西北太平洋俯冲地区410-km间断面上覆低速层探测

自20世纪90年代首次探测到410-km间断面上覆低速层以来,全球多个俯冲带和大陆克拉通地区都陆续发现了该低速层结构.对其特性及形成机理的探讨是深部地幔结构、物性和动力学研究的热点问题.本文聚焦于西北太平洋俯冲地区410-km间断面上覆低速层的探测及特性研究上.通过对发生于日本北海道地区两个中等深度地震区域波形资料的分析,利用三重震相波形拟合方法获得了我国东北及日本海西北部下方410-km间断面附近的P波速度结构.速度模型明确显示,410-km间断面上方存在厚~47±14 km,异常值~2%的低速层,横向展布近700 km.结合区域地震层析成像、矿物高温高压物理实验及动力学模拟结果,我们否定了"从下至上"的上涌热物质导致410-km间断面上覆低速层的模型;认为较老且快速俯冲的太平洋板块在地幔过渡带顶部脱水导致硅酸盐矿物的部分熔融,由于熔体密度较大能够稳定存在于410-km间断面之上,从而产生了观测到的横向展布较广的410-km间断面上覆低速层结构.     

Evidence from P-to-S mantle converted waves for a flat “660-km” discontinuity beneath Iceland

Iceland is the type example of a ridge-centered hotspot. It is controversial whether the seismic anomaly beneath it originates in the lower mantle or the upper mantle. Some recent studies reported that the 660-km discontinuity beneath central Iceland is shallow relative to peripheral regions and this was interpreted as an effect of elevated temperature at that depth. We investigate topography of the major upper mantle discontinuities by separating the effects of the topography and volumetric velocity heterogeneity in P receiver functions from 55 seismograph stations. Our analysis demonstrates that a significant (at least 10-km) shallowing of the 660-km discontinuity is only possible in the case of improbably low seismic velocities in the mantle transition zone beneath central Iceland. If, as in previous studies, lateral velocity variations in the mantle transition zone are neglected, the data require a depressed rather than an uplifted 660-km discontinuity. For a reasonable S-wave velocity anomaly in the mantle transition zone (around − 3%) no topography on the 660-km discontinuity is required. This can be explained by the lack of temperature anomaly or an effect of two phase transitions with opposite Clapeyron slopes.     

Connectivity in a Karst System Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Network Theory

The Ring of Cenotes (RC) is an alignment of numerous cenotes (sinkholes) in a semicircular form (with a radius of 100 km) located in northwestern Yucatán, México. The formation roughly coincides with a concentric ring that corresponds to a buried structure, which has been identified as the product of a meteor impact, known as the Chicxulub crater. Secondary permeability generated by the fracturing and faulting of the sedimentary sequence in the Chicxulub crater has favored the karstification process and therefore the development of underground rivers that transport water from the mainland to the sea. This study implements the network theory to study the hydrological connectivity between a group of 11 cenotes within the RC. Eight electrical resistivity tomography transects were used as an empirical basis. Each transect was acquired directly in the field using the SuperSting R1/IP equipment with a dipole‐dipole configuration. An adapted version of the reliability algorithm for communication networks was used as a theoretical model. We found evidence of the existence of water cavities in the study area. We made a network from the data and assigned connection probabilities among cenotes as a function of the separation length and the number of water cavities, as well as their size.     

Ambient noise energy bursts observation and modeling: Trapping of harmonic structure-soil induced–waves in a topmost sedimentary layer

We study the nature of energy bursts that appeared in the frequency range 3–5 Hz in ambient seismic noise recorded in the Grenoble basin (French Alps) during a seismological array experiment. A close agreement is found between the identified azimuths of such noise bursts with the location of an industrial chimney. In-situ measurements of the chimney dynamic characteristics show a coincidence between the frequency of the first harmonic mode of the chimney and the fundamental frequency of a thin surficial layer that overlay the deep sediment fill. The interaction between the chimney and the surficial layer is then numerically simulated using simple impedance models and two soil profiles. Simulations exhibit a satisfactory agreement with observations and suggest that energy bursts result of inertial structure-soil interaction favored by resonance effects between the first harmonic mode of the structure and the fundamental frequency of the topmost layer.     

