四川康定地热田地下热水成因研究

康定地热田位于四川盆地西缘山地和青藏高原的过渡地带,属于高热流背景上的深循环高温地热系统。本文以康定地热田地下热水为研究对象,通过采集地热田内的主要两个热显示区(榆林河和雅拉河地区)的温泉和地热井的地下热水样,进行水化学和稳定同位素测试分析,研究其地下热水的补给来源和热储温度。雅拉河地下热水的水化学类型主要为HCO_3-Na型水,榆林河地下热水的水化学类型主要为HCO_3·Cl-Na型水,均显示了深部地下热水沿断裂上涌与浅部冷水混合的特点。根据地下热水同位素的结果分析计算,康定地热田地下热水的起源均来自大气降水,雅拉河地下热水的补给高程为5 600~5 900 m,榆林河地下热水的补给高程为5 300~6 300 m,来源于南部的贡嘎山的可能性较大。榆林河地下热水具有明显的氧-18漂移现象,其原因为较高的热储温度,二氧化硅温标和阳离子温标的结果证明了这个判断,雅拉河地下热水的热储温度为172~188℃,榆林河地下热水的热储温度为192~288℃。     

地热井井位确定研究——以豫煤二队院内地热井为例

通过对龙门地热田地质构造、地下水运动特点及规律的研究，提出了在地热田内寻找地下热水的富水靶区，并推算了其范围。又以地面调查、地面电法等手段进行了验证，确定了地下热水富水带的具体位置及地热井施工井位，一次成功地打中千米以下地热水的富水区，为地热田内寻找、开发地下热水总结了经验，丰富了深井及地热田找水的理论。     

运用H、O同位素资料分析地下热水的补给来源——以鲁西北阳谷-齐河凸起为例

通过对阳谷-齐河凸起地下热水的化学成分、同位素及其地热地质条件的分析,对这一地区的地下热水的补给来源进行了研究。本区地下热水的δD为-65‰～-80.67‰,δ18O为-9.2‰～-10.2‰,均分布在全球雨水线的附近,说明该区地下热水主要为大气降水成因。济南北地热田地下热水的补给高程为256m,此范围大致相当于济南南部山区及其以南的泰山北麓;聊城东地热田地下热水的补给高程为411m,此范围大致相当于泰山山脉及其周边的中山区。聊城东地热田地下热水的2H过量参数d明显低于济南北地热田,说明聊城东地热田地下热水的补给区比后者更远。     

西藏日喀则市查孜地热田水化学及同位素特征研究

查孜地热田位于青藏高原西南部。通过野外地质调查及地热钻孔揭露,发现该地热田具有较好的地热资源开发潜力。对该地热田地下热水的水文地球化学及同位素特征开展研究,发现地下热水为HCO₃-Na型; 热水与冷水的离子浓度存在差异,显示二者具有不同的物质来源,但又具有一定的水力联系。热水中的δD和δ¹⁸O同位素特征表明: 该地热田地下热水的主要补给来源为大气降水和冰雪融水,补给海拔为5 652 m以上; 大气降水和冰雪融水下渗并与沿断裂破碎带向上运移的地热流体混合后形成地下热水。断裂破碎带不仅是温泉的主要通道,也是地热流体的储集场所,地热田热水在地下运移滞留至少41 a。据SiO₂地热温标估算得出,该区地下热储温度为148.18 ~153.49 ℃,天然放热量为2 264.33×10¹² J/a。     

青海西宁城南新区杜家庄地热田地下水的地球化学特征

依据青海省西宁市城南新区杜家庄地热田DR2005地热井地下热水的水化学资料,采用兰格利厄—路德维金图解法、同位素水文学方法、地球化学温标法等,对杜家庄地热田地下热水的补给机制、地下热水年龄、地热资源潜力等关键问题进行分析。分析结果表明杜家庄地热田地下热水源于大气降水入渗补给,但仍有现代冷水补给,地热田下部还存在着远高于DR2005地热井开采段温度的热储。依据研究区地热地质条件具可比性的地热生产井水化学动态观测资料推断,随着DR2005地热井开采时间的延续,地下热水水质将向淡化的方向发展。研究结果为杜家庄地热田的开发利用提供水文地球化学依据。     

