某水库坝基渗透稳定性研究

某拟建高为22 m的混凝土重力坝坐落于第四系冰水堆积层之上。在大坝上下游水头差的作用下,产生库水渗漏。库水的大量漏失,不但可能使大坝蓄水达不到设计高程而影响工程效益,而且,水流的渗透作用还会导致地基岩（土）体的恶化,产生渗透破坏,影响大坝本身的安全。在现场调查基础上,用数值模拟方法评价了该水库在库内设置175 m长铺盖条件下的渗漏问题,计算了水库的渗流量、大坝基底的水力坡度。因其量值较大,必须在渗流出口处采取反滤层等工程措施,给相关部门提供设计依据和决策参考。     

陡坡水库大坝渗透稳定性及渗透变形分析

陡坡水库存在大坝质量差、坝体发育大量裂缝、背水坡出现散浸现象、坝后沼泽化并形成一上升泉以及排水渠和鱼池有絮状析出物、渗漏量增大等问题,这些异常现象都是由坝体及坝基渗流引起的。在阐述坝体和坝基地质、水文地质条件情况下,分析了大坝渗漏成因及大坝的渗透稳定性,指出坝体实际浸润线及坝体渗漏量是不正常的,特别是1987年后当库水位高于194 m,同一库水位呈上升趋势,这是反常的。坝基实际渗漏量异常,存在管涌和接触冲刷问题,尤其库水位低至 193.84 m,坝后上升泉仍有沙沸现象。上述现象表明大坝渗流是危险的,并分析了散浸、析出物、上升泉及沼泽化、坝肩及绕坝渗漏等现象的成因。     

Detection of leakage paths at the Wanyao dam body in Southwest China by hydrochemical analysis and tracer testing

Leakage at the Wanyao dam body was studied using a combined approach of field exploration, hydrochemical analysis and tracer testing. The objective of study was to determine the location of the water leakage paths at the dam. A hydraulic connection was observed between exploration boreholes of dam crest and drain holes at drainage gallery during the period of drilling. This connection shows that there were some defects in the dam. The hydrochemical compositions and characteristics of the water samples involved the main anions and cations, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH and water temperature which were analyzed and evaluated by correlation and cluster analysis. The results indicated that a close hydraulic connection existed between water from the dam body and reservoir water, particularly reservoir water from Sections III and IX. Tracer testing results demonstrated further existence of leakage paths between reservoir water and Sections III and IX. Also, there were multiple leakage paths in Section IX compared with a single path of Section III. Furthermore, the leakage location of upstream concrete faces in the vertical and horizontal directions was determined accurately with the measured electrical conductivity of receiving points. The experimental data provide a strong foundation and basis for maintaining and reinforcing the dam.     

平原病险水库堤坝渗流控制方法研究

根据2000年实测数据绘制了在不同水位下水库堤坝测压管等水位线图,建立垂向二维有限元法渗流数值模型,模拟了尔王庄水库堤坝11个典型断面稳定渗流状态。综合分析测压管实测数据、现场勘查和计算结果,确定水库渗漏严重坝段。计算得出全封闭、悬挂式高压喷射灌浆防渗墙两加固方案下坝体单宽渗流量、浸润线、渗透比降等水力要素,结果表明全封闭设计可降低70.04%~98.32%渗流量,截渗沟或明渠处溢出渗透坡降降至0.001~0.023,控制效果显著。     

南京江宁区某退役小型硫铁矿尾矿库的治理方法

针对江宁区某退役小型硫铁矿出现的不良地质现象,对该尾矿坝进行了抗滑以及抗渗稳定性计算和分析,指出坝体处于不稳定状态,并提出具体治理方法。治理的方案包括降低坝体高度减载,在坡脚处反压坝体增加坝体稳定性,设置排渗设施降低浸润线高度,修筑排水沟阻止地表水停留在库区表面。最后需验证治理后尾矿坝在地震作用下的稳定性,运用时程分析法对设计后的坝体进行了动力有限元的分析,结果表明坝体内部和整体处于较稳定的状态。     