Pits,rifts and slumps: the summit structure of Piton de la Fournaise

A clear model of structures and associated stress fields of a volcano can provide a framework in which to study and monitor activity. We propose a volcano-tectonic model for the dynamics of the summit of Piton de la Fournaise (La Reunion Island, Indian Ocean). The summit contains two main pit crater structures (Dolomieu and Bory), two active rift zones, and a slumping eastern sector, all of which contribute to the actual fracture system. Dolomieu has developed over 100 years by sudden large collapse events and subsequent smaller drops that include terrace formation. Small intra-pit collapse scars and eruptive fissures are located along the southern floor of Dolomieu. The western pit wall of Dolomieu has a superficial inward dipping normal fault boundary connected to a deeper ring fault system. Outside Dolomieu, an oval extension zone containing sub-parallel pit-related fractures extends to a maximum distance of 225 m from the pit. At the summit the main trend for eruptive fissures is N80°, normal to the north–south rift zone. The terraced structure of Dolomieu has been reproduced by analogue models with a roof to width ratio of approximately 1, suggesting an original magma chamber depth of about 1 km. Such a chamber may continue to act as a storage location today. The east flank has a convex–concave profile and is bounded by strike-slip fractures that define a gravity slump. This zone is bound to the north by strike-slip fractures that may delineate a shear zone. The southern reciprocal shear zone is probably marked by an alignment of large scoria cones and is hidden by recent aa lavas. The slump head intersects Dolomieu pit and may slide on a hydrothermally altered layer known to be located at a depth of around 300 m. Our model has the summit activity controlled by the pit crater collapse structure, not the rifts. The rifts become important on the mid-flanks of the cone, away from pit-related fractures. On the east flank the superficial structures are controlled by the slump. We suggest that during pit subsidence intra-pit eruptions may occur. During tumescence, however, the pit system may become blocked and a flank eruption is more likely. Intrusions along the rift may cause deformation that subsequently increases the slump’s potential to deform. Conversely, slumping may influence the east flank stress distribution and locally control intrusion direction. These predictions can be tested with monitoring data to validate the model and, eventually, improve monitoring.     

Evidence for toxic cyanobacteria in sediments and the water-sediment interface of a tropical drinking water reservoir

Cyanobacterial blooms in drinking water reservoirs constitute a health risk for humans and animals, especially in tropical zones where climate conditions may favour their prevalence throughout the year. The presence, viability, and toxicity of cyanobacteria were determined in the euphotic zone, in the water-sediment interface, and in the upper sediment fraction of the Riogrande II reservoir (Antioquia, Colombia), which provides drinking water for 1.4 million people. Cyanobacterial identification and quantification were performed in environmental samples of the euphotic zone and of the sediment-water interface. In addition, the effects of environmental parameters on occurrences of cyanobacteria were assessed and two microcystin synthetase (mcy) genes were extracted from water, interface, and sediment samples and quantified using qPCR. The viability of the cells in cultures from these different matrices was determined using chlorophyll-a measurements. Chlorophyll-a concentrations representing the biomass of cyanobacteria were higher at the interface than in the euphotic zone at all sampling sites. The potentially toxic genera Dolichospermum and Microcystis predominated in the euphotic zone and the interface, respectively. Moreover, the copy numbers of mcy genes was higher in cyanobacteria sampled at the interface and the upper sediment layers than in cyanobacteria sampled in the euphotic zone, which were correlated with the order Chroococcales. No impact of variation in environmental conditions on cyanobacterial abundance was observed. Viability of cyanobacterial cultures sampled from the interface and the upper sediment fraction showed the ability of cyanobacteria from several orders to proliferate under lab conditions. These results show that the surface sediment layer from Riogrande II serves as a sink for potentially toxic cyanobacteria which have the potential to recolonize and bloom in the water column.     

