Integrated near surface geophysics across the active Mount Marzano Fault System (southern Italy): seismogenic hints

Here, we describe an original geophysical multi-method approach applied to the Mount Marzano Fault System. This is one of the most hazardous seismogenic faults of the Apennines (Irpinia, southern Italy), and it was responsible for the 1980, Mw 6.9, earthquake, along with many others before. We carried out electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements, and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) microtremor analysis along several common transects designed across the potential and/or certain fault traces. The data obtained from these non-invasive, inexpensive, expeditious methods mutually integrate with and complement each other, providing a valuable subsurface image of the near surface fault architecture. ERT depicts the general shallow image of the fault zone and of the fault-controlled sedimentary basin, with the depth of the buried bedrock cross-correlated through ambient-noise HVSR results. GPR delineates the very shallow geometry of the fault and of the associated deformation. Coupled with previous paleoseismological studies, these data allow the evaluation of some fault parameters and the precise locating of the fault trace, to aid future paleoseismological investigations aimed at seismic risk reduction programs.     

微动HVSR法在岩溶区探测地下河管道和溶洞的有效性研究

微动HVSR(Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio)法是一种简单有效的被动源地震勘探方法,当测点下方介质存在明显的速度变化时,HVSR曲线会呈现相应的异常形态。为探索该方法在岩溶区探测地下河管道和溶洞的有效性,选择桂林毛村地下河流域内的大岩前村作为研究区,并在此开展野外试验。研究区发育有一条地下河管道,通过精准的洞穴测量,获得了此地下河管道的平面位置和洞高等信息。在研究区的地下河管道上方地面布设3条物探测线,均进行微动HVSR法测量,并用探地雷达法测量作对比。结果表明,两种物探方法的异常位置与测线下方地下河管道的实际平面位置基本一致,证明微动HVSR法可作为一种有效的地下河管道和溶洞探测方法。     

山东省苍山县小阎庄铁矿矿区东部水文地质特征研究

通过地球物理勘探、水文地质调查、钻孔和抽水试验,结合区域水文、气象、地质和水文地质等资料,求得了矿体上部盖层裂隙岩溶水水文地质参数,且对裂隙岩溶水水量进行了计算;以“大井法”为主对矿坑涌水量进行了预测,基本查明了矿区东部的水文地质特征;阐述自然条件下裂隙岩溶水对基岩裂隙水的补给微弱;当水动力条件发生改变时,易造成盖层裂隙岩溶水下渗溃入坑道,对下部矿体的开采将产生较大威胁。     

Application of integrated methods in mapping waste disposal areas

An integrated suite of environmental methods was used to characterize the hydrogeological, geological and tectonic regime of the largest waste disposal landfill of Crete Island, the Fodele municipal solid waste site (MSW), to determine the geometry of the landfill (depth and spatial extent of electrically conductive anomalies), to define the anisotropy caused by bedrock fabric fractures and to locate potential zones of electrically conductive contamination. A combination of geophysical methods and chemical analysis was implemented for the characterization and management of the landfill. Five different types of geophysical surveys were performed: (1) 2D electrical resistance tomography (ERT), (2) electromagnetic measurements using very low frequencies (VLF), (3) electromagnetic conductivity (EM31), (4) seismic refraction measurements (SR), and (5) ambient noise measurements (HVSR). The above geophysical methods were used with the aim of studying the subsurface properties of the landfill and to define the exact geometrical characteristics of the site under investigation.     

渭河断陷盆地地热资源赋存特征与热储分析

渭河盆地地处多个构造体系的交汇部位,呈现多条断裂带。这些断裂带控制着渭河盆地的基底构造以及地热资源的展布。在充分收集区域地质、水文地质、物化探及地热资料基础上,通过对断裂构造特征的研究,分析了渭河盆地地热资源的形成背景、赋存条件、分布规律及特征,为进一步研究、勘探及开发地热资源提供了依据。      

Passive seismic prospecting in Venice historical center for impedance contrast mapping

Extensive passive seismic prospecting has been conducted in the historical center of Venice (North Italy) aimed to map subsoil impedance contrast. Venice represents an emblematic study site of the challenging characteristics that can be encountered in historical sites, both stratigraphic and logistical, limiting the application of common microzonation techniques. A total of 82 single station passive HVSR acquisitions and passive surface wave arrays analysis have been performed to estimate the main impedance contrasts of the first subsoil, capable of interaction in terms of resonance with the monumental buildings. The results of the geophysical analysis have been integrated with available stratigraphic information derived from published researches and from hundreds of boreholes stored in an institutional database. The results have been then analyzed by means of a geostatistical approach based on cokriging interpolation, which permitted to map the impedance contrast beneath the ancient historical center. The adopted interpolation algorithm permitted to map the impedance contrast with an integrated use of existing information based on HVSR acquisitions and stratigraphic data. The map of impedance contrast is congruent with the literature geo-engineering evidences such as subsidence and geological reconstructions. The achieved results open new perspectives for the use and analysis of passive seismic techniques in challenging environments as historical urban centers characterized by high subsoil heterogeneity. Moreover, an improved knowledge of the shallow stratigraphy would permit to shed light on the complex interactions between anthropic activities and geoenvironmental processes, including climate change that characterized the long history of Venice.     

