跨国人口迁移新特征下的移民研究转向——移民产业概念的提出、发展与应用

基于西方学界中移民产业的相关文献,系统梳理了移民产业概念的形成、发展与应用。研究发现：首先,移民产业概念在分析尺度上将宏观与微观相结合,并引入多主体分析的视角,因此其在解释跨国人口迁移在不同阶段的特征与机制方面显现出相对的灵活性;其次,移民产业概念主要被应用于解释流动性机制、跨国移民治理、跨国移民的在地化3个方面。通过对移民产业概念的渊源、发展和相关实证研究的梳理,以期为中国的移民研究提供新的视角、为移民管制及移民政策的制订提供参考与借鉴。     

全球化背景下的中国移民政策:评述与展望

全球化影响下中国凭借高速的经济发展吸引了越来越多的外国移民跨界来华,这也意味着中国必须要正视移民政策,重视引进海外高端人才的移民战略。本文在此背景下,分阶段梳理了建国以来中国的外国人管理政策,并在此基础上探讨了与本国国情相适应的移民政策。研究表明,建国以来中国的移民政策经历了三个发展阶段,从碎片化向系统化、规范化,从严密控制逐步向管理与服务并重发展。但总的来看,现行移民政策仍以"防管"为主要基调,在政策体系、准入标准、生活服务与社会保障等方面与现实发展及高层次人才的引进需求已有较大出入。因此,本文主张尽快完善以吸引高端移民为主的移民政策,对相关法规政策体系及管理机构进行革新,以增强吸引全球人才的竞争力。     

跨国主义视角下高校海归知识移民的回流与地方嵌入

知识经济时代,地理学与世界移民研究越来越重视知识移民及其流动。本文以广州市高校海外留学回国的知识移民为例,采用深度访谈等质性研究方法,从多维视角探讨其回流和嵌入母国和回流地的动态过程及结果。研究发现：① 高校海归知识移民的回流动力机制主要包括工作机会和跨国比较发展优势,以及家庭关系和文化归属等;② 回流后高校知识移民面临着工作、生活、社会关系网络等方面的再嵌入;再嵌入的过程和结果受到工作及工作环境等结构因素和日常生活等非制度情感因素的共同作用;③ 由于拥有较高的跨境智力资本和较强的跨地方社会关系网络,其地方嵌入过程体现出较强的能动性。跨国流动背景下,他们的身份认同表现为混合文化身份的跨地方主体性,其“家”的意义建构也呈现出一种多元的特征。研究指出,多地方的社会嵌入通过跨地方的社会关系使得海归知识移民产生归属感,而并不完全依附于有边界的地理空间,这一定程度上打破了以往地理位置所定义的“地方”,而将关注点放置于基础的工作、社会关系网络与日常的生活实践。从微观和主体视角细致探究海归人才回流嵌入的过程与结果,可以进一步完善转型期知识移民的理论和研究框架,也可以为中国人才政策和发展战略提出指导建议。     

新型全球化与流动性背景下知识移民研究：议题与展望

通过CiteSpace可视化分析和文献分析,重点评述当前国外地理学对知识移民研究的主要脉络和议题,发现：① 国外对于知识移民研究相对细化,早期主要是教育地理学对于青年知识留学生迁移的系统研究,以及经济地理学对于知识移民及知识转移与全球城市发展关系的系列研究;② 新世纪以来,社会文化地理和人口地理学者开始关注知识移民的跨国和跨地方流动,并对其过程中的身份认同与经济社会文化资本、跨地方关系网络、流动过程和特征等议题进行了探讨;③ 新型全球化尤其是全球南方国家经济崛起的背景下,知识移民与城市创新发展、以及回流移民（包括北南移民）现象越来越得到学者的重视,移民政策和移民-城市关系成为重要关注点。     

三峡库区外迁农村移民适应性研究——基于9个省份983户移民样本的实证分析

基于对三峡库区外迁移民的实地调查数据,运用Logit模型方法分析了移民家庭决策者(即户主)个人特征、移民家庭特征、移民安置地社会关系和移民政策等相关因素对移民安置地适应性的影响。结果表明:移民家庭决策者的性别、年龄、受教育程度,家庭迁出人口数量、主要收入来源和人均收入等家庭特征,与当地居民的交往程度、与当地人通婚情况等社会关系特征,安置地区、安置区位、安置方式、后期扶持、职业培训等移民政策因素是影响移民适应性的显著因素。未来移民安稳政策的调整方向可以从优先加强对移民家庭户主的教育和职业能力提升、实现移民家庭的整体搬迁、积极引导移民与当地居民的社会交融,把优于迁出地社会经济水平的地区或区位作为移出安置区(点)、在安置方式上更加倾向于移民意愿、强化移民后期扶持的落实等方面着手。     