A Coupled Groundwater–Surface Water Modeling Framework for Simulating Transition Zone Processes

There is an identified need for fully representing groundwater–surface water transition zone (i.e., the sediment zone that connects groundwater and surface water) processes in modeling fate and transport of contaminants to assist with management of contaminated sediments. Most existing groundwater and surface water fate and transport models are not dynamically linked and do not consider transition zone processes such as bioturbation and deposition and erosion of sediments. An interface module is developed herein to holistically simulate the fate and transport by coupling two commonly used models, Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) and SEAWAT, to simulate surface water and groundwater hydrodynamics, while providing an enhanced representation of the processes in the transition zone. Transition zone and surface water contaminant processes were represented through an enhanced version of the EFDC model, AQFATE. AQFATE also includes SEDZLJ, a state‐of‐the‐science surface water sediment transport model. The modeling framework was tested on a published test problem and applied to evaluate field‐scale two‐ and three‐dimensional contaminant transport. The model accurately simulated concentrations of salinity from a published test case. For the field‐scale applications, the model showed excellent mass balance closure for the transition zone and provided accurate simulations of all transition zone processes represented in the modeling framework. The model predictions for the two‐dimensional field case were consistent with site‐specific observations of contaminant migration. This modeling framework represents advancement in the simulation of transition zone processes and can help inform risk assessment at sites where contaminant sources from upland areas have the potential to impact sediments and surface water.     

Modeling Groundwater Inflow to the New Crater Lake at Kīlauea Volcano,Hawai'i

During the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i, scientists relied heavily on a conceptual model of explosive eruptions triggered when lava-lake levels drop below the water table. Numerical modeling of multiphase groundwater flow and heat transport revealed that, contrary to expectations, liquid water inflow to the drained magma conduit would likely be delayed by months to years, owing to the inability of liquid water to transit a zone of very hot rock. The summit of Kīlauea subsequently experienced an ∼2-month period of consistent repeated collapses, and the crater now extends below the equilibrium position of the water table. Liquid water first emerged into the deepened crater in late July 2019. The timing of first appearance of liquid water (about 14 months postcollapse) and the rate of crater lake filling (currently ∼27 kg/s) were well-predicted by the numerical modeling done in late spring 2018, which forecast liquid inflow after 3 to 24 months at rates of 10 to 100 kg/s. A second-generation groundwater model, reflecting the current crater geometry, forecasts lake filling over the next several years. The successful 2018 to present forecasts with both models are based on unadjusted in situ permeability estimates (1 to 6 × 10⁻¹⁴ m²) and water-table elevations (600 to 800 m) from a nearby research drillhole and geophysical surveys. Important unknowns that affect the reliability of longer-term forecasts include the equilibrium water-table geometry, the rate of evaporation from the hot and growing crater lake (currently ∼29,000 m² at 70-80 °C), and heterogenous permeability changes caused by the 2018 collapse.     

甘东南地区基于射线追踪面波频散三维成像

利用甘肃东南部地区(32.2°~33.5°N,102.7°~105.5°E)62个流动台站的垂直分量连续背景噪声记录数据,经过处理得到了所有可能台站对的面波互相关函数和瑞利波相速度频散曲线,采用基于射线追踪的面波频散直接反演方法得到了观测台站下方5~20km深度范围内的剪切波速度分布图像。结果表明,5km深度对应的剪切波速度横向变化与地表断裂带分布和沉积层厚度存在一定的相关性,西秦岭北缘断裂带以北地区多为低速区,漳县盆地、临洮盆地低速是沉积层较厚(近几km)的一种表征;10km深度对应的剪切波速度在西秦岭北缘断裂以南、临潭—宕昌断裂、礼县—罗家堡断裂之间的区域为低速区,光盖山—迭山北麓断裂周围为高速区;在15km深度左右,迭部—白龙江断裂附近形成了高低速相间的分块结构;在18km深度左右,西秦岭北缘断裂带附近呈现高速特征,10~18km深度范围内速度随深度逐渐增加,其变化幅度一般为0.2km/s。     

