工业集聚区发展规划的大气环境影响评价方法研究

以焦作市西部工业集聚区总体规划环境影响评价为案例,讨论工业集聚区规划大气环境影响评价工作内容及应关注的问题,包括大气环境现状调查与评价、大气环境容量估算、大气污染源强确定、大气环境影响预测、规划方案大气环境合理性综合论述、大气污染防治对策等。     

工业集聚区发展规划的大气环境影响评价方法研究

以焦作市西部工业集聚区总体规划环境影响评价为案例,讨论工业集聚区规划大气环境影响评价工作内容及应关注的问题,包括大气环境现状调查与评价、大气环境容量估算、大气污染源强确定、大气环境影响预测、规划方案大气环境合理性综合论述、大气污染防治对策等.     

2000—2017年山地城市百色气候承载力定量评价

利用2000—2017年百色市气象资料和城市社会经济发展数据,构建以气候天然容量、极端气候事件压力、城市气候压力和城市协调发展能力四个评价指数组成的城市气候承载力综合函数,客观定量评价广西西部山地城市百色2000—2017年的气候承载力变化。结果表明：21世纪以来,百色市的气候承载力整体呈现一种波动上升的状态,反映百色的城市建设与气候之间的协调力增强,城市建设发展仍有较大的气候承载空间。百色城市气候承载力对极端天气气候事件,特别是干旱事件较为敏感;人为影响因子对气候承载力具有重要影响。提升气候承载力和应对气候变化能力应从提高防御自然灾害能力和城市协调发展能力、降低城市气候压力着手,建立可持续发展的城市气候生态系统。     

城市气候承载力定量化评价方法初探

本文从气候天然容量、城市气候压力和城市协调发展能力3个方面选取24个指标构建较完整的城市气候承载力评价指标体系。气候天然容量指数采用内梅罗指数法计算,城市气候压力指数和城市协调发展能力指数采用基于熵权的综合评价方法计算,进而构建城市气候承载力综合评价函数以量化评价结果。以上海市为例,对其气候承载力进行定量化评价。研究表明,本文建立的气候承载力评价指标体系是可行的,它可以描述某一城市时域上的变化,也可以对区域气候承载力开发利用过程中存在的问题进行甄别,并可作为气候预警响应的依据,为我国建立区域气候安全管理机制提供技术参考。分析上海市2004-2013年这10年间气候承载力的变化趋势,结果表明研究期内上海市气候承载力整体劣于基准年值,且因深受气候天然容量的影响而处于较大波动状态。     

陕西关中地区大气环境承载力研究

以陕西省关中地区大气环境中SO2和PM10作为评估对象进行大气环境承载力研究,基于关中5市共46个地面气象台站的逐时气象观测资料和2010—2013年污染物排放资料,采用烟云足迹分析法计算了各市2010—2013年环境容量系数A值和SO2、PM10大气环境承载力的时空分布状况。结果表明:关中地区5市中铜川和咸阳的A值相对最大,渭南、宝鸡、西安的A值较小,且呈现出逐年下降的趋势。2010—2013年关中地区SO2环境承载力已无余额,PM10环境承载力仍有余额。SO2环境承载力西安市和渭南市4年均无余额,其他市均有余额且呈逐年上升趋势;PM10环境承载力除渭南市2013年无余额外,其他市4年均有余额且年际变化较为平稳。     

博尔塔拉河流域水资源承载力模糊综合评价

博尔塔拉河流域大规模的农业开发和不合理的水资源开发利用,使得流域内生态环境脆弱,导致了补给干流的水资源减少,使得干流(尤其是在下游)产生了一系列的生态环境问题。本文针对博尔塔拉河流域水资源的实际情况,依据博尔塔拉河流域供需状况等,选取人均水资源可利用量,人均供水量、水资源利用率、耕地灌溉率、供水模数、需水模数、生活用水定额、生态用水率等指标,应用模糊综合评价方法综合评价了流域内现状和不同年份的水资源承载力,并提出了提高水资源承载力的途径。     

论陆面蒸发的计算

本文从蒸发E随降水的改变率E/r是剩余蒸发力E_0—E和降水r的函数,即E/r=f(E_0-E,r),而蒸发随蒸发力的改变率E/E_0是剩余水量,r—E和蒸发力E_0的函数,即E/E_0=φ(r-E,E_0)的考虑出发,利用量纲分析和微分方程理论确定了函数f和Φ的表述式,并由此得到根据蒸发力和降水计算陆面蒸发的公式。计算结果非常令人满意。     

