微拟球藻优化培养模式及其在光生物反应器高密度培养中的应用

微藻是水产养殖动物终生或特定发育阶段的饵料(或饵料的饵料)作为重要基础之一,很大程度上支撑着水产养殖产业。目前,在水产育苗过程中,由于生物污染和气候等原因,时常出现饵料微藻数量不足现象,人们不得不选用人工饲料代替,这在很大程度上限制了水产养殖业发展。同时,微藻饵料质量的优劣也直接影响着水产动物孵化率、成活率及生长率等,也决定着水产养殖的成败。因此选择生长快、颗粒大小适宜并富含营养物质的饵料微藻是水产养殖的基础。 科学家们研究发现,水产饲料中多不饱和脂肪酸[如二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)等]对海鱼和对虾影响效果明显(陈晓林等,2004刘镜恪等，1997，2002，2004，2005，2001； Liu et a12002，2004；邱小琮等,2004)多数海洋微藻具有增加ω3和ω6系列脂肪酸链长和去饱和能力,是多不饱和脂肪酸含量最多的 生物类群(樊云真等，1998；李文权等,2003；刘建国等,2002),在水产中,微藻饵料的缺乏常常成为限制水产动物育苗的关键因素,因此提供优质海洋微藻饵料是促进水产业发展的重要措施。微拟球藻是海洋微藻大眼藻纲中的主要种群(Hibbeed,1981),能高产不饱和脂肪酸(特别是EPA)(Zou et al,1999；魏东,2000；王秀良,2002)并具有生长迅速、细胞颗粒小(Hu et al,2003)的特点。作者利用微拟球藻培养轮虫,投喂牙鲆幼苗的实验数据显示,该藻培育的轮虫对牙鲆幼苗生长有明显促进作用,也有利于提高幼苗的成活率(刘建国等,2007)。 本文作者利用微拟球藻在天然海水中的人工优化配方以及光温等重要参数、总结出优化培养模式，利用不同光生物反应器对优化模式进行了高密度培养验证,并研究了比生长速率与生物产量等问题,为该藻的海水饵料培养和水产应用提供基础。     

栉孔扇贝×虾夷扇贝的杂交技术

以栉孔扇贝与虾夷扇贝为实验材料,进行了两者之间自交和栉孔扇贝♀×虾夷扇贝♂和虾夷扇贝♀×栉孔扇贝♂的杂交的实验。实验结果表明:两者的杂交是可行的,在幼虫阶段表现出一定的生长优势,幼虫成活率间没有差异,但在幼虫附着变态方面,杂交组低于自交组,两者之间有明显的差异。然后以具有生长优势的栉孔扇贝♀×虾夷扇贝♂组进行了生产性育苗实验,取得明显的经济效益。     

栉孔扇贝与虾夷扇贝杂交生产性育苗技术的研究

本文以栉孔扇贝♀与虾夷扇贝♂为试验材料,进行二者之间杂交育苗生产,并与栉孔扇贝自交生产比较,生产结果表明:二者的杂交是可行的,在幼虫阶段表现出一定的生长优势,幼虫成活率间没有差异,但在幼虫附着变态方面,杂交组低于自交组,二者之间有明显的差异。然后以具有生长优势的栉孔扇贝♀×虾夷扇贝♂组进行了生产性育苗实验,取得明显的经济效益。     

栉孔扇贝♀×海湾扇贝♂受精细胞学观察及杂交后代生长发育的观察

本文采用DAPI染色荧光显微方法连续观察了栉孔扇贝♀×海湾扇贝♂的受精细胞学过程,发现海湾扇贝精子可以正常入卵,并能完成后续的发育过程获得杂交后代。同时进行栉孔扇贝♀×海湾扇贝♂杂交组及栉孔扇贝、海湾扇贝自交组3组实验,对各组的受精率、卵裂率、D形幼虫孵化率、幼虫生长速度、幼虫存活率进行统计分析,实验结果表明:杂交组的受精率为92.77%,卵裂率为81.46%,D形幼虫孵化率为51.23%,杂交组幼虫在培育到第7天时全部死亡,栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝自交组的幼虫可正常发育到眼点幼虫,杂交组幼虫在其存活阶段的生长和2自交组无显著性差异,但成活率差异显著。     

栉孔扇贝升温育苗高产技术

在栉孔扇贝升温育苗中,主要改进了亲贝升温促熟培育、产卵与孵化、选幼、幼虫培育等主要技术措施,在105m~3水体中,培育出商品苗85,000,000多粒,取得了可喜的经济效益。     

