TIME-DISTANCE HELIOSEISMOLOGY WITH THE MDI INSTRUMENT: INITIAL RESULTS

In time-distance helioseismology, the travel time of acoustic waves is measured between various points on the solar surface. To some approximation, the waves can be considered to follow ray paths that depend only on a mean solar model, with the curvature of the ray paths being caused by the increasing sound speed with depth below the surface. The travel time is affected by various inhomogeneities along the ray path, including flows, temperature inhomogeneities, and magnetic fields. By measuring a large number of times between different locations and using an inversion method, it is possible to construct 3-dimensional maps of the subsurface inhomogeneities. The SOI/MDI experiment on SOHO has several unique capabilities for time-distance helioseismology. The great stability of the images observed without benefit of an intervening atmosphere is quite striking. It has made it possible for us to detect the travel time for separations of points as small as 2.4 Mm in the high-resolution mode of MDI (0.6 arc sec pixel^-1). This has enabled the detection of the supergranulation flow. Coupled with the inversion technique, we can now study the 3-dimensional evolution of the flows near the solar surface.     

用斯托克斯轮廓推导太阳矢量磁场和热力学参量的三维结构

一种根据斯托克斯轮廓分析推导太阳矢量磁场和热力学参量的空间三维结构的新方法在本文中提出．在不考虑散射和原子偏振的假设下，该方法由三个具有不同功能的操作分别作用于太阳大气中一层或二层斯托克斯轮廓组成．这三个操作构成一个运行单元．将此单元运用到从表面到光球底层所划分的大气层格点，然后对扫描区所有的点应用同样的程序便可获得太阳上观察区的矢量磁场和热力学参量的空间三维结构．文中给出了相应的流程图和三个操作的详细描述，并用简化了的程序对理论轮廓进行了拟合．结果表明此方法能较满意地导出矢量磁场尤其是磁场强度的三维空间结构，而热力学参量结构的推导还需进一步改进．     

CCD-DRIFT SCAN MEASUREMENTS OF THE SOLAR DIAMETER: METHOD AND FIRST RESULTS

A new method of measuring the solar diameter, combining the advantages of both photoelectric and visual drift-timing techniques, has been put into operation at Observatorio del Teide/Tenerife: a CCD camera is placed in the focus of the Gregory–Coudé Telescope, and a number of two-dimensional pictures are quickly read out during the passage of each of the two opposite limbs of the Sun across the CCD. Accurate time marks are stored in each frame, and image motion due to the Earth's atmosphere is compensated by fitting the limb positions in each series of frames with respect to time and by reducing them to a common reference position. The first results are described and compared with those of visual measurements.     

地球自转长期变化的最新结果

地球自转长期变化的研究依赖于古代天象记录.近年来这方面研究取得明显进展.本文着重介绍作者由中国古代公元十世纪以前732个月掩犯记录得到的最新结果,并与其他结果进行了对比和综合分析,中国月掩犯记录填补了公元三至八世纪的资料缺环,并证实了公元五世纪前后地球自转非潮项的明显变化.     

FIRST RESULTS FROM VIRGO,THE EXPERIMENT FOR HELIOSEISMOLOGY AND SOLAR IRRADIANCE MONITORING ON SOHO

First results from the VIRGO experiment (Variability of solar IRradiance and Gravity Oscillations) on the ESA/NASA Mission SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) are reported. The observations started mid-January 1996 for the radiometers and sunphotometers and near the end of March for the luminosity oscillation imager. The performance of all the instruments is very good, and the time series of the first 4–6 months are evaluated in terms of solar irradiance variability, solar background noise characteristics and p-mode oscillations. The solar irradiance is modulated by the passage of active regions across the disk, but not all of the modulation is straightforwardly explained in terms of sunspot flux blocking and facular enhancement. Helioseismic inversions of the observed p-mode frequencies are more-or-less in agreement with the latest standard solar models. The comparison of VIRGO results with earlier ones shows evidence that magnetic activity plays a significant role in the dynamics of the oscillations beyond its modulation of the resonant frequencies. Moreover, by comparing the amplitudes of different components ofp -mode multiplets, each of which are influenced differently by spatial inhomogeneity, we have found that activity enhances excitation.     