关于吉林市圣德泉地热资源的勘查研究

本文介绍了吉林圣德泉地热田(区)热储特征及其埋藏条件和地温场特征。热储层具多层结构,单层厚度大,构成沉积盆地型地热田。区内地温场温度较为稳定,属低温热水资源。地热流体单井产量较大,为较适宜至适宜开采区,水质为重碳酸钠型较低矿化的优质水源。地热田水量中等,可采取不定期轮换开采方法,热水温度43~62℃,属于低温地下热水。     

赤峰热水镇地热田地热流体流动模型

赤峰热水镇地热田内发育有南北向、北西—南东向、北东—南西向及东西向断裂构造,这些断裂大部分为张性断裂,并构成地热田热水上升的主要通道。热水的补给区在远离地热田的西部和北部山区,天水从此处渗透到地下深处,缓慢流动到地热田下部,被侵入的花岗岩和玄武岩所构成的热源以热传导方式加热,再沿断裂、裂隙上升,形成了地热田浅部热水储集层。本地热田热水属于天水起源的中、低温裂隙水。     

昆明地热田岩溶地下热水系统中溶质运移的模拟

通过对昆明地热田深层基岩地下热水系统的地质、水文地质条件和开采现状的分析,建立了考虑温压变化和越流条件的岩溶热储层中地下热水的水流和溶质(污染物)运移的准三维非稳定流数学模型。对开采条件下地热田Ⅱ 块段地下热水系统中水位及F- 、Cl- 、NH+4 、SO2-4 浓度的模拟结果表明,所建立的模型合理、可靠,具有较高的仿真性。模型可预测不同条件下地热田地下热水的流场和溶质浓度的动态变化趋势,为防治地下热水环境的进一步恶化提供参考。      

北京城区地下热水结垢趋势的判断和分析

结垢天地下热水供暖系统运行中普遍存在的现象,对地下热水的腐蚀结垢趋势的计算和判断对于整个工艺运行的稳定性至关重要。本文以北京城区地热田10个代表性地热井为例,采用指数(雷兹诺指数和拉申中指数)判断法以及WATCH程序对地下热水的结垢趋势进行计算和判定,结果表明,城区地热田的大部分地下热水有结垢的可能性,导致结垢的主要矿物是方解石和温石棉。     

西藏高温地热田地球化学特征及地热温标应用

研究区位于西藏自治区中部,属高温地热显示区。为了解区内地热田的热储基本特征,通过收集的12个主要地热田的23组地热及地表水样品分析可知,研究区水化学类型较复杂,地表出露温度较低的脱玛、玉寨、果组地热田以Na-HCO3型地热水为主,循环较快、可更新性较好,董翁、谷露、羊八井等地表出露温度较高的地热田以Na-Cl(Na-Cl·HCO3或Na-Cl·SO4)型地热水为主。地下热水中Cl与B、Li的正相关性,显示地热流体可能来源于深部岩浆;与Sr相关性较差,体现了地下热水中的盐分主要来源于深部热液而非水-岩相互作用;与SiO2、温度的正相关性更进一步印证了研究区地热为深部热源。经阳离子地温计与二氧化硅地温计估算各地热田深部热液与热水含水层混合温度为134~256℃。基于综合分析,推测研究区玉寨地热田较谷露地热田热水可更新性强,循环途径长或热源埋深较大,地热开发利用应综合考虑各自特点。     

A novel and generalized approach in the inversion of geoelectrical resistivity data using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)