Origin of abnormal substances discharged from Baozhusi Dam Base, Sichuan, China

Baozhusi reservoir is a large-scale hydropower engineering project in Sichuan Province, China. After drainage wells were drilled in the dam base, white flocculent and black gel substances, accompanied by a rotten-egg odor, were found in some of the drainage water wells. On the basis of a brief introduction of the geological setting in Baozhusi Dam area, the origin of the abnormal substances were analyzed and discussed through the following procedures: (1) the abnormal substances were sampled and their chemical and mineral compositions were analyzed; (2) the origin of drainage waters were determined using the isotope method and well flux measurement results; (3) characteristics of chemical composition of drainage waters were discussed relative to other kinds of waters in the area; (4) process of formation of the abnormal substances were determined using hydrogeochemical methods; (5) laboratory immersion experiment was carried out to verify the conclusions. Results showed that the abnormal substances were formed by interactions between recharging water from the reservoir and dam base rock as well as dam building materials. Among these, the precipitation of calcite and dolomite, the dissolution of calcium hydroxide and anhydrite as well as the reduction of SO₄^–2 to H₂S by organic matter are the most important processes.     

Environmental isotope investigation for the identification of source of springs observed in the hillock on the left flank of Gollaleru Earthen Dam,Andhra Pradesh,India

A hydrometric, hydrochemical and environmental isotopic study was conducted to identify the source and origin of observed springs on the foot of the hillock abutting the left flank of the Gollaleru earthen dam, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh, India. Water samples (springs, reservoir water and groundwater) in and around the dam area were collected and analyzed for environmental isotopes (\(\updelta ^{18}\!\hbox {O}\), \(\updelta ^{2}\hbox {H}\) and \(^{3}\hbox {H}\)) and hydrochemistry. Reservoir level, spring discharges and physico-chemical parameters (temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, etc.) were monitored in-situ. Isotopic results indicated that the source of springs is from the Owk reservoir and groundwater contribution to the springs is insignificant. Based on hydrometric observations, it is inferred that the springs might be originated from the reservoir level of 209 m amsl. It is found that the lower spring discharges were derived from diffuse sources (seepage) which could be a mixture of reservoir water and the groundwater, while the relatively higher spring discharges were resulted from concentrated sources (leakage) from the reservoir. Thus, the study portraits the usefulness of isotope techniques in understanding the dam seepage/leakage related problems.     

陆浑水库坝基断层破碎带渗透稳定性评价

陆浑水库位于河南省洛阳市嵩县境内。为了论证大坝在水库投入正常高水位（319．5m,327.5m,331.8m)运行时的安全，经过对30余年的水位观测资料的整理和分析，在厘定水文地质模型的定性分析基础上，运用现代数理统计原理，成功地解决了困扰水库正常运行的坝基渗流问题，获得了善于坝基渗透稳定状况及其变化趋势的认识。结果表明：目前大坝的运行状况是正常的；水库在缓慢蓄水过程中，截水槽的薄弱部位可以得到渗透中固，截水槽中的填土与岩石结合面的抗渗比降可达45以上；上游铺盖与截水槽结合下游排水的防渗体系有效地控制了坝基渗流。同时，预测了高水位时坝基渗流是稳定的，水库完全可以投入高水位运行。这为病险水库的论证提供了一个案例。     

卡拉水电站坝区渗流控制效应精细模拟与评价

卡拉水电站坝址区河谷狭窄,岸坡陡峻,地质条件复杂,渗漏问题突出。为减小卡拉坝区渗漏并改善大坝的渗透稳定性,工程设计采取防渗帷幕、排水孔幕和排水洞等防渗排水措施。采用子结构、变分不等式和自适应罚函数相结合的方法（简称SVA方法）,结合典型溢流坝段与坝区整体渗流场分析成果,评价卡拉大坝及坝基渗流控制方案的合理性,并论证其优化的可能性。研究表明：①防渗帷幕有效雍高了帷幕上游侧岩体内的地下水位、增加了绕坝渗流的渗径长度并降低了坝基的扬压力,排水系统则显著降低了坝体内的孔隙水压力以及坝基扬压力;②排水孔幕间距对坝体内的自由面分布有着显著影响,排水孔幕间距取3.0～4.5 m是合适的。     

房县深峪沟病险水库黏土心墙坝稳定性分析

以房县深峪沟病险水库黏土心墙坝为研究对象,对其渗流稳定和坝坡稳定性进行评估,目的是为加固设计提供参考。设计了校核洪水位、设计洪水位、正常蓄水位的稳定渗流计算,校核洪水位降到正常蓄水位、正常蓄水位降到死水位的非稳定流计算工况,其中正常蓄水位降到死水位的工况又设计了5种降速计算方案,利用自动搜索滑动面的Morgenstern-Price法计算了不同工况下的坝坡稳定性,分析发现：校核洪水位稳定渗流背水坡安全系数k＜1.15,不满足工程稳定性要求;设计洪水位和正常蓄水位工况,安全系数k＜1.25,不满足工程稳定性要求。校核洪水位到正常蓄水位的迎水坡满足k≥1.15的要求,背水坡不满足k≥1.15的要求;正常蓄水位到死水位迎水坡在设计的5种降速下均存在时间步不满足k≥1.25的要求,所以该水库属于病险库,需要加固处理     

