SEISMIC VIBRATOR MODELLING1

The wavefield in, and at the surface of, a homogeneous, isotropic, perfectly elastic half-space, excited by a traction distribution at the surface of the medium is investigated. The emitted wavefield is a spatial convolution of the surface tractions and the spatial impulse response. The properties of the wavefield in the far-field of the medium are derived and it is shown that the far-field particle velocity is essentially equal to a weighted sum of the time derivative of the integrated surface tractions, that is, of the components of the ‘ground force’. The theory is valid for an arbitrary geometry and orientation of the surface tractions, and is independent of the boundary conditions at the surface of the medium. The surface tractions are related to a source that consists of a mass distribution with an arbitrary force distribution imposed upon it. A boundary condition is introduced that accounts for the mass load and the forces applied to it but neglects vibrations within the mass. The boundary condition follows from the equation of motion of the surface mass load. The theory is applied to the Vibroseis configuration, using a P-wave vibrator model with a uniformly distributed force imposed on top of the baseplate, and assuming that horizontal surface traction components are absent. The distribution of displacement and stress directly underneath the baseplate of a single vibrator and an array of vibrators is investigated. Three different boundary conditions are used: (1) assuming uniform pressure, (2) assuming uniform displacement, (3) using the equation of motion of the baseplate as a boundary condition. The calculations of the distribution of stress and displacement over the plate for different elastic media and several frequencies of operation show that only the results obtained with the mixed boundary condition agree with measurements made in the field. The accuracy of three different phase-feedback signals is compared using synthetic data. Baseplate velocity phase-feedback leads to huge deviations in the determination of the far-field wavelet; reaction mass acceleration phase-feedback looks stable but neglects the differentiating earth filter; and phase-feedback to a weighted sum of baseplate and reaction mass accelerations becomes unstable with increasing frequency. The instability can be overcome using measurements over the whole baseplate. The model can be extended to a lossy layered earth.     

Vibrations of the elastic half-space due to vertical surface loads

The displacements of the surface of the homogeneous elastic half-space subjected to a vertical concentrated load acting at the surface are calculated. The solution is shown to approach Lamb's simple formula for the far-field. The solution for the concentrated load can be used to calculate displacements due to distributed loads with high accuracy and economically. The results are applied to define the regions ‘near-field’ and ‘far-field’. Some near-field phenomena are described.     

Dynamic plate-soil interaction - finite and infinite, flexible and rigid plates on homogeneous, layered or Winkler soil

An integral method to calculate the solution of a homogeneous or layered soil due to a harmonic point load is described. An infinite plate at the surface of the soil can be introduced in this integration in wavenumber domain, too. Finite structures on the soil are calculated by a combined finite element and boundary element method, which makes use of the point load solution of the soil. The compliance functions for a vertical point load and some vibration modes are calculated for realistic parameters of the plate and the soil and for a wide range of frequencies. The influence of the stiffness of the soil and the foundation is investigated, showing that the soil mainly affects the low-frequent response whereas the structural properties are more important at higher frequencies. A rigid approximation of flexible plates is only found at low frequencies, if the elastic length is used as the radius of a rigid disk. At higher frequencies, a characteristic behaviour of the flexible plate of approximately is observed, what is in clear contrast to the compliance of rigid foundations. A plate on a visco-elastic support (Winkler soil) shows similar displacements as a plate on a homogeneous half-space, but the maximal stresses between the plate and the soil are considerably smaller which is found to be more realistic for a plate on a layered soil. For practical applications, a normalized diagram and some explicit formulas of the exact and the approximate solutions of an infinite plate on a homogeneous half-space are given, which is a useful model to represent the soil-structure interaction of flexible foundations.     

海洋地震资料采集过程中近场检波器的应用

海洋地震资料采集中空气枪震源近场检波器不仅可以较好地进行震源质量实时监控,更重要的是可以较好地预测远场子波.经国外大量的远场子波实测试验与预测结果对比,利用近场检波器预测远场子波,与实测远场子波吻合度很高,因此,利用近场检波器预测远场子波是一项非常关键的技术,然而国内在该技术领域还不是很成熟,目前只用来做一些震源的质量监控和近场子波记录.较为详细地描述了国外的部分试验结果,并根据国外的试验结果和国内的具体使用情况,提出了近场检波器放置位置、记录长度和采样率合理化选取的建议.并建议国内相关领域的专家尽快研发拥有自主知识产权的相关软件,利用近场子波来有效地预测远场子波.     

