桂西北典型岩溶区水稻田成土剖面砷的垂向分布特征及其影响因素

调查分析桂西北典型岩溶矿区及其周边水稻田成土剖面砷含量及相关土壤参数垂向分布特征,研究了岩溶区土壤砷的含量垂向分布及迁移规律,并探讨了岩溶区土壤砷垂向迁移的主要影响因素。结果表明:研究区三个典型土壤剖面的主要土壤类型为石灰岩土,化学风化程度较高,土壤砷自然来源主要为土壤母质;土壤剖面砷含量的垂向分布均为表层相对富集、深层相对稳定,而土壤有机碳是制约岩溶区水稻田土壤砷垂向迁移的关键因素;矿区外围的两个土壤剖面砷含量主要富集在10～20 cm层,而在0～10 cm层砷含量相对较低,土壤砷含量平均值分别为5.5 mg·kg-1 和5.0 mg·kg-1 ;而临近矿区的土壤剖面具有土壤砷高背景值的特点,土壤砷含量平均值为46.2 mg·kg-1 ,且砷主要富集在20～40 cm的次表层,而在10~20 cm层砷含量则相对较低,但在0～10 cm层土壤砷含量又显著高于10～20 cm层,这表明外来源对该剖面表层土壤也具有显著影响。      

冻融期东北农田土壤温度和水分变化规律及影响因素分析

为了更好地认识季节性冻融区冻融过程对农田土壤温度和水分的影响, 以吉林省长春市黑顶子河流域为研究对象, 监测了冻融期流域内玉米田和水稻田土壤温度和水分的变化过程。结果表明： 冻融期表层土壤温度主要受积雪厚度影响, 深层土壤温度主要受土壤初始含水率影响。冻结期, 冻结层含水率几乎都呈增加趋势, 其中浅层土壤增幅最大; 冻结速度慢、 初始含水量低、 相邻土层含水量高的土层冻结过程水分增加量更大, 反之则小。融化期, 各下垫面、 土层土壤含水率基本呈下降趋势, 且主要集中在表层0 ~ 30 cm, 水分损失以蒸发为主, 冻结层对土壤蒸发有抑制作用; 冻结层的融化是造成各下垫面不同土层土壤含水率差异, 以及各土层在不同融化阶段土壤含水率差异的主要原因。     

重庆典型农业区土壤硒地球化学特征及影响因素

以重庆市典型农业区——南川区为研究区,系统采集了表层土壤样品,测定了Se元素含量,分析讨论了土壤Se地球化学特征及其影响因素。研究结果表明,南川区土壤Se含量变化范围为(0.056～10.80)×10^-6,平均值为0.46×10^-6,高于全国土壤硒的平均值,其中富硒土壤面积占42.31%。南川区土壤Se含量在空间上呈现出"南高北低"的特点,土壤高Se区主要集中分布在南部的水江镇、南平镇、南川城区及金佛山地区,南川区城镇地区和工矿区土壤Se含量最高,农田用地土壤Se含量最低。南川区高Se土壤主要分布在二叠系、三叠系(飞仙关组合嘉陵江组)、志留系、奥陶系和寒武系地层,土壤Se含量主要受成土母质控制,与土壤有机质呈显著的正相关关系,总体上呈现出随海拔的增加而增加的趋势,但与土壤pH关系不显著。     

Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon and its influencing factors at different soil depths in a semiarid region of China

Studying spatial variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) is crucial for understanding the largest active carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems. The main objectives ofves of this study were (1) to analyze the spatial pattern of SOC at different depths and (2) to define the soil properties affecting the spatial patterns of SOC at different depths. A total of 910 soil samples were collected at different locations and soil layers in a semiarid zone (3800 km²) of northeastern China. A geostatistical approach was used to predict and map SOC at different depths while the soil properties affecting the spatial patterns of SOC were analyzed by using canonical correspondence analysis. As expected, SOC content decreased gradually with depth and such a SOC decrease depended on soil type, which resulted the main factor affecting horizontal and vertical distributions of SOC content. Slope and bulk density exhibited a negative correlation with SOC content, whereas vegetation index, soil moisture content, elevation, and aspect showed a positive correlation. Sensitivity of SOC to influencing factors differed with increasing soil depth. SOC was significantly correlated with vegetation and bulk density on topsoil, while soil moisture and aspect played an important role in controlling SOC with increasing depth.     