The non-linear apparent resistivity problem in the subsurface study of the earth takes into account the model parameters in terms of resistivity and thickness of individual subsurface layers using the trained synthetic data by means of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Here we used a single layer feed-forward neural network with fast back propagation learning algorithm. So on proper training of back propagation networks it tends to give the resistivity and thickness of the subsurface layer model of the field resistivity data with reference to the synthetic data trained in the appropriate network. During training, the weights and biases of the network are iteratively adjusted to make network performance function level more efficient. On adequate training, errors are minimized and the best result is obtained using the artificial neural networks. The network is trained with more number of VES data and this trained network is demonstrated by the field data. The accuracy of inversion depends upon the number of data trained. In this novel and specially designed algorithm, the interpretation of the vertical electrical sounding has been done successfully with the more accurate layer model.     

The interference of a deep thermal system with a shallow aquifer: the case of Sodere and Gergedi thermal springs, Main Ethiopian Rift, Ethiopia

An integrated survey program involving geological, hydrogeological and geophysical techniques has been employed to characterize the aquifer geometry, recharge and circulation dynamics of thermal springs within a shallow aquifer system in Ethiopia. The selected springs for the case study are Sodere and Gergedi, which are situated within the tectonically active Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). Geologically, the studied springs are located on Plio-Quaternary volcanic rocks. The geophysical results indicate the presence of subsurface weak zones represented by extensional tectonics and weathering zones which are responsible for thermal water circulation and facilitate recharge from the adjacent surface-water bodies. The structures inferred by the resistivity survey, both sounding and electrical tomography, present contrasts in rock resistivity response. The anomalous zones in the magnetic data are in good agreement with the zones that are revealed by geological mapping and surface manifestation of the thermal water discharge zones. The shallow aquifer of the central MER is under the influence of thermal water, which increases the groundwater temperature and mineral content.     

Delineation of saltwater intrusion into the freshwater aquifer of Lekki Peninsula,Lagos, Nigeria

Recently, the deterioration of water quality in the coastal zones of Lekki Peninsula area of Lagos due to saltwater infiltration into the freshwater aquifer has become a major concern. With the aim of providing valuable information on the hydrogeologic system of the aquifers, the subsurface lithology and delineating the groundwater salinity, vertical electrical resistivity (VES) sounding survey was carried out utilizing surface Schlumberger electrode arrays, and electrode spacing varying between 1 and 150 m. The DC resistivity surveys revealed significant variations in subsurface resistivity. Also, the VES resistivity curves showed a dominant trend of decreasing resistivity with depth (thus increasing salinity). In general, the presence of four distinct resistivity zones were delineated viz.: the unconsolidated dry sand (A) having resistivity values ranging between 125 and 1,028 Ωm represent the first layer; the fresh water-saturated soil (zone B) having resistivity values which correspond to 32–256 Ωm is the second layer; the third layer (zone C) is interpreted as the mixing (transition) zone of fresh with brackish groundwater. The resistivity of this layer ranges from 4 to 32 Ωm; while layer four (zone D) is characterized with resistivities values generally below 4 Ωm reflecting an aquifer possibly containing brine. The rock matrix, salinity and water saturation are the major factors controlling the resistivity of the formation. Moreover, this investigation shows that saline water intrusion into the aquifers can be accurately mapped using surface DC resistivity method.     

Resistivity imaging survey to delineate subsurface seepage of hydrocarbon contaminated water at Karbala Governorate,Iraq

This research is an attempt to accomplish a 3-D resistivity imaging survey, which was carried out near a water well contaminated with hydrocarbon materials in Karbala governorate. Two-dimensional resistivity imaging measurements were collected along four parallel profiles, using a Wenner array with electrode spacing of 1 m. The RES3DINV program was used to invert the apparent resistivity data. The results displayed a resistivity distribution of the subsurface in a three-dimensional volume. Thus, both the horizontal and vertical extents of the contaminated zone were displayed. This technique revealed a low resistivity zone at depth ranges from 3 to 6 m in the investigation area, but the seepage starts at depth ranges between 2 and 3 m and continues down depth (may be to the groundwater level). This low resistivity zone is the most likely location for a subsurface seepage of contaminated water. It is clear that the sufficient measurement points along 2-D lines in a small area can increase the 3-D imaging resolution, and nearly real 3-D imaging can be achieved, when the size of subsurface anomaly compared with the electrode spacing (a) of the Wenner array is taken into consideration.     