满洲里市水文地质特征

介绍了满洲里市的自然地理特征。通过大量的水文地质调查、地面物探、工程测量、水文钻探、抽水试验、室内测试分析等方法和手段,确定了满洲里市的地层、构造、地下水水文地质特征,即透水层、隔水层、单位出水量、导水系数、单井出水量、影响半径和水质类型。最后提出开采建议。     

Petrophysical and mechanical properties of Euganean trachyte and implications for dimension stone decay and durability performance

Euganean trachyte is a subvolcanic porphyritic rock extracted in northern Italy with an age-old tradition of use as dimension stone, historically linked, in particular, to the fervent building activity brought by the Roman Empire and, later on, the Republic of Venice Serenissima. The results of a comprehensive petrophysical and mechanical characterization of Euganean trachyte from the most representative quarries are discussed here, involving the following properties: density, porosity, water absorption, capillary water uptake, hygroscopic water adsorption, hydric/hygric dilatation, water vapor diffusion, thermal expansion, and resistance to salt attack and abrasion. The different trachyte varieties, although belonging to the same quarry basin, exhibit a relatively wide array of technical performances, which are strongly dependent on pore volume, size, size distribution, shape, and degree of interconnection, controlling modes and rates of water transport and retention. Therefore, indications are provided for evaluating durability performance of the stone, with stress on water-driven weathering. Complementary information is finally given on the possible criteria followed in the antiquity for properly selecting the trachyte quarries to be exploited, and by a comparison with the properties of the most important trachytes extracted in Europe.     

微动探测：地层分层和隐伏断裂构造探测的新方法

微动探测作为地层分层和隐伏断裂构造探测的物探新方法,已成为盆地结构调查、地热井位选址和隐伏地质构造探测的重要物探手段.微动测深确定岩性差异较大的地质界面,如新生界地层底界、侏罗系与二叠系地层分界面、二叠系-石炭系灰岩顶界面等,深度误差可控制在5％左右.断层破碎带/隐伏断裂构造在微动视S波速度剖面上显示为低速异常或明显的速度差异,易于识别、解释.二维微动剖面技术已在探测隐伏地质构造(断层、陷落柱等)方面取得较好地质效果.本文介绍其原理、方法和应用实例.     

Numerical modeling of the tectonic and thermal history of the Kyndal Graben of the Bureya Basin (Far East of Russia)

One-dimensional basin modeling of the Kyndal Graben, Bureya Basin, is conducted in three deep wells. The basin modeling technique and its basic algorithms are described. The geological and geophysical characteristics of the studied object are reported in brief, emphasizing the modeling parameters. The general and tectonic history of the subsidence, sedimentation velocities, geodynamic parameters of the extension, and thermal history of the formation and evolution of the Kyndal Graben, Bureya Basin, are calculated.     

某地下空间承压含水层抽水试验及成果分析

由于地下水突涌风险,地下空间在施工作业中有必要通过抽水试验确定承压含水层的水文地质参数。依据勘察报告的初步评价,基坑开挖15.5m时,场地内第⑦1层承压含水层有可能产生突涌,为确保工程安全施工,需开挖前进行承压含水层抽水试验,取得场地承压含水层水文地质参数及降水引起的沉降特征,为地下空间设计和施工提供可靠依据。本次布设抽水井、观测井、分层沉降标组、孔隙水压力观测孔及地面沉降观测点,依据抽水试验技术要求获取渗透系数、抽水影响半径等相关水文地质参数。最后,针对工程场地内承压水情况及特点进行分析,提出基坑开挖时的承压水降压建议方案。     

Seismic microzonation study in Doon valley, northwest Himalaya, India

Fundamental frequency map of site amplification at different sites in Doon valley, Uttarakhand, India is prepared from microtremor (ground ambient noise) using Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) technique. The fan deposited alluvium filled synclinal valley of Doon lies between Main Boundary Thrust (MFT) and Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) in the Himalayan active seismic belt and experienced many earthquakes in the past. The HVSR at different sites in the Doon valley ranges between the predominant frequencies 0.13 and 12.77 Hz. The HVSR in lower frequencies indicates that the site has either thick sediment covers or less compact rocks with fractures. Based on information on fundamental frequency and soft soil thickness, site classification map is generated. Results indicate that degree of compactness of rock types and presences of sediments vary significantly, which may play a major role in seismic hazard. The use of microtremor, therefore, constitutes an effective and inexpensive approach to site response and soft soil thickness estimation for preliminary microzonation.     