In situ 2-D and 3-D measurements of radiation patterns of half-wave dipole GPR antennas

Dipole antennas for ground-penetrating radar (GPR) radiate and receive electromagnetic waves with a strong directional dependence. Thus, experiments to measure in situ antenna radiation as functions of direction and polarization are of practical interest. Three field experiments were performed. One experiment was over a layered fluvial/eolian sequence; the other two used controlled targets (buried pipes and a metal ball). The radiation patterns were sampled by incrementally varying the antenna orientations and separations while recording reflections from the known targets. The results show qualitative, but systematic, correspondence with approximate theoretical far-field radiation patterns. Slow variations of amplitude with antenna azimuth and dip indicate that antenna orientations within 20° in the standard TE and TM acquisition geometries are adequate for most field applications, but not if detailed amplitude analysis is to be performed. Variations in antenna orientation or height (particularly for heights less than one-quarter wavelength) above the free surface introduce corresponding biases or uncertainties into recorded amplitudes. The variance within any suite of measurements is, in part, a consequence of differences in ground impedance at each antenna location. The theoretically predicted sensitivity to antenna height is mediated by surface roughness at high frequencies. It is necessary to include, or compensate for, the antenna radiation pattern in analysis of field data amplitudes, in experiment design, and in selecting appropriate antennas for specific applications.     

高延性混凝土加固震损混凝土短柱小偏心受压性能试验研究

通过5个高延性混凝土(HDC)加固震损混凝土短柱偏心受压性能试验,研究了HDC对加固震损混凝土短柱的偏压承载能力和变形能力的影响程度.试验结果表明,采用HDC加固震损偏心混凝土短柱,可有效改善小偏心受压构件的脆性破坏,且受压承载能力有明显提高,峰值荷载提高了49％～63％,与峰值荷载对应地位移增大了34％～39％,极限...     

Variations of the specific barrier model—part II: effect of isochron distributions

The specific barrier model (SBM) is a particular case of a composite earthquake source model where the seismic moment is distributed in a deterministic manner on a rectangular fault plane on the basis of moment and area constraints. It is assumed that the fault surface is composed of an aggregate of subevents of equal diameter, the ‘barrier interval’. Furthermore, the subevents are assumed to rupture randomly and statistically independent of one another as the rupture front sweeps the fault plane. In the formulation of the far-field source spectrum of the SBM the ‘arrival time’ of the seismic radiation emitted by each subevent is specified via a probability density function (PDF). In the SBM the subevents are assumed to be of equal sizes (an assumption relaxed in a companion paper, referred to as Part I) and the PDF of ‘arrival times’ is assumed to be uniform. In this study we investigate the effects of different PDFs of ‘arrival times’ on the far-field source spectrum of the SBM. Different PDFs of ‘arrival times’ affect the source spectra primarily at the intermediate frequency range (between the first and second corner frequencies). Such effects become more pronounced as the earthquake magnitude increases. The far-field spectrum of seismic energy observed/recorded at a site depends on the location of the site relative to the causative fault plane, the location of rupture initiation (hypocenter) and the onset times of the rupturing subevents. All the above factors are effectively taken into account by the ‘isochrons’, which vary with source-site geometry. We investigate the selection of the appropriate PDF of seismic energy arrival times at a given site by computing isochrons for a grid of stations surrounding the earthquake fault, represented by the SBM. We show that only for stations located in a direction normal to the fault plane is the assumption of uniform PDF of ‘arrival times’ valid. At other sites non-uniform PDFs of ‘arrival times’ are observed. We identify and categorize the prevalent types of PDFs by directivity (forward vs. backward vs. neutral) and source-site distance (near-fault vs. far-field), show examples in which we group the stations accordingly. We investigate the effects of the different PDF-groups on the SBM source spectrum. Selection of the appropriate PDF for a given source-site configuration when simulating strong ground motions using the SBM in the context of the stochastic method is expected to yield more self-consistent, and physically realistic simulations.     