1991年日全食近红外光谱观测结果

介绍１９９１年７月１１日墨西哥日全食的近红外光谱（１０７１２－１０９７２）观测资料和分析结果．从无缝谱得出的极边缘光球连续谱表面亮度曲线上发现在日面边缘之内２１０ｋｍ处有一强度凹陷,由该曲线拐点定出色球底的温度为４４２５±２６°Ｋ．无缝闪光谱资料显示Ｈｅｌ１０８３０线在边缘外１２００ｋｍ附近发射达极大,其下降段的对数梯度β为０．６３３×１０－８ｃｍ－１,与可见区Ｈｅｌ线相近．此外,东边大日珥的资料显示该日珥的强度很弱,仅为普通日珥强度的２％—５％,具有很大的湍流速度（约３０ｋｍ／ｓｅｃ）和视向蓝移运动（２１０±１５ｋｍ／ｓｅｃ）．由于Ｐγ在光谱上没有显示,所以认为其激发程度很高．该资料中未找到非日珥性质的色球发射     

ON THE ORGANIZATION OF FINE STRUCTURE OF THE SOLAR PHOTOSPHERE

High-quality stratospheric photographs in the continuum were used to investigate spatial scales of the solar granulation field. Two-dimensional intensity power spectra are shown to contain most frequently the modes corresponding to the sizes of granules, protogranules, mesogranules, and supergranules. The place of these four, the most steady formations of the quiet Sun in the global structure of the solar photosphere, is discussed as well as their interconnection and their relation to weak and strong magnetic fields. The protogranulation scale is argued to play an important role in organization of the fine structure of the photosphere and magnetic fields in the quiet and active regions of the Sun.     

八世纪前中国纪时日食观测和地球转速变化

本文对中国正史记载的八世纪前的３４次纪时日食观测作了分析，指出其中两次日食记载有重复，另一次纪日不确。对３２次日食观测记录的１４个食分和４５个见食时刻作了考查，其中除一次食甚时刻误差较大（约１＾ｈ）外，余皆准确可靠。本文据此对地球自转速率的长期变化趋势作了探讨。     

关于确认太阳射电精细结构的几个问题

本文主要讨论了太阳射电快速观测记录中可能存在的几种非太阳因素，分析或定量估计了它们的影响，这些因素主要来自天线跟踪效应、接收机增益起伏效应以及地球大气吸收、折射等，估计、分析这些效应对确认太阳射电爆发中的精细结构现象是有益的。     

RELEVANCE OF CME TO THE STRUCTURE OF LARGE-SCALE SOLAR MAGNETIC FIELDS

The relevance of the occurrence rate and location of CME events to two main systems (giant and supergiant) of the large-scale solar magnetic field structure has been investigated. The clustering of CME events and solar flares toward the neutral line of the global field system (neutral line of the source surface field) corroborates the finding by Hundhausen that CME locations track the heliomagnetic equator. A good correlation has been revealed between the CME occurrence rate and variations of the index of the effective solar multipole, that characterizes the typical scale of the global solar magnetic field. The CME rate exhibits sharp jumps/decreases when the index of the effective solar multipole passes through n=4. The observations of X-ray 'blow-out' effects have been analyzed as probable manifestations of CMEs on the disk and have been compared with the large-scale magnetic field structure. As shown by the analysis, the X-ray arcades straddle the neutral line and occur, or at least tend to occur, where the neutral line exhibits a sharp bend. A conclusion is made that CME events are caused by interaction of two large-scale field systems, one of them (the global field system) determining the location of CMEs and another (the system of closed magnetic fields) their occurrence rate.     

A STORABE PROCESS OF THE MAGNETIC ENERGY RESULTS FROM THE UNSTEADY PLASMA FLOW FIELD IN THE DISTURBANCE REGIONS OF COMETARY TAIL AND ATMOSPHERE

In this paper we discuss coupling processes between a magnetic field and an unsteady plasma motion, and analyze the features of energy storage and conversions in the cometary disturbance regions.     

日食射电观测和资料预处理

本文介绍了日食射电观测及其资料预处理的基本方法。其中包括日食观测点的选址、观测前的准备、日食观测和食后资料的预处理等。通过资料预处理 ,可得到归一化天线温度和斜率食变曲线 ,为研究日面亮度温度分布和射电源参数等基本物理量提供基本数据和资料     

太阳耀斑与黑子群面积的关系

本文对２２周峰年（１９８９．１－１９９０．１２）太阳黑子群,在每天不同面积内有≥１级太阳耀斑的产生率及有≥１级太阳耀斑的黑子活动区的占有率进行了统计分析,结果显示它们之间有一定关系,并且黑子群面积愈大耀斑的产生率和黑子活动区的占有率就愈高。     