上海古北地区日本人聚居区族裔经济的形成特征

随着中国国际化程度的提高,在华外国人数量日益增长并呈现在特定大城市集聚的倾向。上海作为在华外国人集聚规模最大的城市,古北地区的日本人聚居区及其族裔经济引起了广泛的社会关注。主要通过实地调查及深度访谈,探讨古北地区日本人聚居区族裔经济的形成特征。研究发现：古北地区日本人族裔经济形成了以日本人聚居区为依托、以日本人为主要服务对象、中国人和日本人共同经营的特色,该地区的出现既与中国的移民、经济政策相关,也与日本人的族裔特性如旅居属性、较高的社会经济地位、民族内向性等因素相关联。作为高端移民族裔经济的代表,日本人聚居区族裔经济的形成给上海的城市规划建设及移民管理带来了新的课题。     

物质、情感和权力：跨国移民与家的地理学

随着新文化地理学对流动研究的持续关注,家逐渐成为理解跨国移民日常生活实践的重要概念。本文回顾了家的地理学与跨国移民研究的文献,结果发现：首先,跨国移民家的研究开始吸收物质、情感地理学及政治经济学相关理论,文化地理学者可以结合物质、情感与权力创新“家”的理论;其次,跨国移民家的空间政治主要是基于女性、边缘化阶层以及形式上的公民权,有关男性、精英阶层、内容上的超公民权等研究不仅会成为跨国移民研究的趋势,也会为流动性背景下家的研究提供更多的视角。最后,本文提出跨国移民“家”的实践三要素（物质、情感与权力）概念框图,强调从住宅空间、城市空间与跨国空间尺度对家的实践及尺度互动机制进行探讨。     

21世纪以来非洲跨国移民空间格局及其对FDI影响

运用ArcGIS软件与DPS软件,结合世界银行数据库与《非洲统计年鉴》等,分析21世纪以来非洲跨国移民空间格局及其对FDI影响,结果表明：基于目的地国、原籍国的跨国移民分别集中于北非地区与撒哈拉以南的非洲,其中前者呈现以“摩洛哥-埃及-苏丹”为中心的集聚格局,而后者先以科特迪瓦最为集中,随后逐渐被南非所取代;北非地区FDI分布最为集中且增长稳定,南非、东非、西非和中非四大分区FDI较少且随着时间的推移而日趋平衡;相比基于原籍国的跨国移民,基于目的地国的跨国移民重心与FDI重心重叠性与一致性均较高,即基于目的地国的跨国移民对FDI吸引力更强,这与灰色关联分析法得到的研究结论一致。     

当代国际移民创业研究进展

移民创业活动是经济地理学研究中一个重要主题。创业是一种经济活动,但不同群体的创业活动蕴含着不同文化内涵和行为选择。移民创业的研究是解读移民群体社会与文化形成的一个关键的维度。移民群体具有明显的边界,其内部的空间秩序、社会网络、族裔文化以及共同的身份认同都是值得探讨话题,因此学界对移民创业活动给予了持续的关注。移民活动日益频繁,所涉及的行业地域日益扩大,对移民创业群体的研究有利于促进区域经济发展、了解全球政治网络,沟通地理学与社会学和经济学的研究融合,是经济地理学研究中值得关注的问题。本文基于Citespace软件,运用文献分析法,从国际移民创业概念内涵阐述、研究动态、研究前沿及演变、未来研究可能四个方面出发,阐述移民创业研究的历史脉络及进展。研究发现美国和英国在移民创业中占有重要地位。区域创业环境是研究者们主要关注的话题,与创业联系最为紧密的是绩效（0.28）、自雇佣（0.17）和组织（0.17）等关键词研究。全球化趋势不可逆转,跨国主义日趋强盛,未来关于移民及移民创业的研究大有可期。     

