中橄榄石、尖晶石、铬铁矿对PGE分异的影响是不全面的,必须考虑硫化物的作用;地幔岩石具有包裹体和粒间两种不同PGE分配模式的硫化物。地幔源区或板内携带PGE流体交代以粒间硫化物为主的地幔岩石。使其PGE发生分异;不管是核幔分离后外核物质的返回,还是单一硫化物的作用都不能完全否定陨石撞击的地球增生假说。在大的区域,上地幔PGE的分布是均一的,但在一定范围内由于不同的大地构造背景,其PGE的分布显示不均一性。