Significance of Dar-Zarrouk parameters in the exploration of quality affected coastal aquifer systems

The interpreted Earth subsurface resistivity layer parameters of 55 vertical geoelectrical soundings are analyzed over a fan shaped area of 1,700 km² from Pipli-Astrang-Bhramgiri, Orissa, India. In this study, Dar-Zarrouk (D-Z) parameters, namely the longitudinal conductance (S), transverse resistance (T) and longitudinal resistivity (R _s ) are analyzed and we encountered the resistivity regime of the clay layers, saline and fresh water bearing formations. The significance of these parameters in establishing an easily decipherable vision about the occurrence and distribution of fresh and saline water aquifers, while dealing with complicated situations of intermixing of the resistivity ranges of saline and fresh water aquifers has been illustrated. The results show that the Dar-Zarrouk (D-Z) parameters provide a useful and confident solution in delineating the saline and fresh water aquifers. The behavior of the D-Z parameters S, T and R _s , and its patterns in space over large areas with respect to the occurrence of saline water and fresh water aquifer systems in the deltaic coastal aquifer system has been demonstrated.     

覆盖层影响下圆锥型瞬变电磁Occam约束反演

在地表浅层瞬变电磁勘探中,覆盖层是影响瞬变电磁探测效果的重要因素之一。为了进一步验证覆盖层影响下圆锥型场源装置的探测效果,在瞬变电磁全区视电阻率理论基础上,引入地层信息约束的Occam反演方法,研究了覆盖层不同参数影响下下伏地层的电磁响应特征。研究结果表明:目标层电磁响应强度与覆盖层和目标层电阻率比值有关;当覆盖层电阻率逐渐增大时,目标层反演电阻率与实际电阻率拟合度呈现先提升后降低的趋势,临界点出现在覆盖层与下伏高阻层电阻率相等时;当覆盖层厚度增大时,下伏地层的电磁响应相应减弱,异常区电磁响应峰值出现时间提前,反演后电阻率峰值深度加深。通过加入地层信息约束,下伏地层电阻率与实际电阻率拟合度及层界面分辨率均得到有效提升。研究成果为圆锥型场源野外数据处理与解释提供理论参考。      

Coastal-zone shallow-aquifer characterization study using geoelectrical and geochemical methods in Zirconium Complex,Atomic Energy,Pazhayakayal, Thoothukudi,India

Groundwater is a very important component of water resources in coastal aquifers in Thoothukudi. It has been established that the groundwaters in the coastal zone of the Zirconium Complex, Pazhayakayal, Thoothukudi district, Tamilnadu, India, are subjected to wave and tidal impact. The groundwater quality was studied by hydrogeological methods, 2D electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) techniques (six profiles), 11 Wenner vertical electrical sounding (VES), and well log analysis. Also, nine geochemical water samples were taken from the study area. The 2D ERI and VES surveys were carried out using WGMD-4 Ltd., Chennai, resistivity meter, multicore cable, and multielectrodes with Wenner array. The collected resistivity data were interpreted using the Res2DINV software. The research shows that the groundwaters are the result of the paleoriver flow along the Tamirabarani Channel in the western area and of the seawater intrusion in the eastern area. The fresh water is characterized by resistivity of about 10–100 Ohm?m in the study area. The resistivity of 10–50 Ohm?m indicates that the subsurface section is made up of sand, clay, and caliche. Resistivity values of more than 200 Ohm?m are specific to sand dunes. The very low resistivity (<5 Ohm?m) layer might be due to the seawater intrusion in the study area. Six water samples from the well drilled in the coastal area were analyzed, which made it possible to determine the concentrations of major and trace elements in the groundwaters. These data were used to establish the seawater intrusion and coastal environment characteristics in the study area.     