THE ATMOSPHERES OF SATURN AND TITAN IN THE NEAR-INFRARED: FIRST RESULTS OF CASSINI/VIMS

The wide spectral coverage and extensive spatial, temporal, and phase-angle mapping capabilities of the Visual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) onboard the Cassini-Huygens Orbiter are producing fundamental new insights into the nature of the atmospheres of Saturn and Titan. For both bodies, VIMS maps over time and solar phase angles provide information for a multitude of atmospheric constituents and aerosol layers, providing new insights into atmospheric structure and dynamical and chemical processes. For Saturn, salient early results include evidence for phosphine depletion in relatively dark and less cloudy belts at temperate and mid-latitudes compared to the relatively bright and cloudier Equatorial Region, consistent with traditional theories of belts being regions of relative downwelling. Additional Saturn results include (1) the mapping of enhanced trace gas absorptions at the south pole, and (2) the first high phase-angle, high-spatial-resolution imagery of CH₄ fluorescence. An additional fundamental new result is the first nighttime near-infrared mapping of Saturn, clearly showing discrete meteorological features relatively deep in the atmosphere beneath the planet’s sunlit haze and cloud layers, thus revealing a new dynamical regime at depth where vertical dynamics is relatively more important than zonal dynamics in determining cloud morphology. Zonal wind measurements at deeper levels than previously available are achieved by tracking these features over multiple days, thereby providing measurements of zonal wind shears within Saturn’s troposphere when compared to cloudtop movements measured in reflected sunlight. For Titan, initial results include (1) the first detection and mapping of thermal emission spectra of CO, CO₂, and CH₃D on Titan’s nightside limb, (2) the mapping of CH₄ fluorescence over the dayside bright limb, extending to ∼ ∼750 km altitude, (3) wind measurements of ∼ ∼0.5 ms⁻¹, favoring prograde, from the movement of a persistent (multiple months) south polar cloud near 88° S latitude, and (4) the imaging of two transient mid-southern-latitude cloud features.     

地球自转和潮汐参数对地幔滞弹性的约束

利用最新的潮汐和地球自转变化在Ｍ２、Ｍｆ、Ｍｍ、Ｃｈａｎｄｌｅｒ摆动和１８．６年频率上的实测值与两种滞弹模型预测的理论值的比较,分析地幔滞弹性在不同频率上的响应,空间测地结果被用来约束理论和滞弹模型,结果表明,Ｚｓｃｈａｕ的理论模型可以解释从地震频对１８．６年频率的滞弹勒夫数的预测振幅。本文还依据滞弹模型和Ｔｏｐｅｘ／Ｐｏｓｅｉｄｏｎ卫星测高资料确定的海潮模型,给出顺及地幔滞弹性和非平衡海潮效应的     

晚期恒星坍缩时磁轴的变化规律

本文导出了磁偏轴椭球在坍缩时磁轴的变化公式。计算结果表明,磁轴和自转轴重合的情况在坍缩时是不稳定的,稍有偏离,磁轴与自转轴间的夹角就要增大。这有助于说明脉冲星磁轴与自转轴偏离的原因以及通常在研究中假定两者相互垂直的合理性。     

23周太阳活动的现状和展望

本文给出了太阳２３ 周开始时间的确定、从开始到现在近两年间太阳活动的状况以及２３周上升期间的一些特点。分析表明,１９９６ 年１０ 月是２３ 周的第一个月,它的月平滑值是８ ．８ ;２３ 周的太阳活动虽然可能是高活动周,例如,国际推荐值为２０００ 年３ 月的１６０ ,但它可能不会超过前两周。根据上升期太阳活动的一些特征,还给出了在２３ 周峰年联测和空间灾害性扰动事件预报和预报方法研究中应注意的几个问题     

太阳大气中双拱结构的平衡与非平衡

导出了非线性静磁平衡方程的一个幂级数形式的相似解,和使这一级数收敛的解的参数范围。阐明了在此范围内的一组参数对应于一个平衡位形和在这个范围之外的一组参数不对应于一个平衡位形(非平衡)。并绘出了一个非线性的平衡位形。 结果可用于解释:多带耀斑的产生、双拱磁结构和拉长的复杂黑子群上空的磁场结构。     

厄尔尼诺与太阳活动的50d振荡

本文分析研究了１９８１—１９９４年太阳辐射流量（２８００ＭＨｚ）、太阳黑子相对数、大气角动量和地球自转日长变化序列的５０ｄ振荡．振荡周期的变化范围从４０ｄ至６０ｄ，它们的变化规律极其相似。１９８１年－１９９４年期间发生的３次厄尔尼诺均出现在太阳活动的５０ｄ振荡周期的谷值时期．这说明太阳活动的５０ｄ振荡可能是引起厄尔尼诺事件的一种原因．