温度对罗非鱼下脚料蛋白酶解液混合营养培养螺旋藻的影响

在常规的Zarrouk培养基中添加1000∶3(v/v)的罗非鱼下脚料蛋白酶解液对钝顶螺旋藻进行混合营养培养,考察在光照强度230μmol/m2.s、温度15～40℃范围内对螺旋藻生物量、叶绿素、藻胆蛋白和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,添加酶解液在15～35℃时能够显著提高螺旋藻生物量,35℃时增幅最大为38.2%;在30～40℃时添加酶解液显著提高螺旋藻叶绿素的含量,30℃时含量提高了11.7%;在15～20℃低温条件下添加酶解液显著提高螺旋藻藻胆蛋白含量,15℃时增幅达15.1%;在15～35℃范围内添加酶解液显著提高蛋白质含量,30℃时增幅最大为13.7%。     

钝顶螺旋藻藻胆体的稳定性研究

根据室温荧光发射光谱表征 ,研究了藻胆蛋白浓度、离子强度、pH和葡聚糖等因素对钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulinaplatensis)藻胆体的稳定性的影响。藻胆蛋白浓度为0.6～1.2g/L时 ,钝顶螺旋藻藻胆体的室温荧光发射峰在676～681nm之间 ,此时藻胆体的稳定性强 ,不易解离。在低离子强度(<0.75mol/L)条件下 ,钝顶螺旋藻藻胆体易解离 ,解离速度随离子强度的递减而加快。钝顶螺旋藻藻胆体在 pH7时稳定 ,而在 pH5,6,8,9时只有轻微解离 ,表明藻胆体在较宽的 pH范围内保持相对稳定。在钝顶螺旋藻藻胆体溶液中加入10%的葡聚糖 ,保存30d后藻胆体依然保持完整 ,说明葡聚糖对藻胆体的稳定性有保护作用     

3种植物激素对螺旋藻生长和代谢产物含量的影响

用单因素分析法研究6一苄基氨基嘌呤(6-BA)、萘乙酸(NAA)和赤霉素(GA)3种植物激素对螺旋藻生长和代谢产物含量的影响.结果显示,添加NAA(0.4 mg/L)和GA(1.0 mg/L)分别使钝顶螺旋藻(Speruli-na pzatensis)和极大螺旋藻(Spirulina maximum)生物量达到最大值,与对照相比提高了49.1%和65.2%,比生长速率增加了66.7%和28.6%.同样,激素可以显著地影响螺旋藻的代谢产物含量.对于钝顶螺旋藻,GA(0.1 mg/L)使胞外总糖含量增加5倍;GA(0.3 mg/L)使胞内总糖含量提高5倍;6-BA(0.2 mg/L)使胞内蛋白含量提高27.8%;NAA(0.2 111g/L)使SOD酶比活力提高3.47倍.对于极大螺旋藻,GA(0.3 nlg/L)使胞外总糖含量增加1.32倍,使胞内总糖含量提高2倍;NAA(1.6mg/L)使胞内蛋白含量提高66.7%,6-BA(1.6 mg/L)使SOD酶比活力提高3.47倍.因此植物激素对螺旋藻生长和代谢产物合成有明显的促进作用,该结果为高密度规模化生产奠定基础.     

用甲基化修饰法抑制钝顶螺旋藻遗传转化中限制性内切酶对外源质粒的降解

胞内限制性内切酶降解外源DNA,是钝顶螺旋藻/节旋藻(Spirulina/Arthrospira platensis)遗传转化的难点之一。通过用EDTA螯合Mg2 抑制限制性内切酶活性的方法,对外源质粒进行了甲基化修饰。结果表明,修饰后的外源质粒可抵抗限制性内切酶3h的降解,有利于钝顶螺旋藻的遗传转化。     