山东淄博市地下水资源评价及其合理开发利用研究

本文采用有限单元法进行地下水资源评价以解决评价区供水面积大、精度要求高的矛盾。首先根据实际的开采量和长期观测孔的水位资料,校正数学模型,反求有关参数;然后给定开采方案进行未来水头的预测;最后研究地下水资源的合理开发利用问题。利用有限单元法进行水源地或单一含水层的地下水资源评价已被证明是先进的、有效的。本文是对水文地质条件非常复杂的大面积的区域,用有限单元法进行地下水资源评价的一种尝试,可供类似地区参考。     

鲁中南地区古近系朱家沟组水文地质特征及富水模式

朱家沟组集中分布在鲁中南坳陷盆地边缘地带,为一套陆源碎屑沉积的灰质砾岩.以汶口盆地、 新汶盆地朱家沟组为研究对象,通过1:50000水文地质调查、水文地质钻探、地球物理勘探、抽水试验、水质分析等技术方法,分析其水文地质特征.研究结果表明:朱家沟组裂隙岩溶形态以溶蚀裂隙、溶孔、溶洞为主,主要发育在150 m以浅;富水性受...     

抽水蓄能电站工程地质勘察的物探对策

笔者从地下地质工程和上水库工程地质调查这两个特殊问题论述了工程物探应用的对策和实效,具有一定的实用性和理论依据,对今后在抽水蓄能电站工程地质勘察中应用工程物探有一定的参考意义。     

招远市道头地区蓄水构造条件分析

以招远市道头地区作为研究区。本区位于低山丘陵地区,由于受自然条件限制,普遍存在缺水现象。本次根据前期调查结果,以区内的地质、水文地质条件为基础条件,采用多种地球物理勘探方法相结合的方法,同时依靠钻探、抽水试验等技术手段,将区内的蓄水构造类型共划分了侵入-接触型蓄水构造、接触型蓄水构造和隔水型蓄水构造三类。通过对不同蓄水构造的构造类型,围岩岩性,构造与围岩相互关系,地下水流向,构造隔水性质等地质、水文地质条件的分析确定靶区,结合地球物理勘探方法对靶区进行解译,根据解译结果最终确定井位,并在确定的井位点进行钻探施工和抽水试验,对其富水性进行验证。通过以上多方法结合最终提出了在该种地区中定井方法,提高了成井的成功率,为缺水地区找水提供了理论支撑和实用方法。     

河北滦平大兴沟高锶饮用天然矿泉水特征初步评价

河北滦平大兴沟饮用天然矿泉水是一处天然、优质高锶矿泉水,Sr体积质量达2.44 mg/L。通过水文地质测绘、物探、水文地质钻探、水质分析、抽水试验等方法,初步查明了该地区地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造发育特征以及泉水分布、埋藏、水量、水化学特征等水文地质条件,对该矿泉水特征进行了评价,为下一步矿泉水的勘查提供基础数据。大兴沟饮用天然矿泉水为滦平首次发现的高锶矿泉水,水质稳定,水量大,极具开发利用价值。     

内蒙古乌拉特中旗海流图盆地铀矿化成因及找矿意义

本文运用地质、物探、水文等多种手段 ,分析了海流图盆地铀矿化异常区的沉积环境、水文地质环境及铀矿化特征 ,认为矿化异常受交替作用迟缓的浅层地下水控制 ,由蒸发浓缩作用形成。     

泸西喀斯特断陷盆地地表水与地下水流域边界与水动力性质

在详细调查基础上,采用系统科学及水文地质分析方法,依据地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、示踪试验、地下水排泄基准面、喀斯特发育条件及发育规律等剖析论证流域边界,并通过钻探及示踪试验进行验证。研究结果:（1）对泸西喀斯特断陷盆地南东部的水系统边界向北移进行了修正,证实了三塘一带深部不发育的喀斯特是地下水分水岭边界,使得泸西喀斯特断陷盆地流域的径流系统和边界圈化更加准确;（2）泸西喀斯特断陷盆地流域地表水、地下水转化频繁,地表水径流特征主要以小江河在水库、河流、伏流间的径流转化过程为体现,地下水在侵溶山区接受大气降水补给后,上层径流以泉、暗河的形式在泸西盆地底面排泄后转化成地表水,最终汇集于盆地南部、通过工农隧洞及落水洞排向小江,而下层径流则以小江水面为基准,通过深层径流排泄。      

The effect of graben structures on the migration of groundwater contaminants at an industrial site

Industrial sites present a challenge to the hydrogeological delineation of pollution sources and their impacts. When large-scale geologic structures such as grabens exist on such sites, these can have a significant impact on the hydrology and water quality distribution. At the site investigated, geophysical techniques, standard hydrogeological approaches and hydrochemical characterisation (with methods such as depth-profiling and isotopes) were used to determine the impact of a graben structure and the hydrogeological properties and consequent water quality distribution. Zones of high conductivity, corresponding with available data, were identified from the geophysical investigation and subsequent pumping tests in the area. Through hydrochemical characterisation, including isotopes, it was determined that the fault zone acts as a barrier for groundwater flow and is thus the reason for the lower levels of pollutants in groundwater beyond this feature. However, the surface water flow is not restricted by these zones, and contributes significantly to the flow and salt loads at the discharge point. The study showed that graben structures are important controls on the movement of contaminants, and that the effect of such geological features on groundwater quality distribution must be investigated using multiple methodologies to construct a feasible conceptual model of the interactions.