Eco-service value evaluation based on eco-economic functional regionalization in a typical basin of northwest arid area,China

Ecosystem services are the basis of human living and development. Land use has significant effects on the ecosystem structure and functions, even its services. Using the remote sensing (RS), geographical information system and ecological economy theory, this paper analyzed land use changes of different eco-economic functional areas in Manas River Basin during the period 1958–2006 using different stage RS images. This paper selects the evaluation method obtained by Costanza et al. and Xie Gaodi, and the ecological sensitivity coefficient analysis, which analyzed the variation characteristics of eco-service values of different eco-economic functional areas. The results showed that the land use pattern has changed greatly from 1958 to 2006. The area of farmland and industrial area increased rapidly, while the forest area, grassland, water area and unutilized area decreased greatly. The total eco-service value of the river basin decreased from 3,529.64 US$ × 10⁶ in 1958 to 2,559.88 US$ × 10⁶ in 2006. There was 27.47 % net loss of 969.76 US$ × 10⁶. The eco-service values of various land use types in the study area were close to the regional real values and the results were credible. There existed apparent temporal and spatial changes in the eco-service values of different eco-economic functional areas, and this significant change in the eco-service values was driven by economic development. Consequently, in view of eco-economic characteristics and ecological issues of various eco-economic functional areas, relevant strategies of ecological conservation were proposed for enhancing the general eco-service value of the river basin and realizing the regional sustainable development. The ‘‘yuan’’ is Chinese money unit (¥), US$1 = ¥6.27 (yuan).     

Meadow saline soil changes in a marginal oasis, northwest China

This research on an alluvial plain oasis in the middle reaches of the Heihe River used the trend estimation model of principal component analysis through fixed position experiments to investigate and analyze changes in saline meadow soil characteristics after reclamation of the oasis. The conclusion is that after cultivation for a number of years, clay content increased from 9.18% (before cultivation) to 12.93% (after 30 years of cultivation) and soil nutrient content increased as well, but available potassium decreased from 1,315.50 mg/kg (before cultivation) to 240.84 mg/kg (after 30 years of cultivation). As a result of engineering, biological, and agricultural methods, total salt content significantly decreased by 97.15% from 70.28 g/kg (before cultivation) to 2.00 g/kg (after 30 years of cultivation). Through the trend estimation model of principal components analysis (PCA), it was found that soil quality improved over time. Synthetic analysis of various indexes of soil quality revealed that meadow saline soil could be used for agricultural production with responsible tillage.     

Late prehistoric soil fertility,irrigation management,and agricultural production in northwest coastal Peru

The Pampa de Chaparrí (Pampa) in hyperarid northwest coastal Peru is an ideal area to study late prehispanic agricultural technology and production because irrigation canals and furrowed fields have been preserved since abandonment approximately 500 years ago. We collected 55 samples for soil characterization, fertility, and micromorphic analyses and compared these results to a noncultivated control soil previously sampled in an adjacent valley. Natural soil fertility levels for maize, cotton, and bean production were generally high during late prehispanic cultivation in the Pampa. Maintaining adequate nitrogren levels for production, however, would have required external inputs from livestock manure, guano, or leguminous plants. The management of low soil salinity levels was possible because of rapidly permeable soils and irrigation waters low in salt. Based on available water capacity and climate conditions, the Blaney‐Criddle Equation yields evapotranspiration rates indicating that irrigation frequency was necessary in a range of every 10–16 days during the growing season. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

典型岩溶区土壤呼吸作用的昼夜变化特征及其影响因素

为揭示桂林毛村岩溶地区夏季表层土壤呼吸作用昼夜演变规律。本次研究选用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,监测了无降水影响下毛村岩溶区域的表层土壤呼吸通量的昼夜变化规律。同时野外监测表层土壤的温度、大气温度、大气压强等环境参数,以综合分析影响土壤呼吸作用昼夜变化的关键环境因子。结果表明:受到大气温度变化的影响,研究区域土壤表层温度呈现单峰型的昼夜变化规律,表层土壤呼吸作用也存在明显的昼夜变化特征。土壤呼吸最大值出现在12:40至14:40,最小值出现在4:40-6:40。土壤呼吸作用强度和变幅均是白天大于夜间。大气温度与土壤呼吸作用呈显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,说明在土壤含水量未超过阀值时,大气温度是影响土壤呼吸作用昼夜变化的关键环境因子。本次研究明确了土壤呼吸作用在昼夜变化上的变异性,对精确估算整个生态系统的碳收支有重要意义。      

山东寿光北部地区土壤盐渍化特征与现状评价

为了解山东寿光北部地区土壤盐碱化现状及为工程建设、生态环境改良提供基础资料,通过野外采样和室内试验,分析了土壤盐碱化分布特征和类型,识别出盐分的主要形态.结果表明,研究区土壤含盐量总体不高,局部地段处于轻度至中度盐渍化程度;盐分含量北高南低,近似平行于海岸分布;土壤中阳离子以Na+为主,阴离子主要为Cl-和SO42-,盐分类型为氯盐渍土、亚氯盐渍土和亚硫酸盐渍土三类.     

