印度与东亚夏季风环流对ENSO及其年代际异常响应的数值研究

根据诊断分析结果,利用LAGS改进的L9R15气候谱模式,设计了3个数值试验,讨论了不同的年代际背景下ENSO异常对亚洲夏季风环流的影响。研究表明不同背景的ENSO异常与亚洲夏季风活动存在密切的关系。在冷背景条件下,当ENSO处于发展时,印度夏季风偏弱,风速较小,降水量偏少。而东亚夏季风偏南气流较强,受低气压控制,有利于气流辐合,降水量偏多。在ENSO衰减期,印度夏季风仍偏弱,风速偏小,具有干旱的趋势,而东亚夏季风区大陆仍为低气压控制,风速略有减小,降水量比正常年多,而比ENSO前一年有减少的趋势。在暖背     

中国热带地区降水与印度夏季风的关系

中国热带地区降水与印度夏季风的关系ＳｏｎｇＹａｎｇＷｉｌｌｉａｍＪ．Ｇｕｔｏｗｓｋｉ，Ｊｒ．（美国马萨诸塞州大气与环境研究公司）（美国衣阿华州立大学地质与大气科学系）１引官亚洲季风是东亚和南亚广大地区年降水循环的显著特征。由于其经济和科学上的重要性，...     

华北和印度夏季风降水变化的对比分析

 利用华北和印度夏季降水资料,采用趋势分析、小波变换等方法,对两地区夏季风降水进行了对比分析。结果表明：1) 华北和印度夏季风降水量都存在线性减少倾向,但华北更为显著,减少达16 mm/10 a;2) 华北和印度夏季风降水变化都以18 a周期为主,近年都有逐渐缩短的趋势,而印度的这种周期缩短得比华北更快,近年降水变化周期接近15 a;3) 华北和印度夏季风降水变化在1956、1976、1992/1993年发生了趋势转折;4) 华北和印度降水量主要集中在6-9月,夏季风降水特征非常明显,但两地变化特征表现不尽相同。     

正在变弱的印度季风和ENSO相关关系

对 140a历史资料的分析表明 :ELNino 南方涛动 (ENSO)与印度夏季风的反相关关系 (暖ENSO事件产生弱季风 )在近 10a来已经破坏了。有 2种可能原因。首先 ,与ENSO事件相关的瓦克环流向东南移可能导致了印度地区下沉气流减弱 ,因而有利于加强季风。另外 ,冬春季欧亚大陆地面温度升高———这是中纬度大陆变暖趋势的一部分 ,可能有利于加强陆地—海洋热力梯度 ,因而导致强季风的爆发。这就增加了这样一种可能性 :即近 1 0a来欧亚大陆变暖有助于维持正常水平的季风降水 ,尽管在这期间发生了强ENSO事件     

ENSO 与中国东部夏季降水的关联

计算1 月减6 月El Niño 3.4 指数与6—8 月平均200、850 hPa 风场的相关矢量,分析中等或强ElNiño/La Niña 事件后的夏季(6—8 月)中国东部降水异常分布、西太平洋副热带高压异常特征。结果表明,对ENSO 的响应,无论高、底层大气环流还是西太平洋副热带高压,1970 年代中期气候突变后变为更敏感。主要表现在:对衰减的El Niño 的响应,夏季南亚高压偏东,西太平洋副热带高压偏强、偏西、偏南,印度季风、南海季风减弱,黄河下游以南副热带季风增强。黄河中下游及以南形成异常环流辐合带,由El Niño 导致的降水正异常最有可能出现在这一西南-东北的带状区域。对衰减的La Niña 响应大致相反。      

欧亚遥相关型对印度夏季风与华北夏季降水间关系的影响

利用国家气候中心160站月平均降水资料、印度热带气象研究所的全印度月平均降水资料和NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料,从年际和年代际角度分别研究了欧亚遥相关型（Eurasian teleconnection,EU）对印度夏季风与华北夏季降水关系的影响,并探究其物理机制。结果表明,EU与印度夏季风之间的相关系数只有-0.078,二者相互独立。印度夏季风与华北夏季降水有正相关关系（Indian Summer Monsoon and North China Summer Rainfall,ISM-NCSR）,且在正EU位相时,ISM-NCSR关系较弱;负EU位相时,ISM-NCSR关系较强。这是由于EU负位相时,贝加尔湖右侧存在反气旋环流,有利于北风及冷空气南下。因此,强印度季风时北上的暖湿气流在华北地区与偏北风相遇形成锋面,有利于华北降水;弱印度季风时华北地区完全被强北风控制,水汽输送通道被阻断,不利于降水,从而导致ISM-NCSR关系强。正EU位相时与此相反,相关关系弱。     