Correcting the distortion of apparent resistivity pseudosection produced by 3D effect of the embankment geometry

Two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography data acquired on the crest of the embankment are distorted by the 3D effect of the embankment geometry, reservoir water level and abutment. The distortion affects seriously the final solution of the 2D inverse problem. By comparing the apparent resistivity pseudosections from a 3D and 2D electrical resistivity model of the embankment, the distortion degrees of the apparent resistivity pseudosections along the axis on the crest were estimated for the cases of reservoir and which does not contain water. The obtained results indicate that the distortion degree acquired in the case of a reservoir that contains water was much less than that in the case of the reservoir that does not contain water. In the case of reservoir that contains water, the apparent resistivity pseudosections of the P–P and ED–ED arrays had the largest distortion degree and of D–D, W–S and P–D arrays had the smallest distortion degree. In the case of the reservoir that does not contain water, the apparent resistivity pseudosection of P–P array had the smallest distortion among all arrays. Through modeling investigation, a correction process to reduce the distortion of the apparent resistivity pseudosection was proposed. The correction process was tested in the embankment model, and two field works were carried out in the To Lich River in Hanoi and Khuan Cat embankment in Lang Son province, Vietnam. It is possible to bring the distortion of the apparent resistivity pseudosection down to 2.8–13.9%, depending on the type of electrode arrays and the type of reservoirs, containing or does not contain water. The distortion correction of the apparent resistivity pseudosection is strongly recommended before doing the 2D inverse interpretation.     

Application of electromagnetic techniques in survey of contaminated groundwater at an abandoned mine complex in southwestern Indiana,U.S.A.

In part of a large abandoned mining complex, electromagnetic geophysical surveys were used along with data derived from cores and monitoring wells to infer sources of contamination and subsurface hydrologic connections between acidic refuse deposits and adjacent undisturbed geologic materials.Electrical resistivity increases sharply along the boundary of an elevated deposit of pyritic coarse refuse, which is highly contaminated and electrically conductive, indicating poor subsurface hydrologic connections with surrounding deposits of fine refuse and undisturbed glacial material. Groundwater chemistry, as reflected in values of specific conductance, also differs markedly across the deposit's boundary, indicating that a widespread contaminant plume has not developed around the coarse refuse in more than 40 yr since the deposit was created. Most acidic drainage from the coarse refuse is by surface runoff and is concentrated around stream channels.Although most of the contaminated groundwater within the study area is concentrated within the surficial refuse deposits, transects of apparent resistivity and phase angle indicate the existence of an anomalous conductive layer at depth (>4 m) in thick alluvial sediments along the northern boundary of the mining complex. Based on knowledge of local geology, the anomaly is interpreted to represent a subsurface connection between the alluvium and a flooded abandoned underground mine.     

瞬变电磁法在准噶尔盆地南缘东部台28井区近地表调查中的应用

瞬变电磁法(TEM)是近年来国内外发展速度较快、应用效果较好的一种电磁方法,由于其施工便利、成本低廉、工作效率高、应用效果明显等优点,已广泛应用于金属、煤炭、地下水等矿藏勘查.该方法应用于地震勘探中的表层结构调查,虽不能直接得到近地表地质体岩性信息.但可通过连续观测获取不同岩性间电性差异信息,根据电性相对关系得到准确的近地表地质体形态和岩性分布规律,为地震资料后续处理提供可靠的静校正量.瞬变电磁法勘探深度由浅层5 m到中深层300 m左右.准噶尔盆地南缘东部台28井区勘探实例表明,通过电性分层、小折射和地震微测井成果资料综合解释,在表层结构建模和计算静校正量方面取得良好效果.