《环境影响评价技术导则大气环境》修订内容与对比分析

《环境影响评价技术导则大气环境》(HJ 2.2—2018)于2018年12月1日正式实施。为加深对新版导则的理解应用,从大气污染防治面临的迫切需求、以往版本导则实施以后发现的问题出发,结合国家最新环境保护政策和管理要求,阐述了导则修订的背景和主要内容,对比了新旧版导则在框架设计和整体结构上的差异,分析了导则修订对环境影响评价所带来的重要影响。对比分析发现,新版导则对大气环境影响评价作了更加细致、系统和规范的规定,其实施将有力提高大气环境影响评价的科学性和可操作性,对建设项目和规划项目的大气环境影响评价工作将起到更好的指导作用。     

用方差分析法预测濮阳市冬小麦播种期降水量趋势

使用1971-2000年濮阳市冬小麦播种期降水量资料,采用方差分析法,按不同长度周期进行排列,求出各个周期的F值,进行F检验定出第一周期,其位相值为第一周期的第一次值。将原序列减去第一周期的位相值作为新序列1,对新序列1再进行不同长度周期排列,求出各个周期的F值,再进行F检验定出第二周期。对第一、二周期进行稳定性检查,采用经稳定后的第一、二周期的第2次值各自外推,求出预报初值,计算出剩余方差,建立预报方程,进而可计算出降水量预报值。经回代检验,历史拟合率为30/30=100%;2001-2005年试报准确率为4/5=80%。     

山西省绛县大气环境容量研究

本文分析了山西省绛县大气环境质量状况和大气污染物排放特点,用A—P—S法计算出绛县的大气环境容量以及现状各污染源的允许排放量,并分析了全县以及各乡镇的大气环境容量剩余状况,提出了绛县大气污染防治对策措施建议。     

城市雨水利用在区域规划环评中的可行性分析

我国目前正处于城市化快速发展阶段,随之而来的城市雨水资源的大量流失和污染严重的雨水径流及由此引起的城市洪灾和生态环境破坏等问题引起了人们的高度关注。对开发区雨水利用可行性分析结果表明:开发区雨水收集量可占总用水量的2.5%—8.0%,可节约用水费用12%—20%;与污水回用相比,在污水量小于5 000 m3/d时,采用雨水收集利用更加经济可行。因此,提出在区域规划层次上,应提高对城市雨水利用对策的重视,充分发挥区域规划环境影响评价宏观控制、协调的作用。     

辽宁省重点灌区的污染特征与环境风险研究

针对辽宁省污灌区污染现状,分析了沈抚和张士2个重点污灌区的环境风险。结果表明:长期污灌造成土壤、农作物和地下水的严重污染,沈抚灌区人群患病率明显高于对照区,且有逐年增高趋势,其中以肝肿大为主要疾病。张士灌区尿镉水平明显高于对照组,引起人群肾功能损伤。鉴于污灌区环境污染的复杂性与长期性,提出未来加快开展人体健康损害风险评估和区域健康风险研究重点。     

Public environmental concern in China: Determinants and variations

How much are Chinese people and various citizen groups concerned about the environment relative to other major public problems? What are the key factors and to what extent do these factors shape individual Chinese environmental concern? Based on a micro-macro model and a county fixed model proposed in this study, we employ nationwide representative public opinion survey data and provincial statistics to examine the determinants and variations of public environmental concern in China. The data shows that environmental concern is not among the top-ranked issue concerns in China overall, but in the urban areas and in the east-coastal region environmental protection features as a rather important issue. Our regression analyses further demonstrate that the Chinese environmental concern is significantly affected by both micro-level socio-demographic variables and macro-level regional economic conditions and environmental risks. In the east-coastal region, such individuals as urbanites with high income are most environmentally concerned. There is a lack of concern over environmental issues among the public in the west region, where little association between individual sociodemographics and their environmental concern is detected. In the central-northeast region, education effect is evident in the rural area. Location contextual factors such as economic development and environmental risk account for most of the observed variations in public environment concern.     

