月壤及模拟月壤微观结构的研究

为了对比研究月壤与模拟月壤的微观结构,介绍了月壤的形成作用过程和5种基本颗粒类型;通过真实月壤照片,对月壤微观结构进行了分析;利用火山灰为模拟月壤主体材料,对其成分进行了检测;对模拟月壤的火山灰颗粒进行了显微图像分析试验。结果表明,月壤存在胶结物微观颗粒,胶结物颗粒具有分支的组织形态和封闭的气泡,并且有金属铁珠存在;火山灰所含的主要成分及含量与月壤相似,经过粉碎的火山灰试样棱角较为明显,其纵横比峰值略小,稍显长条状,但与月壤比较相近,而复杂度因子则略有欠缺,说明颗粒还不够粗糙和多棱     

Experimental test of the calcite strain gage technique at low confining pressure

A series of experiments were conducted on Indiana limestone to test the applicability of calcite strain gage technique to deformations at low confining pressures. Experiments were conducted dry, at 13.8 MPa (138 bars, 2000 psi) confining pressure. These experiments indicate that both the least squares strain gage technique and the numerical dynamic analysis (NDA) technique locate the principal strain axes to within 5.0 degrees. Strains calculated by the least squares strain gage technique are accurate at low strains (less than 5%), and increasingly inaccurate at higher strains. At low strains, the calculated strain reflects the maximum strain (including elastic strain) experienced by the core. At higher strains, the increasing inaccuracy of calculated strain was accompanied by increasing negative expected values. In these experiments, microcracking played a significant part in deformation and effected twinning in calcite, and therefore the recorded strain.     

UH model for granular soils considering low confining pressure

Acta Geotechnica - The mechanical behaviors including strength and isotropic compression of granular soils under low confining pressure are systematically analyzed. The compressive hardening...     

峰后围压卸载对原煤变形和渗透特性的影响

运用自主研制的煤岩热-流-固耦合试验系统,以原煤为研究对象,进行峰后轴压保持在不同应力水平下围压的卸载试验,以分析围压卸载对原煤变形特性和渗透特性的影响。研究结果表明：通过径向应变 、轴向应变 和体应变 的不可恢复变形量以及三者在力加载过程中的响应程度来定义损伤变量,满足损伤变量的变化区间[0, 1],并以此计算煤样在卸载过程中的损伤量,得到在峰后轴压 保持不变,对围压 进行卸载时,损伤量D随着 的减小而增大,煤样的损伤程度越来越大;当轴压卸荷到不同应力时,煤样的渗透率随围压卸载次数的增加而增大,表明当 减小时, 对渗透率的影响越来越重要,同时煤样内部的孔隙裂隙以发育、扩展、延伸为主。此外,渗透率k在 卸载初期,几乎不增加;当 继续卸载时, 开始增大,并且斜率越来越大,表明煤样的损伤加剧。当保持 不变,对 进行卸载时,相当于摩尔应力圆半径增大,煤样向破坏的趋势发展,发生二次破坏的可能性增大。随着 的卸载,卸围压前 越大,摩尔应力圆半径越大,煤样的承载能力就越弱,更易发生煤样的二次破坏,表现在煤样的轴向应变 和径向应变 发生突变。     

模拟月壤地面力学性质试验研究

掌握与月球车行驶相关的月壤力学性质是我国月球车研制所急需的。在制备了用于月面车辆力学试验用的模拟月壤基础上,通过三轴试验得出模拟月壤的弹性模量为48.8 MPa;通过硬度测量可知,模拟月壤的硬度小于黑壤土,与石英砂接近;通过压板试验可得模拟月壤的变形指数n为1.13,变形模量K为1 056 kN/mn+2,分析可知,随着变形模量和变形指数的增大,其承压能力增大;通过履带板试验可得模拟月壤剪切变形模量k为1.2 cm,分析可知,剪切破坏模量的增大对剪切强度的影响不大,但会使剪切破坏的峰值向后移动;另外,随着内摩擦角? 和黏聚力c的增加,剪切破坏强度增大。以上研究结果可为月球车行走机构优化设计和通过性能评估提供参考和依据。     

Structural state of native molybdenum in the lunar regolith

The structural state was determined for zero-valence molybdenum in the lunar regolith. The body- and face-centered molybdenum forms (BCC and FCC, respectively) were identified. Disruption of the structure down to complete amorphization was noted. This might be caused by the long-term influence of the solar wind.     

