中国30°纬圈大地震带可能的天文学成因

对 30°纬圈附近中国的 8级大震活动带的成因提出了天文学解释。认为此处一些 8级大地震的发生可能与月下点最北位置的垂直引潮力效应有关。并提出 ,如果西藏南部及其附近地区存在孕育着的大地震 ,则将在2 0 0 5～ 2 0 0 7年具有被月球引潮力触发的有利条件。     

日、月对孕震区的水平引潮力与震源机制的关系

根据计算日、月对孕震区水平引潮力方位角的表达式及美国哈佛大学提供的全球 Mw≥7.0的矩张量地震目录 ,选取了 1 980年 1月至 1 999年 1 2月全球发生的 (Mw≥ 7.0 ) 2 4 2次地震。利用地震目录中提供的地震矩张量参数 ,计算了每次地震发震应力场 P轴、T轴的方位角。同时计算了每次地震时日、月对震中区水平引潮力的方位角。将此方位角与 P轴、T轴以及二组断层面的走向进行对比分析。结果表明 ,日、月对震中区的水平引潮力方向与 P轴、T轴的方位角及二组断层面的走向互相平行或互相垂直 ,其平行或垂直的一致性非常好。平行或垂直相差在1 0°、2 0°、30°之内的发震概率分别达到了 0 .41 4、0 .736、0 .945。这个结果表明 ,日、月对孕震区的水平引潮力与大地震的发生密切相关。并进一步讨论了日、月对孕震区的水平引潮力对大地震发生的调制作用     

2002年7月11日台湾5.9级地震震源参数

据中国地震局地震台网测定 ,2 0 0 2年 7月1 1日 0 7时 3 6分 ( UTC)在我国台湾地区( 2 3 .7°N,1 2 2 .2°E)发生了 MS5.9地震。我们利用 CDSN的 6个台站的数字波形资料初步反演了该地震的震源参数 ,结果如下 :最佳双力偶解节面 :走向 1 0 4°,倾角 79°,滑动角 1 78°;节面 :走向 1 94°,倾角 88°,滑动角 1 1°。应力轴T轴 :本征值 1 .9,方位 59°,仰角 9°;N轴 :本征值 0 .4,方位 2 0 2°,仰角 79°;P轴 :本征值 -1 .7,方位 3 2 8°,仰角 7°;标量地震矩 :M0 =1 .0× 1 0 18N· m。矩震级 :MW=5.9。图 1　震源机制的几何表示2…     

2002年5月15日台湾6.5级地震震源参数

据中国地震台网测定 ,2 0 0 2年 5月 1 5日北京时间 1 1时 46分在台湾苏澳以东海域( 2 4.5°N,1 2 2 .1°E)发生 MS6.5地震。震中距苏澳约 2 5km,距台北约 80 km。据报道 ,福建、浙江部分沿海地区有震感。我们利用 CDSN的 6个台站的数字波形资料初步反演了该震的震源参数 ,结果如下 :最佳双力偶解节面 :走向 1 0 9°,倾角 84°,滑动角 3°;节面 :走向 1 9°,倾角 87°,滑动角 1 74°。应力轴T轴 :本征值 4.8,方位 3 3 4°;仰角 7°;N轴 :本征值 -0 .4,方位 1 68°;仰角 83°;P轴 :本征值 -2 .9,方位 64°;仰角 2°。标准地震矩 :M0 =…     

2002年3月31日台湾7.5级地震震源参数

据中国地震台网测定 ,2 0 0 2年北京时间 3月 3 1日 1 4时 52分在我国台湾地区 ( 2 4.4°N,1 2 2 .1°E)发生 MS7.5地震。我们利用 CDSN的7个台站的数字波形资料初步反演了该地震的震源参数 ,结果如下 :最佳双力偶解节面 :走向 2 3 9°,倾角 49°,滑动角 91°;节面 :走向 58°,倾角 41°,滑动角 89°。应力轴T轴 :本征值 0 .92 ,方位 1 62°,仰角 86°;N轴 :本征值 -1 .1 1 ,方位 59°,仰角 1°;P轴 :本征值 -5.3 1 ,方位 3 2 9°,仰角 4°。标量地震矩 :M0 =2 .8× 1 0 2 0 N· m。矩震级 :MW=7.5图 1　震源机制的几何表示2002年3…     

