渤海裂谷中生代火山岩特征及其地质意义

一、引言本文论述的渤海裂谷位于我国东部规模巨大的郯庐断裂带(指发育在华北断块内的一部分)的北段,即发育在渤海范围内的郯庐断裂带部分(图1)。大量地质与地球物理资料证实,整个郯庐断裂带的主体部分在中生代为统一的大陆裂谷环境已确信无疑(徐贵忠,1983;高维明等,1980;许志琴,1980)。     

从郯庐古裂谷中段的地壳结构特征探讨人工地震测深在矿产远景预测中的作用

连云港-临沂-泗水测深剖面横穿中国东部郯庐古裂谷带中段.1983年作者曾采用一维垂向非均匀的地壳速度模型解释,并结合重磁等地质地球物理资料进行了综合分析^[1].本文是在上述工作的基础上进一步运用动力学射线追踪方法,并选用二维非均匀介质的地壳速度模型,研究郯庐古裂谷中段地完结构特征的初步成果.在阐述郯庐古裂谷的地壳深部结构构造及其演化过程的同时,做了古裂谷中段范围内的矿产远景预测.     

郯庐断裂带南段的重磁场特征及其地质意义

由于断裂两侧的磁性、密度的纵横向差异在重力、磁力异常上有所表现,因此所获得的重力、磁力数据为深入研究关键的地质课题提供了科学基础,如郯庐断裂带的基底性质、断裂形成特征和岩浆岩分布。利用最新的高精度航空重力和磁力数据以及地面重力数据,绘制了郯庐断裂带地区的1∶50 000重力和磁力异常图,并结合区域地质数据分析了重力和磁力异常特征。分析结果认为:存在连体的郯庐—大别古老构造带,郯庐断裂带南段是元古宙和燕山中期岩浆活动的复合反映带;郯庐断裂带为中元古—新元古代时期南华北陆块与下扬子陆块的界限;磁力、重力异常图对比说明,合肥盆地范围由老到新向东扩展。     

大别-郯庐-苏鲁造山带复合旋转拼贴作用

郯庐断裂带的成生演化与含超高压变质带(UHP)的大别及苏鲁造山带存在较密切的时空关系。郯庐断裂带所在的构造位置应是晚二叠世华北与扬子地块碰撞时的根带。UHP岩石的折返过程可能发生于华北、扬子地块的大角度旋转、拼合过程中。在华北与扬子地块的造山后期或者造山期后的构造变形中所记录的构造形迹经晚中生代以来的中国东部构造变形叠加而逐渐呈现复杂的构造组合,所谓“郯庐断裂带”的走滑平移即其中的一种运动方式。华北与扬子地块碰撞造山作用与陆内变形最终造就了大别—郯庐—苏鲁复合造山带。     

从航空重力看郯庐断裂系(渤海)及其围区构造几何学特征

本文以我国首次试验的渤海西、南部海陆结合带航空重力测量资料为依据, 探讨了郯庐断裂在渤海西、南部海域的空间展布及其围区的构造几何学特征。研究表明, (1)渤海南部和西部两个明显的NNE向 重力异常梯级带属于区域不同重力场的分界线, 分别是郯庐断裂带东支断裂(主干断裂)和西支断裂的反映; (2)郯庐主断裂东侧主要发育NE-NNE向重力异常梯级带, 西侧呈现NW向、NE-NNE向、近EW向重力异常梯级带相互交错的面貌, 反映了东、西两侧不同的断裂构造格局; (3)重力异常小区与异常梯级带的不同组合, 反映了拉张、压缩、扭动三类构造样式; (4)不同的重力异常区、亚区、小区, 反映了不同的沉积构造特征, 分别对应不同的构造单元。     

郯庐断裂带的分段性研究

本文从航磁、重力以及地学断面等地球物理资料入手,对郯庐断裂（即郯城—庐江断裂）带地球物理场和深部构造特征进行了分析;在总结前人研究成果的基础上,探讨了郯庐断裂带的各段的运动学性质,并对郯庐分段差异性的成因地球动力学过程进行了探讨。研究表明郯庐断裂带各段的地球物理场和深部构造特征及演化过程都存在着显著的差异。华南与华北板块的碰撞造山过程主要影响郯庐断裂带中南段的活动,而西太平洋俯冲的弧后扩张作用及由此产生的地幔底辟则是沈阳—渤海段活动的主控因素。中国东部中生代以来多期地质事件造成区域构造动力多次改变,使郯庐断裂带经历了多期的构造体制转换,并造成了各段活动特征的巨大差异性。     