A preparation zone for volcanic explosions beneath Naka-dake crater,Aso volcano,as inferred from magnetotelluric surveys

The 1st crater of Naka-dake, Aso volcano, is one of the most active craters in Japan, and known to have a characteristic cycle of activity that consists of the formation of a crater lake, drying-up of the lake water, and finally a Strombolian-type eruption. Recent observations indicate an increase in eruptive activity including a decrease in the level of the lake water, mud eruptions, and red hot glows on the crater wall. Temporal variations in the geomagnetic field observed around the craters of Naka-dake also indicate that thermal demagnetization of the subsurface rocks has been occurring in shallow subsurface areas around the 1st crater. Volcanic explosions act to release the energy transferred from magma or volcanic fluids. Measurement of the subsurface electrical resistivity is a promising method in investigating the shallow structure of the volcanic edifices, where energy from various sources accumulates, and in investigating the behaviors of magma and volcanic fluids. We carried out audio-frequency magnetotelluric surveys around the craters of Naka-dake in 2004 and 2005 to determine the detailed electrical structure down to a depth of around 1 km. The main objective of this study is to identify the specific subsurface structure that acts to store energy as a preparation zone for volcanic eruption. Two-dimensional inversions were applied to four profiles across the craters, revealing a strongly conductive zone at several hundred meters depth beneath the 1st crater and surrounding area. In contrast, we found no such remarkable conductor at shallow depths beneath the 4th crater, which has been inactive for 70 years, finding instead a relatively resistive body. The distribution of the rotational invariant of the magnetotelluric impedance tensor is consistent with the inversion results. This unusual shallow structure probably reflects the existence of a supply path of high-temperature volcanic gases to the crater bottom. We propose that the upper part of the conductor identified beneath the 1st crater is mainly composed of hydrothermally altered zone that acts both as a cap to upwelling fluids supplied from deep-level magma and as a floor to infiltrating fluid from the crater lake. The relatively resistive body found beneath the 4th crater represents consolidated magma. These results suggest that the shallow conductor beneath the active crater is closely related to a component of the mechanism that controls volcanic activity within Naka-dake.     

Upper Eocene ejecta of the New Jersey continental margin reveal dynamics of Chesapeake Bay impact

Evidence for the Chesapeake Bay Crater as the source for New Jersey continental margin ejecta is provided by fine-grained tektites and coarse-grained unmelted ejecta. The Upper Eocene ejecta deposit, now demonstrated to be part of the North American strewn field, occurs on the New Jersey continental margin at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 904 and 903. The mineralogy, major oxide composition of the ejecta materials, and biostratigraphic age of the enclosing sediments link the origin of these ejecta to the recently recognized Chesapeake Bay impact crater, located only 330 km away. Sediments associated with the ejecta provide information about the dynamics of impact events. The 35-cm-thick ejecta-bearing layer can be subdivided into three subunits that indicate a sequence of events. Bottom subunit III documents sediment failure and deposition of gravel-sized fragments, middle subunit II records deposition of abundant sand-sized ejecta by gravity settling, and upper subunit I contains a 12-cm-thick sedimentary deposit containing rare silt-sized tektites and evidence of waning currents. These events are interpreted by linking sediment deposition to seismic ground motion and subsequent tsunami waves triggered by both the Chesapeake Bay impact and slope failures.     

Imaging the mantle transition zone beneath eastern and central China with CEArray receiver functions

We analyzed a total of 37 427 receiver-function data recorded by national and regional broadband seismic networks of the China Earthquake Administration to study the mantle transition zone beneath eastern and central China.Significant topography on both the 410-km and 660-km discontinuities was clearly imaged in the 3D volume of CCP (common-conversion-point) stacked images that cover an area of 102.5 E-122.5 E and 22.0 N-42.0 N.3D crustal and mantle velocity models were used in computing the Ps time moveout...     