2005年11月26日九江—瑞昌Ms5.7、Ms4.8地震的震源机制解与发震构造研究

利用来源于江西区域台网和中国地震台网共6个台的宽频带数字地震记录,采用CAP方法反演了2005年11月26日九江—瑞昌5.7级地震和4.8级强余震的震源机制解,并结合地震序列的精确定位结果和区域地质背景讨论了发震构造.结果显示,5.7级主震的最佳双力偶解为节面Ⅰ走向223°,倾角75°,滑动角144°;节面Ⅱ走向324°,倾角55°,滑动角18°.4.8级强余震的最佳双力偶解为节面Ⅰ走向54°,倾角71°,滑动角-160°;节面Ⅱ走向317°,倾角71°,滑动角-20°,这两次地震的震源机制解不完全一致.地震序列在震中空间分布和震源深度分布上也具有复杂性.5.7级主震发生后,余震活动从SE向NW、从浅部往深部发展,在破裂过程中可能遇到障碍体,触发了4.8级强余震.5.7级主震的发震构造可能为隐伏在瑞昌盆地内的洋鸡山—武山—通江岭NW向断裂,4.8级强余震的发震构造可能为瑞昌盆地西北缘的丁家山—桂林桥—武宁NE向断裂北段.     

基于GRAIL重力数据的月球深部断裂识别和空间分布研究

月球深部断裂是研究月球早期应力场演化和动力机制的一类重要构造.本文基于GRAIL月球重力数据计算了全月布格重力梯度,在此基础上对月球深部断裂进行了全球绘制,共识别月球深部断裂226条.计算了断裂的长度和走向等基本参数,断裂总长度达到37137 km,平均长度为164 km.统计月球深部断裂在不同范围内的分布情况,发现多数断裂分布在月球的中低纬度地区,且北半球的断裂多于南半球.此外,大型月海集中区所在的纬向带断裂分布最多,断裂经向分布最多的区域为风暴洋的西侧.从全球尺度和不同经纬度带绘制断裂走向玫瑰花图,总体上月球全球尺度上的深部断裂表现出NE-SW和NW-SE的优势走向,不同经度带断裂的优势走向变化不明显,但在纬度带上有显著的变化.南北半球的中纬度带和高纬度带具有相同的优势走向,分别为NE-SW和NW-SE、E-W,在低纬度带的优势走向有所差异,分别是南半球的NE-SW和NW-SE以及北半球的N-S.     

27.3及13.6 d周期的大气潮

对比分析了25 a (1973~1998年)的日长(Length of day, 以下简称LOD)、大气环流及月球相位随时间的变化. 发现伴随着月球相位的交替变化, 地球大气的纬向风速场、地球位势高度场及LOD作27.3及13.6 d的周期振荡. 每5~9 d (平均6.8 d), 随着月球视赤纬角从0°变为最大值(绝对值)或从最大值变为0°, 全球纬向风速场、地球位势高度场及LOD经历一次突然变化. 这种周期性的大气振荡, 被视为一种大气潮. 对比月球视赤纬角变化及与其对应的LOD、大气纬向风速场及地球位势高度场变化, 分析了10个大气潮个例. 月球对地球大气引潮力作用的周期变化, 是引发27.3及13.6 d周期大气潮的主要原因. 月球对地球大气的作用是巨大的, 它引起大气纬向风速场及地球位势高度场的变化. 当月球围绕地球运转至天赤道上空时, 月球视赤纬角等于0°, 这时月球对大气的引潮力最大, 大气的纬向风速增加, 地球的自转角速度减小, 日长(LOD)增加. 反之, 当月球视赤纬角最大(绝对值), 月球对大气的引潮力减小, 大气纬向风速减小, 地球的自转角速度增加, LOD减小. 27.3及13.6 d周期的大气潮值得更深入地研究. 月球对地球大气的引潮力作用, 应该在大气环流及中短期天气预报模式中予以考虑.     

基于CAP方法的2013湖北巴东5.1级地震震源机制与发震构造研究

利用湖北与重庆区域台网共9个台的宽频带数字地震记录,采用CAP法(Cut and Paste Method)反演了湖北巴东2013年12月16日MS5.1地震震源机制解,其最佳双力偶解为节面I：走向166°,倾角82°,滑动角41 °;节面Ⅱ：走向69°,倾角49°,滑动角169°;最佳震源深度主要集中分布在5.5 km附近。分析认为此次地震的发震断层为带有逆冲成分的走滑性质断层,主压应力P轴近EW向,主张应力轴近NS向。余震序列主要呈EW分布,少部分呈NS方向分布,较大余震的发震破裂滑动类型以正走滑型的居多,其次为逆倾滑型及逆走滑型。结合7次较大余震的机制解判断,近EW向节面为发震断层。     

沈阳及其附近地区小震复合震源机制解

在收集了沈阳及其附近地区 (12 1°30′～ 12 4°30′E ,4 1°～ 4 3°N)已有地震震源机制解成果的基础上 ,利用MAPSIS系统提供的P波初动求解方法 ,求解了 1974年 12月～ 2 0 0 1年 12月期间 ,该区域小震复合震源机制解 (平均解 )。结果表明 ,研究区主压应力轴P轴集中分布在NEE SWW方向 ,主张应力轴T轴集中分布在NNW SSE方向 ,这与本地区区域应力场的方向一致。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.