Background water temperatures and power station discharges

An analylical treatment of the background or far-field temperature distribution associated with the cooling water discharge from a direct-cooling coastal power station is presented. Factors considered in the formation of this temperature field include residual tidal currents, horizontal mixing, the cooling water flow rate, separation of the outlet and intake and heat transfer across the water surface.A criterion is derived which specifies conditions under which the circulation of water between the outlet and the intake is expected to have a significant influence on background temperatures. As an illustration, the analysis suggests that under conditions typical of the U.K. coast in the southern North Sea this recirculation, while affecting the operation of the power station, has little effect on the far-field temperature for plant of less than 3–5 GW electrical capacity.At many coastal locations there will be a mean, or residual tidal current running parallel to the shore. The effect of this is to limit the off-shore extent of the temperature field while transporting the heat a considerable distance along the coast. These factors are quantified and it is demonstrated that the ‘area’ of the far-field is very sensitive to the threshold temperature which is taken to define its boundary.The results obtained with this model are greatly influenced by the values adopted for residual currents and mixing. The paper therefore stresses the need for reliable data, obtained from site surveys, on which the parameters must be based.     

基于二次耦合势的广域电磁法有限体积三维正演计算

与可控源音频大地电磁（CSAMT）相比,广域电磁法通过采用全区视电阻率定义,突破了卡尼亚视电阻率所需的远区条件限制,极大拓展了可控源电磁观测区域和探测深度.考虑到电偶源激发场的三维特征以及地下复杂三维结构,为提高广域电磁数据解释精度,本文实现了基于二次耦合势的广域电磁法三维正演计算.该算法利用Helmholtz定理将麦克斯韦方程转化为库伦规范下的磁矢势和电标势耦合方程,有效改善了离散所得大型线性方程组的谱性质,并通过强加散度条件来消除电场伪解的影响.此外,采用散射场方法,其中一次场使用准解析法求解,二次场使用有限体积法求解,克服了局部激发场源奇异性问题.通过与一维层状模型下电偶源产生的电磁场准解析解对比,验证了本文算法的正确性.在此基础上,利用本文的正演算法对比分析了广域电磁法与CSAMT对典型三维目标体的探测能力,结果表明在相同的观测条件下,广域电磁法能够更准确地反映地下目标体信息,拥有更优的分辨能力.     

SIMULTANEOUS VIBROSEIS RECORDING1

An experiment was undertaken at BP's Fulbeck Geophysical test site to compare the viability of various simultaneous vibroseis recording techniques, which are often recommended as a means of improving data acquisition production rates for 3D seismic surveys. Of particular interest were: (a) the ability to separate the signals from each source during processing, (b) the generation and suppression of harmonics and (c) the effects of any source interaction. Two vibrators were deployed with a baseplate separation of 10 m, about a borehole containing a vertical array of geophones. Our analysis concentrated on the groundforce signals measured at each vibrator and the far-field signatures measured using a vertical geo-phone at a depth of 204 m. By comparing single vibrator records with similar but separated records from a simultaneous recording sequence, signal separability, harmonic suppression and vibrator interaction could be fully studied. Separated far-field signatures from simultaneous vibroseis methods using combinations of up and downsweeps exhibited unsuppressed harmonics and substantial energy from the undesired source which leaked through the correlation process. The ‘up/down’ method was capable of separating the signal from each source by only 12.7 dB, and is therefore unsuitable as a field technique. The variphase simultaneous vibroseis methods studied afforded some harmonic suppression and gave signal separations of about 30.0 dB. Use of variphase simultaneous vibroseis methods will compromise the quality of the data recorded, when compared with single-source acquisition methods. None of the simultaneous vibroseis methods tested provided adequate signal separation and, therefore, cannot be recommended as data acquisition techniques. The ‘alternate sweeping’ method coupled with multispread recording will give the desired improvement in data acquisition rates, while preserving the necessary quality of our seismic data.     

Seismic moment tensor representations and radiation patterns in unbounded media with elipsoidal cavities driven by low frequency pressure

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Bed load transport in braided gravel-bed stream models

Bed load transport rate was measured in ten self-formed small-scale gravel braided streams developed in a laboratory flume at several different values of steady discharge and flume gradient. The streams are approximate Froude models of typical prototype braided streams but of no particular river. Slight viscous effects may be present in the models because particle Reynolds numbers are close to 70. Total bed load discharge was measured every fifteen minutes throughout each 60 hour run. In addition, 80 channel cross-sections were measured in each run to establish the average channel geometry. Total bed load transport rate correlates well with total discharge and total stream power, although at a given stream power bed load discharge is greater when braiding is less intense and the width/depth ratio is lower. Analysis using unit stream power and cross-section average bed shear stress reveals that the laboratory data conform to existing empirical bed load transport relationships. However, comparison with field data from gravel-bed rivers shows discrepancies that may be due to differences in bed material size gradation and bed sediment structure. At constant discharge, wide fluctuations in bed load discharge occur with some regularity. Periods range from 2 to 10 hours in the models, which is equivalent to several tens of hours in a prototype. The presence of these long-period fluctuations compounds the problems of field measurement of bed load in braided streams.     