Petrology of Luna 20 regolith from the lunar highlands

The Luna 20 regolith sample contains crystalline lithic fragments of mare basalt, the anorthosite-norite-troctolite group, and feldspathio basalt. Discrete mineral fragments and mineral fragments in regolith breccias can generally be assigned, based on chemical criteria, to one or the other of the first two rock types. A complex history is indicated for the regolith fragments involving repeated metamorphism and melting of the highlands due to impact events. The glass fragments and the feldspathic basalts probably are the result of this melting and their composition may be representative of a large portion of the regolith at this site.     

Dissolution kinetics of a lunar glass simulant at 25 degrees C: the effect of pH and organic acids

The dissolution kinetics of a simulated lunar glass were examined at pH 3, 5, and 7. Additionally, the pH 7 experiments were conducted in the presence of citric and oxalic acid at concentrations of 2 and 20 mM. The organic acids were buffered at pH 7 to examine the effect of each molecule in their dissociated form. At pH 3, 5, and 7, the dissolution of the synthetic lunar glass was observed to proceed via a two-stage process. The first stage involved the parabolic release of Ca, Mg, Al, and Fe, and the linear release of Si. Dissolution was incongruent, creating a leached layer rich in Si and Ti which was verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). During the second stage the release of Ca, Mg, Al, and Fe was linear. A coupled diffusion/surface dissolution model was proposed for dissolution of the simulated lunar glass at pH 3, 5, and 7. During the first stage the initial release of mobile cations (i.e., Ca, Mg, Al, Fe) was limited by diffusion through the surface leached layer of the glass (parabolic release), while Si release was controlled by the hydrolysis of the Si-O-Al bonds at the glass surface (linear release). As dissolution continued, the mobile cations diffused from greater depths within the glass surface. A steady-state was then reached where the diffusion rate across the increased path lengths equalled the Si release rate from the surface. In the presence of the organic acids, the dissolution of the synthetic lunar glass proceeded by a one stage process. The release of Ca, Mg, Al, and Fe followed a parabolic relationship, while the release of Si was linear. The relative reactivity of the organic acids used in the experiments was citrate > oxalate. A thinner leached layer rich in Si/Ti, as compared to the pH experiments, was observed using TEM. Rate data suggest that the chemisorption of the organic anion to the surface silanol groups was responsible for enhanced dissolution in the presence of the organic acids. It is proposed that the increased rate of Si release is responsible for the one stage parabolic release of mobile cations and the relatively thin leached layer compared to experiments at pH 3 and 5.     

不同围压下砂岩的变形力学特性与损伤机制

开展不同围压下砂岩的强度、变形和损伤演化研究,对岩体工程的结构设计和稳定性评价具有重要意义。对赵固一矿二1煤层顶板砂岩进行试验获得其力学参数,并采用颗粒流程序获得砂岩细观力学参数,结合编制的fish语言程序进行试验,研究砂岩在不同围压的强度、变形和损伤演化机制,得到如下结论:随着围压增加砂岩的屈服段变长,围压小于40 MPa时峰值强度随围压变化敏感,大于40 MPa时敏感性降低,随着围压增加砂岩由脆性破坏逐步转变为延性破坏;砂岩的扩容经历线性体缩、线性扩容和非线性扩容3个阶段,围压增大线性扩容阶段缩短而非线性扩容阶段增加,扩容指数和扩容起始点轴向应变与围压存在指数变化规律;砂岩的损伤破坏经历损伤弥散分布、聚集成核、形成局部裂隙和主控破裂面形成4个阶段,低围压下砂岩沿单一主控破裂面发生压剪破坏,高围压下主控破裂面呈X型交叉破坏岩体,为X型共轭斜面剪切破坏形式。     

围压作用下型煤蠕变特性及本构关系研究

对松藻煤电集团打通一矿7号软煤层制备的型煤围压作用下不同载荷水平进行了煤岩蠕变试验研究。通过改变蠕变载荷,得到了不同蠕变载荷作用下完整的蠕变3阶段曲线和各蠕变阶段的蠕变特征。根据试验分析结果,得到围压作用下煤岩蠕变规律和各蠕变阶段的蠕变参数。研究表明,随着蠕变载荷的增加,起始蠕变量和加速蠕变阶段的蠕变加速度均呈增加趋势,而过渡蠕变阶段和稳定蠕变阶段的持续时间与蠕变载荷关系不明显。黏弹塑性本构模型能够较好地反映围压作用下煤样的蠕变本构关系,通过计算得到了相关蠕变模型的参数。     

Study on the strength of frozen clay at high confining pressure

An extensive test program was conducted on East China deep clay to investigate mechanical behavior in the process of axial compression and triaxial compression. In addition, the effect of negative temperature and confining pressure on the strength of frozen clay was analyzed. It is concluded that the stress-strain curves at high confining pressure belong to the strain hardening type and its strength almost corresponds to confining pressure in the range of tested confined stress. With respect to temperature, the strength increases when the temperature decreases. __________ Translated from Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2007, 29(4): 636–639 [译自: 冰川冻土]     