西北旱区潜在蒸散发的气候敏感性及其干旱特征研究

潜在蒸散量（PET）是干旱监测评价的重要指标,分析影响潜在蒸散发的气候敏感因子对揭示气候变化的水文响应机理尤为重要。常采用的局部敏感性方法不适用于非线性模型且难以评估各气象因子间的相互作用。对此,基于1964—2018年西北旱区内163个气象站的监测数据,通过Penman-Monteith公式,采用Sobol全局敏感性方法分析了西北旱区潜在蒸散发的气候敏感因子,计算得到了自校准帕默尔干旱指数（scPDSI）,进而分析了区域干旱的时空演变特征。结果表明：1964—2018年西北旱区年均潜在蒸散量为1157.8 mm,高值出现在新疆东部与内蒙古西部地区,低值出现在青海南部地区。1993年为转折点,西北旱区潜在蒸散发受气温、日照时数、风速、相对湿度等多种因素综合影响由显著下降的趋势转变为显著上升,且在夏季最为明显。在1964—1993年,净辐射、风速与相对湿度的变化对潜在蒸散发的影响较大;在1994—2018年,风速与相对湿度的变化对潜在蒸散发的影响较大。scPDSI的时空分布表明新疆北部、青海中部以及甘肃境内的干旱有缓解的趋势;而黄河流域西南部干旱呈现加重趋势,将加剧区域水资源紧张,威胁生态安全。     

花岗岩地区碳汇计算及影响因素研究

基于对泉水水化学特征(pH、t、Ca2 、Mg2 、K 、Na 、HCO3-、HCO3-、SO2-4)的观测,探讨了云南维西孔隙水、浅部裂隙水、深部构造裂隙水、花岗岩与灰岩接触带水、花岗岩与第四系堆积物接触带水风化碳汇规律及影响因素.并在全国花岗岩分区的基础上,选取云南维西、广西新寨、湖南郴州和北京怀柔为代表点进行区域对比,并初步计算了全国花岗岩碳汇量.     

Soil CO2 concentration in biological soil crusts and its driving factors in a revegetated area of the Tengger Desert,Northern China

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are an important cover in arid desert landscapes, and have a profound effect on the CO₂ exchange in the desert system. Although a large number of studies have focused on the CO₂ flux at the soil–air interface, relatively few studies have examined the soil CO₂ concentration in individual layers of the soil profile. In this study, the spatiotemporal dynamics of CO₂ concentration throughout the soil profile under two typical BSCs (algae crusts and moss crusts) and its driving factors were examined in a revegetated sandy area of the Tengger Desert from Mar 2010 to Oct 2012. Our results showed that the mean values of the vertical soil CO₂ concentrations under algal crusts and moss crusts were 600–1,200 μmol/mol at the 0–40 cm soil profiles and increased linearly with soil depth. Daily CO₂ concentrations showed a single-peak curve and often had a 1–2 h time delay after the maximum soil temperature. During the rainy season, the mean soil CO₂ concentration profile was 1,200–2,000 μmol/mol, which was 2–5 times higher as compared to the dry season (400–800 μmol/mol). Annually, soil moisture content was the key limiting factor of the soil CO₂ concentration, but at the daily time scale, soil temperature was the main limiting factor. Combined with infiltration depth of crusted soils, we predicted that precipitation of 10–15 mm was the most effective driving factor in arid desert regions.     