硒对钝顶螺旋藻生长及固碳速率的影响

本实验采用添加硒的改良Zarrouk培养基培养钝顶螺旋藻(Arthrospira platensis)FACHB-834,测定了其叶绿素荧光参数、生物量及含碳率,探究硒对螺旋藻生长及固碳速率的影响。研究表明:较低的硒浓度(1和10 mg/L)促进螺旋藻生长,与对照组相比,生物量分别提高了21%和15%(P0.05),终生物量最高达1.04 g/L;固碳速率最高达153.32 mg/(L·d);最大光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)、最大电子传递速率(rETR_(max))和光能的利用效率(α)与对照组相比均有所提高,但差异不显著。较高的硒浓度(50和100 mg/L)抑制螺旋藻的生长,与对照组相比生物量分别降低了43%和48%、含碳率分别降低了10%和17%、固碳速率分别降低了53%和61%(P0.05),F_v/F_m分别最大降低了32.4%和31.2%、rETR_(max)分别最大降低了15.4%和11.2%、α值分别最大降低了48.2%和39.4%(P0.05)。综合考虑钝顶螺旋藻的生长和固碳速率,本实验培养钝顶螺旋藻的最佳硒浓度为1 mg/L。研究结果可为大规模培养富硒钝顶螺旋藻提供参考。     

硒硫比值对钝顶螺旋藻有机化硒的影响及藻体中硒的形态、价态构成

在培养基中添加亚硒酸钠、硫酸钾培养钝顶螺旋藻,研究硒、硫不同克分子比(Se∶S)对钝顶螺旋藻有机化硒的影响,用2,3-二氨基萘荧光分光光度法测定藻体中总硒、有机硒、4价硒及6价硒含量,分析藻体中硒的形态、价态构成.结果显示,一定范围内Se∶S对钝顶螺旋藻产率影响不大,但硒浓度为3.80mmol/L、Se∶S=0.812时螺旋藻产量、总硒及有机硒含量均最高,富硒钝顶螺旋藻中以有机硒为主,无机硒以4价硒为主.     

硒硫比值对钝顶螺旋藻有机化硒的影响及藻体中硒的形态、价格构成

在培养基中添加亚硒酸钠、硫酸钾培养钝顶螺旋藻，研究硒、硫不同克分子比（Se:S)对钝顶螺旋藻有机化硒的影响，用2，3-二氨基萘荧光分光光度法测定藻体中总硒、有机硒、4价硒及6价硒含量，分析藻体中硒的形态，价态构成。结果显示，一定范围内Se:S对钝顶螺旋藻产率影响不大，但硒浓度为3.80mmol/L、Se:S=0.812时螺旋藻产量、总硒及有机硒含量均最高，富硒钝顶螺旋藻中以有机硒为主，无机硒以4价硒为主。     

Se(IV)和Te(IV)对钝顶螺旋藻的急性毒性和联合毒性

用化学品对藻类毒性测试的标准试验方法,分别研究了硫属元素Se(IV)和Te(IV)单组分对钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)的毒性效应,用相加指数法评价了Se(IV)和Te(IV)双组分对螺旋藻的联合毒性效应。结果表明,Te(IV)对螺旋藻的毒性大于Se(IV),其EC50,96h分别为125.2mg/L和36.1mg/L;Se(IV)和Te(IV)的联合毒性效应为拮抗作用,其EC50,96h为103.1mg/L。     

Se(Ⅳ)和Te(Ⅳ)对钝顶螺旋藻的急性毒性和联合毒性

用化学品对藻类毒性测试的标准试验方法,分别研究了硫属元素Se(Ⅳ)和Te(Ⅳ)单组分对钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)的毒性效应,用相加指数法评价了Se(Ⅳ)和Te(Ⅳ)双组分对螺旋藻的联合毒性效应.结果表明,Te(Ⅳ)对螺旋藻的毒性大于Se(Ⅳ),其EC50,96h分别为125.2 mg/L和36.1 mg/L;Se(IV)和Te(Ⅳ)的联合毒性效应为拮抗作用, 其EC50,96h为103.1 mg/L.     

硫酸铵对钝顶螺旋藻（spirulina platensis）生长的影响

本实验利用硫酸铵代替zarrouk培养基中的硝酸钠。在硫酸铵的最适用量范围内钝顶螺旋藻spirulina platensis生长良好。不同用量的硫酸铵,对钝顶螺旋藻的生长,以及叶绿素和脱镁叶绿素含量有明显影响。钝顶螺旋藻生长,最佳时硫酸铵用量为0.1g/l,粗蛋白含量为51.35％。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.