新丰江库区上地壳三维细结构层析成像

在新丰江库区布设一个范围约50 km×40 km、由50个地震临时台站组成的观测台阵,接收来自不同方位的人工震源产生的莫霍界面反射波;台阵中的20个台站和5个区域固定台还对2009年3月至2010年5月发生在库区的地方震进行了观测.本文联合利用人工地震莫霍面反射波走时和天然地震直达波走时,采用连续模型反演技术重建了库区上地壳P波、S波慢度扰动和V_p/V_s扰动分布图像.研究结果表明:新丰江库区东、西部地区上地壳结构存在明显的差异.库区东部地区构造复杂,多条断裂在该区呈交叉状分布.北西向的石角-新港-白田断裂带在库区段内具有复杂的岩性和构造特征,该断裂带在新港至双塘一线可能延伸至地下8 km左右;近北东向的断裂带切割地壳较深.峡谷区及大坝以东附近地区存在上、下贯通的波速比高值区,尤其是大坝以西的深水峡谷区,存在一条顺河走向的陡倾角断层裂隙带,为库水渗透提供了良好通道.库区西部地区为相对稳定构造区,完整坚硬的花岗岩体透水性能较差,受库水渗透影响很小.新丰江水库诱发地震的形成与深部构造环境密切相关.峡谷区及大坝以东附近地区上地壳介质性质呈现明显的横向不均匀性,微震分布在介质物性结构的特定部位,"软"、"硬"交错的介质环境是倾滑正断层型微小震产生的可能原因.     

Field measurements of shear stress and friction in the surf zone

Measurements of near-bed shear stress were undertaken in the shallow subtidal zone at Durras Beach, NSW, Australia using a sideways-looking acoustic velocity meter installed within the wave boundary layer. The wave climate was swell-dominated and wave conditions comprised shoaling and breaking waves as well as surf bores. The sediment at the field site was medium-grained sand, and observations of bedform geometry were conducted using a pencilbeam-sonar system. Using frequency-filtering techniques, the measured stresses were partitioned into terms representing turbulent (Reynolds) stress, stresses due to gravity and infragravity-scale oscillatory motions, and wave-turbulence-mean current cross-terms. Gravity wave-orbital scale motions contributed the largest fraction of the stresses, comprising 24% on average, followed by long-wave advection of vertical orbital motion (16%). The presence of wave orbital-scale motions near or at the water/sediment interface was likely due to the porous nature of the seabed, facilitating interfacial flow. Shear stresses did not scale with bed roughness but exhibited a linear relationship with the relative wave height. This indicates that for the experimental conditions, surf zone processes overwhelmed bed roughness effects on shear stress and friction. Calculations of the wave friction factor, f_w, showed that in a natural surf zone, this was a factor 3–4 larger than conventional predictions. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岫岩陨石撞击坑的速度结构和抗震性能分析

岫岩陨石撞击坑位于辽东半岛北部低山丘陵地区,直径1.8km,保存完好。由于陨石的撞击和此后的沉积作用在坑内形成了特殊的地貌、地质和地球物理环境,使坑内与坑外的介质在速度方面存在差异,尤其是湖相沉积的软弱淤泥层使得坑底上建造的房屋就像躺在一张巨大的海绵垫上一样,使人们常常感到有微震发生,表明坑底的软弱地层对地面的震动产生了放大作用,严重地影响了地基的稳定性,从而影响到地面建筑物的抗震性能。本文采用高分辨折射探测方法,获得了陨石坑内的速度结构和软弱地层的分布,分析了陨石坑地基的抗震性能,为坑内地基和地面建筑物的地震危险性评价提供了可靠的基础资料。     

松辽盆地营城组火山机构-岩相带的地震响应

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷多期次喷发的火山岩在纵向和横向上相互叠置,造成火山岩地震响应特征复杂,影响了对火山岩储层的地震预测精度和地质规律的认识.本文基于钻井和连片三维地震资料,结合区域构造认识,建立了徐家围子断陷营城组火山机构-岩相带的地震响应模式,并利用相干体和地层切片等属性分析技术实现了火山机构-岩相带的空间识别.从火...     