南京市赭山头水库坝肩渗漏处理

采用综合物探等方法对南京赭山头水库长期存在的渗漏问题进行探测,在物探探测渗漏区结合地质钻探确定大坝的渗漏通道,对存在渗漏通道的左右坝肩部位,采用薄壁混凝土防渗墙和帷幕灌浆的方法进行防渗处理,经过汛期高水位的检验,水库多年存在的渗漏险情得到了根本解决。     

基于流-热耦合模型的土石坝渗流热监测研究

为有效应用基于分布式光纤测温的渗流热监测技术,需研究待监测区的背景温度场特征。为此,建立了土石坝饱和-非饱和瞬态渗流场与温度场耦合模型（流-热耦合）,模型考虑了热对流、热传导和热扩散效应,温度边界按周期性气温考虑,且相关参数按非线性考虑,如流体黏度的热效应、导热系数受含水率影响等,其仿真结果更接近土石坝温度场的真实状态。基于典型算例,讨论了与大气温度相关的周期性波动温度场特征。计算结果表明：温度场受坝体渗流和气温的影响,库水及气温是两个重要热源,饱和带的温度受库水渗流控制,非饱和带主要受气温控制,具有季节波动特征;在土石坝心墙部位若发生集中渗漏,渗漏通道附近岩土体的温度受库水影响;若在心墙上敷设分布式光纤传感器,很容易捕捉到渗漏点位置及渗漏发生的时刻。渗流热监测技术在理论上可以反映渗流场的时空分布特征,在资料分析中还应关注由气温波动引起的温度异常。     

用稳定同位素(δD、δ18O)研究册田水库清泉洞补给水源

清泉洞穿过坝体,是大坝工程的隐患,搞清楚清泉洞流量的主要补给来源,是水库漏水还是左岸地下水的渗水可为加固工程提供重要依据。所以,从清泉洞、水库和左坝肩附近地区各取水样,用同位素δD和占δ¹⁸O进行对比分析。从分析结果看出,清泉洞水的流量主要是由水库水补给的,但也有一小部分从左岸渗入的地下水。     

水库岩溶渗漏及防渗研究综述

岩溶地区水库渗漏是可溶岩地区兴建水利枢纽的主要工程地质问题之一,尤其是在可溶岩广布、岩溶发育强烈、地形复杂地区,岩溶渗漏成为了该类地区水利水电工程的一个普遍问题.库区的岩溶渗漏不仅影响建坝后的正常蓄水,还将危及坝体的安全与稳定.因此,有必要对库区渗漏,特别是岩溶地区的库区渗漏进行渗漏机理、渗漏特征、渗漏条件等进行详细分...     

库水位骤降后面板缺陷坝体渗漏量和坝坡稳定性分析

为研究库水位变动情况下面板不同缺陷的面板堆石坝渗透稳定特性,利用著名岩土分析软件Geo-studio的Seep/w与Slope/w模块,以浙江省临海市西部括苍镇境内某面板堆石坝为例,对不同土工膜缺陷及库水位变动工况的组合进行了渗流特性及稳定性的数值模拟分析,得到了浸润线,渗漏量及稳定性系数的变化曲线,计算结果表明:(1)面板一旦发生缺陷,静库水位下坝体的浸润线有一个明显的抬升,缺陷尺寸越大,浸润线高程越高,但是差异不大。库水位高程越高,静库水位下坝体内部的浸润线高程也就越高;(2)库水位水平越高,缺陷尺寸越大,坝体渗漏量也就越大;(3)库水位骤降下面板坝内部浸润线呈现先疏后密的规律,库水位下降速率越大,上游坝体浸润线疏的部分则越疏。在库水位骤降经过面板坝缺陷高程时,有一个浸润线突降的过程;(4)从整体上看,上游坝坡的稳定性系数要大于下游坝坡的稳定性系数;静库水位下,库水位水平越高,上游坝坡稳定性系数越大,而下游坝坡稳定性系数则越小,缺陷位置越高,稳定性系数越低;库水位骤降情况下上游坝坡稳定性系数随库水位下降呈现先下降后上升的趋势,下游坝坡则呈现一直上升的规律,一旦面板发生缺陷,稳定性系数较完整面板来说有一个较大幅度的下降,面板缺陷尺寸越大,稳定性系数整体上越小。     