东亚夏季风和ENSO关系的不稳定性

通过本项研究，发现了东亚夏季风和ENSO的相互关系在长期变化中是不稳定的。不稳定指的是在一段时期两者关系比较紧密而在另一段时期两者关系比较微弱。文章揭示：在东亚季风和ENSO关系紧密时期（HCP）和关系微弱时期（LCP）夏季大气环流的年际变率有显著差别。在关系紧密时期，南热带东太平洋区的信风、热带东太平洋区的低层大气温度、两个半球的副热带高压系统等的年际变率均显著高于关系微弱时期。并且，HCP和LCP时期中国夏季降水和ENSO的关系也有明显差异。     

东亚夏季风环流与ENSO循环的关系

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NCAR海温资料 ,对ENSO循环不同阶段东亚夏季风环流的变化进行了分析。计算了各年夏季风环流的强度系数及其与多年平均夏季风环流的相似系数和差异系数 ,分析它们与海温变化的关系。结果表明 :东亚夏季风环流强度有明显的年际变化和年代际变化 ,且与赤道东太平洋SST有较好的负相关关系 ,其中又以与三个月前的海温变化关系最好。在春季 (3～4月 )Nino 1+2区为冷、暖水时 ,当年夏季 (6～ 7月 )东亚季风区中 85 0hPa等压面上 >2m·s-1的经向风北伸纬度和东亚季风区的垂直经圈环流都有明显差异 ,在冷水期 >2m·s-1的经向风北伸纬度比暖水期高 ,季风环流圈的上升支北移 ,东亚夏季风环流较暖水期强。     

南海夏季风与台山汛期降水的关系

通过对台山汛期雨量和南海夏季风爆发迟早及强弱与台山汛期旱涝之间的可能关系进行分析，初步探讨南海夏季风对台山汛期旱涝、开汛日的影响。     

红水河流域降水特征与夏季风活动的关系

本文对红水河流域降水特征、夏季风活动以及汛期致暴雨产生的条件进行了分析,并得到了红水河流域降水特征与夏季风的建立、变化、消失,季风的活动以及南亚高压都有密切关系的结论,为综合开发红水河资源及预报流域性降水提供了参考依据。     

ENSO循环在夏季的不同位相对东亚夏季风的影响

采用ＳＳＴＡ、风场、ＯＬＲ以及中国１６０站降水、气温等资料,根据赤道中东太平洋ＳＳＴＡ的逐季变化,将ＥＮＳＯ循环过程在夏季的位相分为５种型。对其相应的Ｗａｌｋｅｒ环流的显著性检验发现,Ａ型与Ｃ型夏季的差别最为显著。夏季要素场合成分析发现。Ａ型与Ｃ型的情形差别最明显。Ａ型夏季的要素场与弱夏季风年的相似;Ｃ型夏季的要素场与强夏季风年的相似。     

印度夏季风与中国华北降水的遥相关分析及数值模拟

20世纪80年代中国学者揭示了印度夏季风与中国华北降水的正相关关系,以后国内外又有一些研究证实了这种正相关关系的存在.文中利用1951-2005年多种气象资料和数值模拟方法,详细讨论了印度夏季风和中国华北地区夏季降水的关系,并针对由印度西北部经青藏高原到中国华北地区形成的正、负、正的遥相关型,从动力因子和热力因子两方面探讨了其中的内在联系,所得结果不但确证了以往的结论,而且进一步揭示了印度夏季风对华北地区降水的影响机制.结果表明:(1)印度夏季风强(弱)时,华北地区容易出现降水偏多(少)的天气;华北地区降水偏多(少)时,印度夏季风偏强(弱)的机率却低一些,这说明印度夏季风的异常变化对华北地区夏季降水有更大的影响.(2)印度夏季风强度主要受印度季风槽的影响,在印度季风槽加深的同时,中高纬的低压槽也加深发展,而这时西太平洋高压脊西伸,来自低纬的西南风水汽输送和源于西太平洋的副热带高压南侧的东南风水汽输送共同作用,有利于华北地区的降水偏多;反之则不利于华北地区的降水.(3)区域气候模式模拟结果也很好地模拟出印度夏季风和华北夏季降水的遥相关关系,其相应的环流异常系统与诊断分析结果非常一致,这从另一方面证实了这种遥相关关系的存在和可靠性.     

The Summer Monsoon Onset over the Tropical Eastern Indian Ocean： The Earliest Onset Process of the Asian Summer Monsoon

The onset process of the tropical eastern Indian Ocean (TEIO) summer monsoon (TEIOSM) and its relationship with the cross-equatorial flows are investigated via climatological analysis. Climatologically, results indicate that the earliest onset process of the Asian summer monsoon occurs over the TEIO at pentad 22 (April 15–20). Unlike the abrupt onset of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon, the TEIOSM onset process displays a stepwise advance. Moreover, a close relationship between the TEIOSM development and the northward push of the cross-equatorial flows over 80–90E is revealed. A difference vorticity center, together with the counterpart over the southern Indian Ocean, constitutes a pair of difference cyclonic vortices, which strengthens the southwesterly wind over the TEIO and the northerly wind to the west of the Indian Peninsula from the end of March to late May. Therefore, the occurrence of the southwesterly wind over the TEIO is earlier than its counterpart over the tropical western Indian Ocean, and the cross-equatorial flows emerge firstly over the TEIO rather than over the Somali area. The former increases in intensity during its northward propagation, which provides a precondition for the TEIOSM onset and its northward advance.     