7株海洋微藻强化褶皱臂尾轮虫效果的研究

该文用 7株富含 EPA、DHA的海洋微藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫 (Brachionus plicatilis)进行强化 ,通过检测轮虫的脂肪酸组成和含量来研究这几种微藻对轮虫的营养价值。结果表明 :轮虫中的脂肪酸组成和含量与所用饵料密切相关 ,尤其是 EPA、DHA等多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)主要取决于这些脂肪酸在藻中的含量 ;强化 12 h后 ,轮虫中的 n- 3PUFA含量一般为饵料中含量的 75 %左右 ,强化 2 4 h达 80 %以上 ,强化 7d的轮虫可达 90 %以上。     

底栖硅藻生物膜附着基对扇贝幼虫附着和变态的影响

为了建立生态、高效的扇贝幼虫附着和变态诱导技术,采用底栖硅藻生物膜附着基对栉孔扇贝和海湾扇贝开展了附着和变态诱导的现场实验。实验围绕底栖硅藻在扇贝幼虫培育池内的数量变动、存活状态、在栉孔扇贝食谱组成中的贡献以及其对两种扇贝附着和变态的诱导效果开展。结果表明,底栖硅藻附着基能极显著提高海湾扇贝和栉孔扇贝幼虫的附苗量和变态率(P<0.01)。在海湾扇贝实验中,底栖硅藻处理组比对照组附苗量提高220.19%(P<0.01),变态率和壳长两组差异不显著(P>0.05)。在栉孔扇贝实验中,底栖硅藻处理组比对照组附苗量提高43.02%(P<0.01),变态率提高87.31%(P<0.01),底栖硅藻处理组壳长和对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。对照组附着基比对照组早3d检查到变态的稚贝。底栖硅藻附着基在进入幼虫培育池的黑暗环境后光合作用受限,对于扇贝幼虫的日常管理导致底栖硅藻脱落,数量有一定的下降,但丰度最终能保持为56.0-183.9个/mm2。使用基于混合模型对栉孔扇贝稚贝食物来源进行分析结果显示金藻Isochrysis galbana对稚贝的食物贡献较高,底栖硅藻的贡献较低,其0.95水平的置信区间的贡献率为0%-44%,表明底栖硅藻也是扇贝物来源之一。本研究为底栖硅藻生物膜在贝类幼虫附着变态过程中作用的研究奠定了良好的基础,并为生态、高效的商业化苗种培育提供理论和技术支撑。     

斜带髭鲷室外人工生态系育苗试验

本文系斜带髭鲷鱼苗室外水泥池不同生态系的育苗试验．在育苗前的“养水”期 间,1号池接入小球藻、微绿球藻、扁藻、金藻、轮虫、桡足类、枝角类等生物饵料;2号 池仅接入小球藻、轮虫生物饵料．在水温19．1～23℃、比重1．019、pH值8．5的条件 下．2池鱼苗经100d的培育后,平均全长各为31mm和29mm,平均体重各为0．90g 和0．75g,成活率18．5％和10．1％．试验表明:在育苗前期,生物饵料的多样性有利于 开口仔鱼的摄食和营养,也利于鱼苗的生长发育和成活率的提高．     

几种环境因子对波纹巴非蛤面盘幼虫发育的影响

采用实验生态的方法研究了饵料密度、温度和盐度对波纹巴非蛤面盘幼虫的影响。结果表明,球等鞭金藻密度为3×10~4个/m L是波纹巴非蛤面盘幼虫培育的最佳饵料密度;面盘幼虫培育的适宜温度为24~30℃,最适为27~30℃;适宜盐度为27~33,最适为30。实验结果可为建立波纹巴非蛤人工育苗技术参考。     

华贵栉孔扇贝生产性育苗高产试验

华贵栉孔扇贝Chlamys nobilis的亲贝由人工种苗养成,采用阴干、紫外光照射、温差刺激等综合方法刺激亲贝,获得了诱导产卵的好效果。幼虫以叉鞭金藻为饵料,生长发育正常,变态附着率达73.5—96.5％,出池苗的成苗率约21％,最高产量为20.6×10~4个/m~3,经海区中27d的种苗中间培养,商品种苗的保苗率为20％左右。幼虫和池内幼苗的生长表现出初期慢、中期快、后期生长速度下降的趋势。海区的幼苗生长则呈现出随着个体增大而生长加快的趋势。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.