流动性视角下三亚俄语区移民的空间实践与身份建构

三亚作为国际旅游目的地，国际流动人口塑造了俄语语言景观，吸引了俄语区国家移民流动至三亚。论文通过定性研究方法，在流动性框架下分析三亚俄语区移民与城市空间的联结。在新型流动性范式下，借助流动/停泊辩证观分析移民空间实践与身份建构，以理解俄语区移民的流动性特征，从日常流动实践中揭示移民空间集聚形成的停泊点结构与意义。研究发现，群体身份可通过社会网络和组织来营造与认同。俄语区移民居所与社会身份具有流动性及不稳定特征，但空间性建构的基础设施作为其日常流动的停泊点赋予特殊地方性意义。停泊点以空间地方性建构引导群体的日常生活流动，开启社会网络的重建。在此过程中，群体对地方性的塑造与体验，通过语言文化产生了群体身份的营造与认同，以及他者对群体的社会建构，形成俄语国家的社交网络。移民在停泊空间的日常流动空间实践与社会交往相互影响、相互依赖，移民的空间实践与身份认同构成人地互动下新的社会网络的重要因素。研究结论丰富了移民流动性的研究案例，拓展了在华跨国移民群体研究对象与其在旅游城市日常生活的探讨，具有重要的政策参考意义。     

Residential Settlement Patterns among Immigrants in Atlanta Metropolitan Area,Georgia

This study investigates the diversity of immigrant populations and their spatial residential patterns at the census tract level within twenty‐nine counties of the Atlanta Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), using 2013 American Community Survey (ACS) five‐year estimates summary data from 2008–2012. Correlations coefficient analyses with local job opportunities, education level, and English proficiency and the presence of foreign‐born populations are also discussed. We find that immigrants have different patterns of settlement depending on their place of birth and region of origin. Local job opportunities, dominant language at home, and education levels also relate to the distribution of foreign‐born populations. Further research opportunities concerning differential settlement are discussed.     

宁夏扶贫工程与引黄灌区开发中的吊庄移民

宁夏回族自治区针对南部山区的巨大扶贫工程和北部引黄新灌区的开发，实施了吊庄移民的新举措。１９８３—１９９２年，先后创建２０多处吊在基地，开发土地５．４×１０￣４ｈａ，将南部２０余万山区农民有组织地迁移到北部新灌区的吊在安家。本文就吊庄移民的理论基础、主体特点和制约因素进行了概要的分析讨论。     

Changing patterns of residential and workplace segregation in the Stockholm metropolitan area

Immigrant–native segregation is present in the spaces in which individuals from different ethnic/racial groups practice their everyday lives; interact with others and develop their ethnic, social and spatial networks. The overwhelming majority of academic research on immigrant segregation has focused on the residential domain, thus largely overlooking other arenas of daily interaction. The present study contributes to the emerging literature on immigrant residential and workplace segregation by examining changes in patterns of residential and workplace segregation over time. We draw our data from the Stockholm metropolitan region, Sweden’s main port of entry for immigrants. The results suggest a close association between residential and workplace segregation. Immigrant groups that are more segregated at home are also more segregated in workplace neighborhoods. More importantly, we found that a changing segregation level in one domain tends to involve a similar trend in the other domain.     

解读东莞人口快速城市化——以东城区为例

以东莞为切入口,基于实地调研和问卷调查,以东莞市东城区为例分析了人口快速城市化中外来人口边缘化、本地人口“二世祖”现象、城市空间形态混乱和社会问题突出等问题,并从导致人口快速城市化的原因入手分析,得出：经济方面——世界制造业在中国的低端平民化、引力方面——粗放的工业房地产、社会方面——文化的对立与人性异化3个主要原因.最后在综合分析的基础上提出了相应的调控措施,企图为解决全国人口快速城市化问题提供一些借鉴.     

Ethnic Capital and Assimilation to the Great Australian (Homeownership) Dream: the early housing experience of Australia's skilled immigrants

We use the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia, 2005–2006, to examine the housing tenure experience of skilled immigrants to Australia 6 and 18 months after arrival for relationships with ethnic capital (cultural background), visa category streams, aspects of human capital, demographics, social capital and discrimination. Homeownership experience is used to indicate integration into Australia's dominantly middle-class society. Multinomial regression analysis identifies visa entry category as the most important independent group of variables accounting for immigrants' short-term dwelling tenure, followed by aspects of human capital, family status, and the importance of ethnic capital for immigrants of both English-speaking and non-English-speaking backgrounds, and discrimination.     