东江径流年内分配特征及影响因素贡献分解

基于1956~2009年实测径流、天然径流和面降水的月系列,选用集中度和不均匀系数,分析东江径流年内分配特征的时空变异规律。通过对比降水和径流年内分配特征指标的阶段变化差异,量化分解气候变化、土地利用/覆被变化、水利工程水量调节和用水消耗等主要因素对东江径流年内分配特征变化的影响贡献。结果表明:东江实测径流的集中度和不均匀系数年变化过程均有显著下降趋势,且1973年为时序变点。降水及天然径流的年内集中程度阶段变化较小,但2000~2009年降水及天然径流的年内不均匀性要明显大于20世纪80年代和90年代。降水及天然径流的年内集中度和不均匀系数由上游向下游逐渐增大,显示集水面积越大降水及径流的年内集中程度和不均匀性越大。水利工程水量调节和土地利用/覆被变化降低了径流的年内集中程度和不均匀性,而用水消耗和气候变化增加了径流的年内集中程度和不均匀性。水利工程水量调节、土地利用/覆被变化、用水消耗和气候变化,对东江径流分配特征的影响贡献率分别约为-33.5%、-9.0%、4.5%和1.0%,新丰江水库、枫树坝水库和白盆珠水库的影响贡献率分别约为-21%、-10%和-2%,且近30年来土地利用/覆被变化和用水消耗的影响贡献有逐渐增加趋势。     

云南省盈江县旧城—姐冒地区土壤和农产品硒地球化学特征及影响因素

基于云南省盈江县旧城—姐冒地区土壤、岩石和农产品采样分析资料,研究了土壤硒地球化学特征及主要影响因素,分析了农产品硒含量特征。结果表明,研究区土壤硒含量范围为0.01×10^-6～2.22×10^-6,平均值为0.23×10^-6,其中富硒土壤面积为73.41 km²,占比17.47%;硒主要以残渣态形式存在,而能被农作物有效吸收的水溶态和离子交换态含量仅占总量的3.32%;土壤硒含量主要受成土母质、土壤硅铝铁率、有机质和pH值等因素影响。按照相关评价标准,研究区共有15件咖啡、1件澳洲坚果、2件稻谷和5件甘蔗达到安全富硒食品要求,其安全富硒率分别为100%、10%、1.32%和16.67%,且与富硒土壤集中分布位置基本一致。     

福建南安市石井—东田地区土壤厚度空间分布特征及主要影响因素

在福建省南安市石井—东田地区开展了土壤垂向剖面野外地质调查,根据调查结果制作了南安市石井—东田地区土壤厚度空间分布图,探讨了该区土壤厚度空间分布特征及主要影响因素。石井—东田地区土壤厚度背景值以20 cm和15 cm的土壤层为主,其次为土壤厚度背景值为35 cm和10 cm的土壤层。福建沿海地区土壤厚度空间变异的主要影响因素为土壤成因和地面坡度。沉积环境越稳定、人为或自然干扰因素越小的区域,土壤层越厚;土壤厚度与地面坡度呈负相关,地面坡度越陡,土壤层越薄。     

山东省桓台地区土壤F的地球化学特征及其影响因素

为研究土壤氟的地球化学特征及其影响因素,选取山东省桓台地区为研究区,系统采集了70件表层土壤样品,并测试分析了其中F元素、有机碳含量、pH值等共计8项指标。绘制了元素地球化学图,掌握了该区F元素含量的空间分布特征。研究结果表明,表层土壤F含量范围为466.30~793.40 mg/kg,平均F含量为621.31 mg/kg,显著高于山东省背景值和全国背景值,具有潜在环境生态风险。研究区总面积70%的土壤F含量较高,其中F含量过剩的土壤相对集中分布在城镇附近;研究区东南部青银高速附近和北部呈零星分布的土壤中氟为适中及边缘含量水平。土壤中F含量主要受控于土壤pH、有机碳含量和施肥。该研究结果为改善研究区环境质量,防止地方性氟中毒提供了基础数据和科学依据。     

Impacts of soil conservation on groundwater recharge in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China

Soil conservation measures undertaken to address land degradation can alter the hydrologic cycle by changing partitioning of water fluxes at the land surface. While effects on runoff are well documented, impacts of soil conservation activities on fluxes to groundwater are poorly understood. The goal of this study was to examine fluxes to groundwater in a semi-arid area of China’s Loess Plateau that has been subject to extensive soil conservation activities. Unsaturated zone pore-water pressures and concentrations of chloride show that impacts on deep drainage differ between ecological and structural soil conservation approaches. High matric potentials and low chloride beneath cultivated terrace and gulley sites are consistent with deep drainage occurring at these sites. Estimated recharge rates for dryland cultivated upland sites were approximately 55??0?mm/year (11??8% of mean annual rainfall) based upon chloride mass balance. In contrast, results suggest that mature tree and shrub plantations prevent deep drainage. Stable isotope signatures of unsaturated-zone moisture and groundwater indicate that focused infiltration through gullies and other topographic lows is likely to be the primary recharge mechanism. The results of this study highlight the potential for inadvertent effects of some soil conservation approaches on regional water resources.