西南某水电站断裂构造和层间溶蚀带组合岩溶渗漏研究

西南某水电站坝址基岩为碳酸盐岩,坝区断层构造和岩溶较发育。水库蓄水后,坝址右岸抗力体1 315 m排水洞出现持续渗漏。随库区水位升高,涌水量逐渐加大至约1.9 m3·s?1,水库无法正常蓄水。为查明库水渗漏途径,有针对性地采取措施减少渗漏量,开展了岩溶渗漏研究。通过工程地质测绘、岩溶水文地质调查、钻探、压水试验、孔内电视、孔内电磁波CT等勘察手段,结合前期平硐、基坑开挖和物探等勘查成果,并利用灌浆孔灌浆过程试验数据,最终查明库水渗漏通道:在水压力作用下,库水沿断裂构造F₁₂下渗,在深部沿层间溶蚀带绕过防渗帷幕,呈30°倾角向下游逐步抬升,最终通过竖向岩溶发育带,从1 315 m排水洞地质薄弱点涌出。通过对灌浆帷幕采取补强措施,封堵了主要渗漏通道,库水渗漏得到有效控制,达到了设计要求。      

张家湾水库大坝的渗流和稳定分析

以张家湾水库大坝为例,运用有限单元法对除险加固后均质土坝的渗流进行分析计算,同时运用瑞典圆弧滑动法和简化Bishop法对均质土坝的坝体稳定进行分析计算,在此基础上对水库大坝进行了渗流安全评价和稳定安全评价.     

Geologic problems related to dam sites in Jordan and their solutions

The geologic structures associated with several selected dam sites in Jordan and the tectonic effects on dam foundations and reservoir margins are reviewed. Rock defects, especially discontinuities represented by faults and closely spaced, open joints are investigated. Related problems, such as loss of water from the reservoir by seepage and leakage within the dam foundation are evaluated. The regional seismicity is analyzed and a design earthquake is established for each dam site.

Two major embankment dams are investigated, together with two large proposed dams and several small dams.

This paper discusses in some detail the regional setting and site-specific geology, and the occurrence, size and inclination of faults and joints at each dam site. Moreover, the effects of the faults on the operational performance of each dam are described and specific techniques are used or proposed for remediation are outlined.

The study shows that the combination of faults and joint features cause leakage problems at the operational dams in Jordan. Although, preventive measures such as grouting have been implemented, further leakage and/or seepage problems are anticipated and a monitoring system is needed to control and foresee such problems.

Jordan is an earthquake-prone region. Consequently, it is recommended that the design of embankment dams in the vicinity of the Dead Sea-Jordan Valley Rift should include such considerations as dynamic loading and associated hazards, including embankment acceleration zoning, foundation liquefaction risk and rockhead rupture. The magnitude of the design earthquake at each dam site can be estimated following the guidelines of ICOLD (1989), which are based on probabilistic seismic hazard analysis.     

水库土坝劈裂式灌浆施工技术

某水库主坝为均质土坝,劈裂灌浆施工前,坝体出现多条裂缝,坝坡及坝坡脚等多处渗漏水,坝土体渗透系数为6.41×10-4cm/s,坝体稳定性差。经采用劈裂灌浆施工后,其渗透系数降低至2.62×10-8cm/s,帷幕泥墙厚度及其连续性达到设计要求;坝坡及坝坡脚的渗漏水点已消除,坝体未出现新的裂缝,达到除险加固的目的。     

绕坝渗流地下水位的时空分布模型研究

许多大坝的失事是由于高地下水位引起坝肩失稳所致。绕坝渗流是影响坝肩高地下水位的主要因素。为此通常将大坝基础防渗帷幕延伸到坝肩岸坡内一定距离,以减小绕坝渗流影响。而防渗帷幕运行性态随时间变化,为了评价坝肩防渗帷幕和地下水位的运行性态,首先分析了地下水位观测资料和水位、降水、温度、时效等时空影响因素及其表达式,随后基于岸坡地下水位观测资料,利用最小二乘法建立了大坝岸坡地下水位的时空分布模型。通过比较模型剩余标准差和测点的剩余标准差,可以确定坝肩地下水位的异常测点,分析岸坡防渗薄弱部位,掌握坝肩岸坡渗流场时空分布规律,监控绕坝渗流的性态。