中国东部新编重磁异常图及构造解释研究

新编1∶100万航磁和重力资料经过处理后 ,清楚地反映了郯庐断裂的分布和苏鲁地区变质岩带的分布 ,并且 ,还显示出沿北纬40°方向经归州、岫岩南侧至丹东 ,在研究区内长约260km的线性航磁异常 ,南北两侧重力异常特征也截然不同 ,笔者初步认为这是一条隐伏断裂。地球物理场的特征表明 ,其切割深度与郯庐断裂相当 ,共同构建起中国东部的构造格架。     

日照—连云港地区主要断裂重磁异常特征

为满足1:25万海洋区域地质调查需求,解决海陆过渡区的基础地质问题,在统一编制1:25万重力异常图和磁力异常图的基础上,分析日照—连云港地区主要断裂的重磁异常特征。结合区域地质资料,探讨郯庐断裂沂水段、桑墟—连云港断裂、东海—赣榆断裂的重磁异常特征及其地质意义。结果表明: 昌邑—大店断裂是郯庐断裂沂水段的主断裂; 作为苏鲁造山带的南部边界,桑墟—连云港断裂控制了基底、地层和岩浆岩的分布; 东海—赣榆断裂将苏鲁造山带分割为南、北2部分。这些新认识为日照—连云港地区基础地质研究提供了重要参考。     

从典型矿床(点)分析五河-凤阳地区金多金属矿控矿条件和找矿方向

作者从典型矿床(点)矿层顶底板岩石特征和郯庐断裂带空间依存关系,结合郯庐断裂带(包括F1、F2、F3)早白垩裂谷期的构造和岩浆活动特点分析皖东地区金多金属矿的控矿条件和找矿方向(靶区)。     

试论郯城-庐江断裂带形成、演化及问题

在前人研究基础上,并结合地质、地球物理、地球化学等资料,审视郯庐断裂带的力学性质、演化阶段、动力学背景以及深部岩石圈活动对郯庐断裂带和渤海湾盆地形成的影响,提出一些与前人研究成果不同的认识：郯庐断裂是追踪继存性断裂;郯庐断裂南段在晚古生代可能存在转换断层;渤海湾盆地形成与地幔柱有关,与郯庐断裂扭动关系不大等。最后质疑3个问题与地学同仁探讨。     

Processing and interpretation of the gravity field of the East African Rift: implication for crustal extension

Compilation of new and existing gravity data were undertaken to assess the nature of the crust beneath the East African Rift System. Using 3D gravity modeling code crustal model of gravity profiles across two sectors of the rift were computed. The results are discussed in light of the structure of the rift system.The results of the 3D modeling of gravity profiles across the two rift zones revealed northward thinning of the crust. The maximum crustal attenuation occurs beneath the Afar depression, indicating the Afar rift undergoes an intense fragmentation of the crust resulting from faulting and magmatic activity. However, our computed crustal thickness below the Afar depression falls within an upper bound compared to elsewhere below tectonically active rift zones. This can be explained in terms of crustal accretion resulting from an impact of the Afar mantle plume since 30 Ma ago.The residual gravity obtained using high-cut filtering techniques reveals significant density contrast between the northern and southern sectors of the rift. The northern part of the rift is characterized by regular patterns of positive gravity anomalies, which can be interpreted in terms of a zone of crustal thinning through which relatively dense materials have intruded the overlying crust. In contrast, south of the Main Ethiopian Rift, the anomalies are characterized by random patterns and low amplitudes. The along-rift-axis variation in gravity anomalies implies that the style of crustal deformation changed progressively, beginning with regionally distributed crustal deformation, such as the one we observe within the more juvenile and wider southern segment of the rift, to localized deformation within the active and narrow rift zones of the northern sector of the Ethiopian Rift. We suggest that the key parameters controlling along-rift-axis variation in gravity anomalies are the rate of crustal extension, faulting and magmatic activities.     

桂西裂谷区域地球物理特征

从已有的重力资料出发,结合其他地球物理及地质资料对桂西裂谷进行了探讨.该区重力在区域负布格重力背景上叠加有局部重力高带,并与深源磁场相对磁力高带吻合,与大陆型裂谷的重、磁特征相似,论证了桂西裂谷存在的可能性.     