Simulating the strong ground motion of the 2022 MS6.8 Luding,Sichuan, China Earthquake

Stochastic finite-fault simulations are effective for simulating ground motions and are widely used in engineering to determine the impacts of ground motion and develop relevant predictive equations. In this study, the source, path, and site amplification coefficient of western Sichuan Province, China, and stochastic finite-fault simulations were used to simulate the acceleration time series, Fourier amplitude spectra, and 5% damped response spectra of 28 strong-motion stations with rupture dist...     

声波远探测中偏心声源的辐射以及接收波场研究

通过最速下降积分法获得了充液井孔中偏心点声源激发的井外波场的远场渐近解;利用互易性获得井外存在反射体时井内偏心接收的波场渐近解,渐近解结果与有限差分的结果吻合;分析了声源频率、偏心距离以及方位角对波场辐射与接收的影响.计算发现：声源频率是影响井外波场的主导因素,声源频率较低时,偏心点声源激发的远场波场与偏心距离无关,可以将偏心点声源视为中心声源;声源频率较高时,偏心点声源激发的远场波场与中心声源之间存在不可忽略的差异,且频率越高、偏心距离越大,差异越大.计算还发现：采用偏心声源与偏心接收时,辐射波场与接收波场的幅度都具有方位角依赖性.最后我们给出利用反射波幅度变化来消除反射体方位角180°不确定性的算例.     

From noise correlation to resonant ultrasound spectroscopy in rock acoustics

This article introduces an alternative experimental procedure for measuring the elastic properties of a solid material at laboratory scale, using both the principles of passive seismic interferometry and resonance ultrasound spectroscopy. We generate noise into the studied sample with a pneumatic air blow gun, and we cross‐correlate the signals recorded with two passive piezoelectric sensors put in soft contact with the sample surface. Resonance phenomena are induced in the sample, but in contrast with conventional resonance ultrasound spectroscopy experiments, we have no control over the injected frequencies that are sent all together within the noise spectrum. The spectrum of the correlogram is a good approximation of the resonance spectrum of the vibrating sample and can be inverted in terms of the elastic moduli of the constituent material of the sample. The experimental procedure is validated on samples made of standard materials (here, aluminium and Plexiglas) by consistently comparing the inverted elastic velocities with the velocities independently measured with the conventional technique of ultrasonic pulse transmission. Moreover, we got similar positive results on dry rock samples, such as Vilhonneur limestone. These encouraging preliminary results open up promising prospects for monitoring fluid substitution in rock samples using the technique described in this paper.     

约束高强度Q460钢柱抗火性能分析

为了研究高强度约束钢柱在火灾下的反应,根据高强度结构钢Q460在高温下的力学性能参数,建立了约束高强度钢柱受火分析模型,得到了高强度约束钢柱在火灾下的轴向位移、跨中挠度、最大应力以及临界温度。采用有限元分析对理论结果进行了验证,两者吻合很好。利用验证过的该文计算方法计算了2种荷栽比、长细比和约束刚度比条件下的高强钢柱的抗火性能;采用CECS200：2006的力学性能参数计算了约束普通钢柱的抗火性能。通过对高强钢和普通钢的抗火性能分析发现,轴向约束明显降低钢柱的临界温度,长细比、荷载比越大,临界温度越低;高强钢的抗火性能要优于普通钢。     

用多种数据构建2008年汶川特大地震同震位移场

本文主要以GPS、精密水准观测和卫星SAR遥感图像分析2008年汶川特大地震同震位移特征.GPS数据包括:(1)四川盆地和川西高原地区各类国家等级GPS网点复测;(2)沿破裂带国家天文大地网GPS复测.前者推算的同震位移测定精度优于2 cm,后者6~8 cm.SAR遥感资料包括:(1)ALOS 卫星升轨相位干涉图像,精度优于8 cm;(2)ALOS和ENVISAT卫星影像合成的三维位移图,精度优于0.5 m.同震位移场显示,断层下盘(四川盆地)变形总体呈扇形集中指向震中,断层上盘(龙门山)变形总体上呈逆时针旋转态势,最大的实测水平位移5.5 m.汶川、理县、茂县等地测站位移指向破裂带方向,而平武、青川等地测站逐渐转变为平行,乃至远离破裂带方向,与汶川地震逆冲兼走滑的破裂特征一致.断层上盘大幅隆升,下盘靠近断层的区域以下沉为主,远场表现为幅度很小的隆升,垂直升降区域间,有一条与龙泉山断裂带平行的升降过渡带,调节龙泉断层的应力状态.用实测变形场检验多个地震波破裂模型表明,近场(距离断层50 km) 模型形变准确度可达40~50 cm, 远场精度优于5 cm.     