岫岩陨石撞击坑结构高精度地震探测研究

我国的岫岩陨石撞击坑位于辽东半岛北部低山丘陵地区,直径1.8 km,保存完好,已被多方面的证据证实为陨石撞击坑.陨石的撞击和此后的沉积作用在坑内形成了特殊的地球物理场,使坑内与坑外的介质在速度、密度等方面存在差异.本次通过采用反射和折射地震相结合的探测方法,利用陨石撞击所形成的岩石的地震波速度和波阻抗差异,获得了陨石坑...     

岫岩陨石坑三维Q值层析成像

到2009年为止,世界上已发现176个陨石撞击坑.从20世纪80年代起,中国学者从地质、地球化学和地质钻探角度推断并证实辽宁省岫岩县的一个环形构造为陨石撞击而成,但该坑的深部构造及整体特征仍有待地球物理方法来确认.本文从地震勘探角度利用三维Q值层析成像方法首次对岫岩坑的地震波衰减结构进行了研究,以便对该撞击构造有个整体认识.Q值结构对了解地壳的非弹性性质、地壳介质非均匀性有着重要意义.利用基于吸收特征时间t^*的三维Q值层析成像方法,计算了岫岩坑地震折射方阵的观测数据的振幅谱,并通过拟合振幅谱得到了反映地震波衰减的t^*.利用t^*通过三维Q值层析成像方法获得了该坑的三维Q值结构.结果表明:该陨石坑内从地表到深度100 m的Q值层对应坑内上部107 m厚的湖泊相沉积物,深度100~300 m的Q值层对应坑内下部厚度为188 m的角砾岩堆积透镜体.深度300~700 m的Q值层对应角砾岩堆积透镜体下面的下元古界变质岩系程度较低的撞击破碎层.大约250 m深处的波阻抗界面与地质钻孔的260 m深处的陨石冲击分界面相对应.     

Estimation of reservoir fracturing from marine VSP using local shear-wave conversion

A marine VSP is designed to estimate the orientation and density of fracturing within a gas-producing dolomite layer in the southern North Sea. The overburden anisotropy is firstly estimated by analysing shear waves converted at or just below the sea-bed, from airgun sources at four fixed offset azimuths. Full-wave modelling helps confirm that the background has no more than 3% vertical birefringence, originating from TIH anisotropy with a symmetry axis orientated perpendicular to the maximum horizontal compressive stress of NW–SE. This finding concurs with current hypotheses regarding the background rock matrix in the upper crust. More detailed anisotropy estimates reveal two thin zones with possible polarization reversals and a stronger anisotropy. The seismic anisotropy of the dolomite is then determined from the behaviour of locally converted shear waves, providing a direct link with the physical properties of its fractures. It is possible to utilize this phenomenon due to the large seismic velocity contrast between the dolomite and the surrounding evaporites. Two walkaway VSPs at different azimuths, recorded on three-component receivers placed inside the target zone, provide the appropriate acquisition design to monitor this behaviour. Anisotropy in the dolomite generates a transverse component energy which scales in proportion to the degree of anisotropy. The relative amplitudes, for this component, between the different walkaway azimuths relate principally to the orientation of the anisotropy. Full-wave modelling confirms that a 50% vertical birefringence from TIH anisotropy with a similar orientation to the overburden is required to simulate the field observations. This amount of anisotropy is not entirely unexpected for a fine-grained brittle dolomite with a potentially high fracture intensity, particularly if the fractures contain fluid which renders them compliant to the shear-wave motion.