Multiple episodes of rifting in Central and East Africa: A re-evaluation of gravity data

A compilation of new and existing gravity data, as well as geophysical and geological data, is used to assess the cumulative effects of multiple rifting episodes on crustal and upper mantle density structures beneath the Uganda-Kenya-Ethiopia-Sudan border region. This compilation includes new gravity and geological data collected in 1990 in south-western Ethiopia. Variations in the trends and amplitudes of Bouguer gravity anomalies reveal three overlapping rift systems: Mesozoic, Paleogene and Miocene-Recent. Each of these rift systems is a number of 40–100 km long sedimentary basins, and each system is approximately 1000 km long. The Bouguer anomaly patterns indicate that the Ethiopian and East African plateaux and corresponding gravity anomalies are discrete tectonic features. Models of structural and gravity profiles of two basins (Omo and Chew Bahir basins) suggest that pre-Oligocene (Cretaceous?) strata underlie 3 km or more of Neogene-Recent strata within the northern Kenya rift, and that more than 2 km of Neogene-Recent strata underlie parts of the southern Main Ethiopian rift. The superposition of perhaps three rifting episodes in the Lake Turkana (Omo) region has led to 90% crustal thinning (β ≈ 2).     

Evidence for and relationship between recent distributed extension and halokinesis in the Farasan Islands,southern Red Sea,Saudi Arabia

This paper presents a structural evolution study of the Farasan Bank using an integration of field work, remote sensing data, and regional Bouguer gravity data interpretation. The architecture of the Farasan Islands is influenced by normal faults parallel to the Red Sea rift axis delineating a series of graben and asymmetric half-graben structures as well as salt domes. Geological data suggest that the negative gravity anomaly over the Farasan Bank reflects thick salt deposits. The gravity data shows a general NW-SE trend with the main negative anomaly coincident with the Farasan Islands. Gravity data together with seismic reflection data suggest that salt diapirs are elongated and parallel to the main rift orientation (NW-SE). This indicates that salt deposition and diapirism was controlled by rift-related basement structures. Forward modeling of gravity data constrained by marine seismic reflection interpretation reveals that the evaporites directly overlie the basement in most places. No pre-evaporite formation was detected. Integration of the modeling with field observations and interpretations suggests that the Farasan Islands are in an area of active extension. Extension and salt diapirism on the flank of the mid-ocean ridge is likely to be synchronous with renewed spreading at 5 Ma.     

Subglacial imprints of early Gondwana break-up as identified from high resolution aerogeophysical data over western Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica

Determining the location and geometry of possible subglacial rifts in western Dronning Maud Land is a key element to address processes leading to early Gondwana break-up. However, previous geophysical investigations did not lead to unambiguous delineation of rift structures over this region. We interpret high-resolution airborne radar and aerogravity data to image subglacial rift structures. Subglacial topography, free-air and Bouguer gravity maps, coupled with 3D inverse gravity models, image a rift–rift–rift triple junction at the intersection of the Jutulstraumen ice stream and the Pencksökket glacier. These continental rifts were associated with alkaline and tholeiitic intrusions, minor dyke swarms and flood basalts of Jurassic age, but not with huge volumes of Karoo magmatism, such as that which characterizes the southern Africa conjugate margin. The western Dronning Maud Land triple junction may be linked to the Karoo mantle plume and represents an early stage of magmatism and rifting during Gondwana break-up.     

Structural features in the Dead Sea-Jordan rift zone, interpreted from a combined magnetic-gravity study

The results of a combined analysis of aeromagnetic and gravity data covering the rift and adjacent areas show two different deep structural models: (a) Across the northern and central portions of the rift zone the crustal thickness and the character of the upper mantle remain unchanged. On the other hand, the lithology of the upper crust varies laterally so that the mafic composition of the rock type probably increases from east to west. (b) The southern portion of the rift may be underlain by an anomalous, low-density upper mantle.

Local negative gravity anomalies within the rift zone delineate deep depressions, separated by structural highs. The Dead Sea depression is interpreted to be filled by 7.5 km of young, low-density sediments.

Local magnetic anomalies which cover the northern portion only are interpreted as basalt flows. This approach enables delineation of fault patterns which support the classic view of sinistral strike slip movement along a complicated fault system.     