Context matters: The drivers of environmental concern in European regions

Environmental concern is crucial as bottom-up support for policies that aim to tackle the multiple ecological crises. This paper investigates which characteristics of 206 European regions are robust drivers of generalized environmental concern. To this end, 25 Eurobarometer survey waves between 2009 and 2019 were combined with measures of the regional economy, population, geography, environmental quality, and meteorological events. Bayesian model averaging is used to systematically account for model uncertainty in the estimation of partial correlations. The results indicate that environmental concern increases with income level, a more equal distribution of income and wealth, and a less greenhouse gas-intensive industrial sector. Furthermore, regions with younger and better educated populations exhibit higher levels of environmental concern. In terms of environmental characteristics, both geographical vulnerability to natural hazards and meteorological events affect environmental concern. The results highlight the importance of the socio-economic and environmental context of opinion formation and have implications for designing and communicating environmental policies.     

Narratives,narrations and social structure in environmental governance

Avoiding further aggravation of the consequences of global environmental change remains a complex governance challenge. Social relational structure among actors plays a key role for enhancing the capacity of collaborative approaches to environmental governance. We present an encompassing conceptual framework to advance understanding of the mechanisms that shape dynamics in environmental governance entities. Narrative theory is integrated with insights on group dynamics grounded in social network theory to contextualize local social complexities in governance processes. We assume that social relational structure between actors, and narrations they tell, co-produce narratives and dynamics at the group level. Three important mechanisms that influence dynamics are described: (1) the interplay between collaborative relationships and narrative congruence between individual actors, (2) the characteristics of actors, and (3) the actors’ embeddedness in the wider social structure. A set of testable hypotheses on the interplay between narration, narratives and social relational structure in environmental governance processes is presented. We conclude by discussing why we regard this framework useful to study local and regional governance entities in the context of addressing global environmental change.     

模糊综合评价法在土壤环境质量评价中的应用实例

The soil environmental quality was evaluated by fuzzy comprehensive assessment method,which could decrease the gradual change and fuzz of soil environmental pollution.The soil environmental quality at five plots of sewage irrigation region in Fuxin was validated by fuzzy comprehensive assessment method.The results indicate that this assessment method is feasible.And the method can also detect the soil environmental grades scientifically.The effects of different pollution factors on soil environmental quality can be estimated,and the pollution grades can be divided and evaluated.The method can provide the base for soil environmental plan and pollution prevention and cure.     

The global environmental paw print of pet food

Global pet ownership, especially of cats and dogs, is rising with income growth, and so too are the environmental impacts associated with their food. The global extent of these impacts has not been quantified, and existing national assessments are potentially biased due to the way in which they account for the relative impacts of constituent animal by-products (ABPs). ABPs typically have lower value than other animal products (i.e. meat, milk and eggs), but are nevertheless associated with non-negligible environmental impacts. Here we present the first global environmental impact assessment of pet food. The approach is novel in applying an economic value allocation approach to the impact of ABPs and other animal products to represent better the environmental burden. We find annual global dry pet food production is associated with 56–151 Mt CO₂ equivalent emissions (1.1%−2.9% of global agricultural emissions), 41–58 Mha agricultural land-use (0.8–1.2% of global agricultural land use) and 5–11 km³ freshwater use (0.2–0.4% of water extraction of agriculture). These impacts are equivalent to an environmental footprint of around twicethe UK land area, and would make greenhouse gas emission from pet food around the 60th highest emitting country, or equivalent to total emissions from countries such as Mozambique or the Philippines. These results indicate that rising pet food demand should be included in the broader global debate about food system sustainability.     

内蒙古呼包鄂地区近56年来大气环境容量变化特征分析

为探讨内蒙古呼包鄂地区大气对污染物承载能力的变化,科学评价气候变化对大气环境的影响,利用1961—2016年呼包鄂地区8个国家气象站降水量、风速、云量资料,分析了该地区气象条件的变化特征及大气环境容量的时空分布特征,并对大气环境容量与气象要素之间的相关性进行了分析。结果显示:呼包鄂地区大气环境容量1月的最小、4月的最大,春季的>秋季的>夏季的>冬季的,年平均大气环境容量为62.4 t/d/km^2;月、季、年平均大气环境容量呈波动减小趋势,特别是20世纪70年代末期之后减小趋势更为显著;有明显的空间分布特征,由城区向郊区逐渐增大,城郊差异冬季最为明显,夏季差异最小;大气环境容量与降水相关性差,与风速和日最大混合层高度呈显著的正相关关系,特别是与风速相关性更显著,与小风日数呈显著的负相关关系。