Modeling Spatial Accessibility of Immigrants to Culturally Diverse Family Physicians

This article uses accessibility as an analytical tool to examine health care access among immigrants in a multicultural urban setting. It applies and improves on two widely used accessibility models—the gravity model and the two-step floating catchment area model—in measuring spatial accessibility by Mainland Chinese immigrants in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area. Empirical data on physician-seeking behaviors are collected through two rounds of questionnaire surveys. Attention is focused on journey to physician location and utilization of linguistically matched family physicians. Based on the survey data, a two-zone accessibility model is developed by relaxing the travel threshold and distance impedance parameters that are traditionally treated as a constant in the accessibility models. General linear models are used to identify relationships among spatial accessibility, geography, and socioeconomic characteristics of Mainland Chinese immigrants. The results suggest a spatial mismatch in the supply of and demand for culturally sensitive care, and residential location is the primary factor that determines spatial accessibility to family physicians. The article yields important policy implications.     

宁夏生态移民安置区人地耦合系统脆弱性分析

基于2016年农户访谈和调查数据,依托脆弱度整合评价模型（VSD）从暴露度、敏感性、适应能力3个层次共选取了29个指标,构建了宁夏生态移民安置区人地耦合系统脆弱性评价指标体系,使用熵权法、综合指数法及函数模型评价法评价和分析其脆弱程度、特征和空间分异,并借助障碍度模型对脆弱性障碍因子进行了识别。结果表明：（1）宁夏生态移民脆弱性呈现明显的“级差化”分异特征,平均脆弱性指数为0.151 1,总体处于较强脆弱状态。（2）宁夏生态移民人地耦合系统整体较为脆弱,表现为：中部干旱带>北部引黄灌区>南部山区,在空间上呈现“中部高南北低”的地域分布特征。暴露度表现为：南部山区>中部干旱带>北部引黄灌区;敏感性表现为：中部干旱带>北部引黄灌区>南部山区;适应能力表现为：南部山区>北部引黄灌区>中部干旱带。（3）成年劳动力受教育程度、家庭成年劳动力职业技能水平、是否参与社区建设和社区管理、能否获得贷款机会、对土地质量满意度（温棚）和家庭借贷金额等是影响宁夏生态移民安置区人地耦合系统脆弱性的主导因素。     

Segregation and Residential Mobility of Vietnamese Immigrants in Brisbane,Australia

The study focuses on residential mobility propensities of Vietnamese immigrants in the city of Brisbane, Australia, as a principal force contributing to the persistence or change of ethnic residential segregation over time. Using 1990 survey data, discrete-time logit models are estimated to assess the effects of locational, contextual, and personal characteristics on the likelihood of changing residence within the city. The results indicate that locational variables operate in such a way that the most dominant Vietnamese neighborhood in Brisbane increases its prominence even further, while secondary Vietnamese clusters are likely to weaken. The results also indicate that initial settlement conditions are important for the first move only, whereas personal attributes contribute to variations in mobility propensities primarily in the second move. This implies that the composition of the immigrant population potentially influences the speed at which changes in ethnic residential patterns will occur in urban areas.     

Segregation and Residential Mobility of Vietnamese Immigrants in Brisbane,Australia

The study focuses on residential mobility propensities of Vietnamese immigrants in the city of Brisbane, Australia, as a principal force contributing to the persistence or change of ethnic residential segregation over time. Using 1990 survey data, discrete-time logit models are estimated to assess the effects of locational, contextual, and personal characteristics on the likelihood of changing residence within the city. The results indicate that locational variables operate in such a way that the most dominant Vietnamese neighborhood in Brisbane increases its prominence even further, while secondary Vietnamese clusters are likely to weaken. The results also indicate that initial settlement conditions are important for the first move only, whereas personal attributes contribute to variations in mobility propensities primarily in the second move. This implies that the composition of the immigrant population potentially influences the speed at which changes in ethnic residential patterns will occur in urban areas.     

ETHNIC RESIDENTIAL CONCENTRATIONS IN UNITED STATES METROPOLITAN AREAS

ABSTRACT. Although residential concentrations of immigrant ethnic groups in cities were common a century ago, it is not clear to what extent members of more recently arrived groups live near each other. We attempt to determine how common such clustered settlement is today, using 2000 census data to measure concentrations of Asians, Hispanics, and their larger ethnic subgroups in fifteen large metropolitan areas. The percentage of an ethnic group that is residentially concentrated correlated significantly with the group's proportion in an area. With metropolitan areas weighted equally, 38 percent of Hispanics and 13 percent of Asians were concentrated. However, when we analyzed eight specific nationality groups, the residentially concentrated proportion ranged from 14 to 59 percent. Level of cultural assimilation appears to explain group differences in level of concentration. Although ethnic concentrations were more pronounced in the largest metropolitan areas, important concentrations were also found in many of the smaller areas in our study.