低围压下冻结粉质粘土的三轴强度及变形分析

高围压和低围压对冻土的变形性能及力学指标有不同的影响。对冻结粉质粘土进行了3种负温、4种围压下的三轴试验。试验结果表明：在温度相同时,不同围压、不同应变速率下的应力-应变曲线具有相同的形态,其三轴抗剪强度与围压及温度有明显的线性关系,与应变速率成指数关系;变形模量与围压没有明显的相关关系,但与温度成线性关系,与应变速率成指数关系。而且从冻土结构角度分析了冻土变形及其强度表现的内在原因。     

盐岩在围压卸荷作用下的扩容特征研究

通过试验模拟盐岩储气库建腔期腔体围岩围压动态降低过程,开展单轴压缩和三轴卸荷扩容试验,并分析温度对盐岩试件卸荷扩容特征的影响。试验结果表明：由于都是应力增加的过程,卸荷试验的扩容特征与常规单轴试验相比,在扩容阶段划分上具有一些共同点,都存在体积压缩段、稳定扩容段和加速扩容段。卸荷试验和单轴试验的压缩极限基本相同。但由于加载方式不同,卸荷试验的稳定扩容段在整体扩容中所占比例更小,扩容速率和扩容幅度也较单轴试验小。在相同的偏应力作用下,卸荷试验产生更大的扩容。温度升高能够促进盐岩的扩容,表现为加速扩容点前移、初始稳定扩容段缩短、加速扩容段变长、扩容速度加快、扩容幅度增大等。     

TJ-1模拟月壤承载特性室内试验研究

本研究自行设计加工了一套可以实现位移速率控制的加载装置,采用TJ-1模拟月壤为地基材料,把着陆器足垫作为基础进行了位移速率控制条件下的载荷模型试验,并采用了3种不同方法计算足垫基底的平均应力。通过对试验结果的分析对比得出以下主要结论：足垫的地基承载力和变形模量随加载速率大致呈线性增加,按足垫与地基的实际接触面积计算的极限承载力稍大于按足垫最大上口面积计算得到的地基承载力。考虑到安全储备建议采用按最大上口面积计算所得地基承载力。足垫基础下按实际接触面积计算得到的变形模量介于按足垫最小底面和最大上口面面积计算的结果之间。     

模拟月壤中着陆器足垫滑移受力的试验研究

月面着陆器着陆过程中巨大的冲击作用会影响着陆安全和精密仪器的正常工作,因此,研究着陆器足垫与月壤相互作用对着陆器软着陆具有重要意义。足垫的水平滑移是着陆过程中较为复杂的阶段,利用自行研制的水平拖曳模型试验装置,在模拟月壤中开展足垫水平滑移的模型试验,研究滑移过程中足垫水平力和竖向轴力的变化,并进一步探讨模拟月壤的相对密实度、足垫的水平速度、刺入深度和转动角度等4个因素对足垫水平力和竖向轴力的影响。试验结果表明：足垫所受到的水平力与竖向轴力呈近似线性关系,当足垫受较大的水平力时,相应的竖向轴力也较大;足垫受力随相对密实度、水平速度和刺入深度的增加而增大;足垫的转动角度对其受力影响显著,当足垫的转动角度为(8°, 26°)时,足垫所受到的竖向轴力和水平力最小,当转动角度为(0°, -26°)时,足垫的受力最大,在滑移过程中该角度姿态利于着陆器的缓冲机构对能量的耗散。     

TJ-1模拟月壤承载特性的现场试验研究

采用TJ-1模拟月壤作为试验材料,通过静力触探、静载荷试验的对比分析,探讨适合月壤承载力计算的经验公式,以期为未来载人登月时宇航员和着陆器登陆可能涉及到有关月面承载能力的问题提供必要的参考。首先,使用近255 t TJ-1模拟月壤人工制备出13 m×12 m×1.2 m试验用地基,后在试验地基均匀布置6个静力触探测点和2个静载荷试验测点进行测试。针对太沙基承载力计算半经验公式以及规范和国内外学者提出的12个适合中密实砂土静力触探承载力计算的经验公式,对试验结果进行探讨。发现直接运用太沙基提出的半经验公式计算月壤承载力结果明显偏小,而由联合试验小组提出的经验公式 能够用来近似计算月壤地基承载力。计算结果表明,该经验公式在计算承载力时能够与静载荷试验值较好的吻合。