Redefined crustal structure of the Buchan Rift,northeast Victoria: evidence from potential field modelling of newly acquired land-based gravity data

The Buchan Rift, in northeastern Victoria, is a north–south-trending basin, which formed in response to east–west crustal extension in the Early Devonian. The rift is filled mostly with Lower Devonian volcanic and volcaniclastic rock of the Snowy River Volcanics. Although the structure and geometry of the Buchan Rift and its major bounding faults are well mapped at the surface, a discrepancy exists between the surface distribution of the thickest rift fill and its expected potential field response. To investigate this variation, two new detailed land-based gravity surveys, which span the rift and surrounding basement rocks in an east–west orientation, have been acquired and integrated with pre-existing government data. Qualitative interpretation of the observed magnetic data suggests the highly magnetic rocks of the Snowy River Volcanics have a wider extent at depth than can be mapped at the surface. Forward modelling of both land-based gravity data and aeromagnetic data supports this interpretation. With the Snowy River Volcanics largely confined within the Buchan Rift, resolved geometries also allow for the interpretation of rift boundaries that are wider at depth. These geometries are unusual. Unlike typical basin inversions that involve reactivation of rift-dipping faults, the bounding faults of the Buchan Rift dip away from the rift axis and thus appear unrelated to the preceding rifting episode. Limited inversion of previous extensional rift faults to deform the rift-fill sequences (e.g. Buchan Synclinorium) appears to have been followed by the initiation of new reverse faults in outboard positions, possibly because the relatively strong igneous rift fill began to act as a rigid basement ramp during continued E–W crustal shortening in the Middle Devonian Tabberabberan Orogeny. Overthrusting of the rift margins by older sediments and granite intrusions of the adjacent Tabberabbera and Kuark zones narrowed the exposed rift width at surface. This scenario may help explain the steep-sided geometries and geophysical expressions of other rift basins in the Tasmanides and elsewhere, particularly where relatively mechanically strong basin fill is known or suspected.     

辽宁兴城地区地球物理探测效果评价

以辽宁兴城实验区为重点,详细分析了重力、磁力、大地电磁测深和地震勘探等不同的物探方法对研究区内地质目标的识别作用。根据重力剖面测量、磁力剖面测量、大地电磁测深以及地震勘探等方法对实验区进行野外勘探工作和详细的数据分析。结果表明,重力异常对于构造单元划分、断裂识别、基底起伏的识别等均能发挥重要的作用;磁异常对于断裂识别、不同磁性岩石单元的识别、岩浆活动的分析等方面均能发挥重要的作用;大地电磁测深,在划分构造单元、确定断裂分布、垂向地层分层方面均能提供重要信息;地震勘探横向上可划分出盆地等构造界限,纵向上可分层。     

冀西北地区北西向构造的地球物理证据及地质意义

全球范围内的北西向构造被称为特提斯巨型线性构造,中国境内以婆罗科—祁连山—秦岭线性构造带为主干的北西向构造十分发育,这是一组重要的控矿构造。依据冀西北地区1:20万区域重力调查成果,讨论了区内北西向构造的地球物理(重力场或磁场)证据及其对重要矿产的定位控制作用,其中康保—赤城—密云断裂是铅锌银最佳成矿带;张北—张家口—怀来—昌平断裂是活动地震带;万全榆林沟—涿鹿倒拉咀断裂则可能是重要的大地构造单元划分界线。     

庐枞火山岩盆地及其外围重、磁场特征

为探测长江中下游成矿带庐江-枞阳白垩纪火山岩盆地的深部构造和地壳结构,2007年初在庐枞火山岩盆地进行了以深反射地震剖面探测为主的,新一轮重力、磁力和大地电磁剖面测量。作者在前人研究的基础上对庐枞火山岩盆地及其外围重、磁场特征进行了研究。作者首先分析长江中下游地区重、磁场的分布特征,然后以区域重、磁场特征为背景来认识庐枞地区重、磁场的分布特征。研究各类地质体的物性参数是开展地球物理解释的前提,文中收集并分析了前人对庐枞地区的岩石物性的较为系统研究成果。为了提取重、磁异常的特征,文中对重、磁异常进行了位场转换和图像处理。利用新的深反射地震剖面探测和大地电磁剖面研究成果,采用定性和定量解释方法对庐枞地区重、磁场的分布特征进行了研究并提出新的认识。庐枞火山岩盆地深部存在隐伏的磁性强的中碱性岩类是产生区域磁异常的主要原因。庐枞火山岩盆地下部火成岩所侵入的地层向盆地东南方向延伸,盆地的西北边界向东南方向倾斜。而在罗河断裂带以西没有火成岩存在。亦即庐枞火山岩盆地是一个沿北东向罗河断裂向东发育的非对称火山盆地。另外,在庐枞火山岩盆地西部边缘罗河深部存在切穿莫霍面的断裂带沿北东向延展数十千米。