Multiridge Euler deconvolution

Potential field interpretation can be carried out using multiscale methods. This class of methods analyses a multiscale data set, which is built by upward continuation of the original data to a number of altitudes conveniently chosen. Euler deconvolution can be cast into this multiscale environment by analysing data along ridges of potential fields, e.g., at those points along lines across scales where the field or its horizontal or vertical derivative respectively is zero. Previous work has shown that Euler equations are notably simplified along any of these ridges. Since a given anomaly may generate one or more ridges we describe in this paper how Euler deconvolution may be used to jointly invert data along all of them, so performing a multiridge Euler deconvolution. The method enjoys the stable and high‐resolution properties of multiscale methods, due to the composite upward continuation/vertical differentiation filter used. Such a physically‐based field transformation can have a positive effect on reducing both high‐wavenumber noise and interference or regional field effects. Multiridge Euler deconvolution can also be applied to the modulus of an analytic signal, gravity/magnetic gradient tensor components or Hilbert transform components. The advantages of using multiridge Euler deconvolution compared to single ridge Euler deconvolution include improved solution clustering, increased number of solutions, improvement of accuracy of the results obtainable from some types of ridges and greater ease in the selection of ridges to invert. The multiscale approach is particularly well suited to deal with non‐ideal sources. In these cases, our strategy is to find the optimal combination of upward continuation altitude range and data differentiation order, such that the field could be sensed as approximately homogeneous and then characterized by a structural index close to an integer value. This allows us to estimate depths related to the top or the centre of the structure.     

Centrifugal modelling of dynamic soil-structure interaction

This paper presents a centrifuge model that is capable of realistically representing soil-structure systems subjected to earthquake-like excitation. The model is validated by performing (i) free field soil tests, (ii) dynamic soil-structure interaction tests and (iii) a numerical analysis of the experimental results. The free field experiments show that the simulated earthquake, which is generated by the hammer-exciter plate method, is similar in amplitude and frequency content to a real earthquake. The experiments also demonstrate that a confined soil sample can satisfactorily model a horizontal soil stratum of infinite lateral extent when the containment walls are lined with an absorptive material to attenuate wave reflections that would otherwise occur. Measurements of the acceleration at different locations on the free soil surface indicate that the surface motion is fairly uniform over a relatively large area. This is further confirmed by a comparison made between the measured free and scattered field motions for a surface foundation. Next, a series of soil-structure interaction tests are performed which examine the dependence of radiation damping on the natural frequencies of the structure relative to the fundamental frequency of the soil stratum. The experimental results are shown to be consistent with established theories. Finally, the experimental results are used to compute the stiffness and damping parameters of a two degree of freedom numerical model of the soil-structure system. The experimental parameters are shown to be in good agreement with calssical text book formulae. This study demonstrates that the centrifuge model consistently behaves as expected for simple, but realistic, dynamic soil and soil-structure systems, and can, therefore, be used with confidence to examine more complicated systems that are not yet fully understood.     

Influencing factors of seismic signals generated by un-tuned large volume airgun array in a land reservoir

Un-tuned large volume airgun array in a water reservoir is recently proposed as a new way to generate seismic waves on land. It can be used to explore the earth velocity structure and its temporal variations as well. However, the characteristics of seismic signals (especially far-field signals) from an airgun array in a reservoir and its affecting factors (firing pressure, airgun towing depth, water level of the reservoir, etc.) has not been adequately studied. We analyzed the seismic data collected from field experiments at Binchuan Transmitting Seismic Station in 2011 and 2013 and found that (1) The similarity of seismic signals decrease with distance, which is most likely induced by the decay of signal amplitude and signal to noise ratio (SNR); (2) The amplitudes of far-field airgun signals are almost linearly proportional to the firing pressure; (3) The towing depth of airgun has less effects on the far-field signals; (4) The amplitudes of far-field airgun signals are proportional to the water level of the reservoir.