Different Impacts of Typical and Atypical ENSO on the Indian Summer Rainfall: ENSO-Developing Phase

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a main driving force of the northern hemisphere summer monsoon rainfall, including the Indian Summer Rainfall (ISR). The impacts of typical ENSO and atypical ENSO events on the ISR remain unclear during their developing summers. This study examines the different linkages between a typical ENSO and the ISR and between an a typical ENSO and the ISR. During the developing summer of a typical El Niño, negative rainfall anomalies are seen over the northeastern Indian subcontinent, while the anomalous rainfall pattern is almost the opposite for a typical La Niña; as for an atypical ENSO, the approximate “linear opposite” phenomenon vanishes. Furthermore, an anomalous global zonal wave train is found at mid-latitudes, with a local tripole circulation pattern over central–eastern Eurasia during the developing summer of a typical ENSO, which might explain the corresponding rainfall response over the Indian Peninsula. By contrast, such features are not obvious during the developing summer of an atypical ENSO. Among 106-year historical runs (1900–2005) of nine state-of-the-art models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5), HadGEM2-ES exhibits promising skill in simulating the anomalous circulation pattern over mid-latitudes and central–eastern Eurasia. Probably, it is the model’s ability to capture the linkage between a typical ENSO and the ISR and the characteristics of a typical ENSO that makes the difference.     

The Interannual Variations of Summer Precipitation in the Northern Indian Ocean Associated with ENSO

Using rainfall data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project(GPCP),NOAA extended reconstruction sea surface temperature(ERSST),and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis,this study investigates the interannual variation of summer rainfall southwest of the Indian Peninsula and the northeastern Bay of Bengal associated with ENSO.The composite study indicates a decreased summer rainfall southwest of the Indian Peninsula and an increase in the northeastern Bay of Bengal during the developing phase,but vice versa during the decay phase of El Ni o.Further regression analysis demonstrates that abnormal rainfall in the above two regions is controlled by different mechanisms.Southwest of the Indian Peninsula,the precipitation anomaly is related to local convection and water vapor flux in the decay phase of El Ni o.The anomalous cyclone circulation at the lower troposphere helps strengthen rainfall.In the northeastern Bay of Bengal,the anomalous rainfall depends on the strength of the Indian southwest summer monsoon(ISSM).A strong/weak ISSM in the developing/decay phase of El Ni o can bring more/less water vapor to strengthen/weaken the local summer precipitation.     

Interference of the East Asian Winter Monsoon in the Impact of ENSO on the East Asian Summer Monsoon in Decaying Phases简

The variability of the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM） can be divided into an ENSO-related part （EAWMEN） and an ENSO-unrelated part （EAWMres）.The influence of EAWMres on the ENSO-East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） relationship in the decaying stages of ENSO is investigated in the present study.To achieve this,ENSO is divided into four groups based on the EAWMres：（1） weak EAWMres-E1Ni（n）o （WEAWMres-EN）; （2） strong EAWMres-E1Ni（n）o （SEAWMresEN）; （3） weak EAWMres-La Ni（n）a （WEAWMres-LN）; （4） strong EAWMres-La Ni（n）a （SEAWMres-LN）.Composite results demonstrate that the EAWMres may enhance the atmospheric responses over East Asia to ENSO for WEAWMres-EN and SEAWMres-LN.The corresponding low-level anticyclonic （cyclonic） anomalies over the western North Pacific （WNP） associated with El Ni（n）o （La Ni（n）a） tend to be strong.Importantly,this feature may persist into the following summer,causing abundant rainfall in northern China for WEAWMres-EN cases and in southwestern China for SEAWMres-LN cases.In contrast,for the SEAWMres-EN and WEAWMres-LN groups,the EAWMres tends to weaken the atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with E1 Ni（n）o or La Ni（n）a.In these cases,the anomalous WNP anticyclone or cyclone tend to be reduced and confined to lower latitudes,which results in deficient summer rainfall in northern China for SEAWMres-EN and in southwestern China for WEAWMres-LN.Further study suggests that anomalous EAWMres may have an effect on the extra-tropical sea surface temperature anomaly,which persists into the ensuing summer and may interfere with the influences of ENSO.     

江苏省近50 a夏季降水变化及其与ENSO的关系

利用中国气象局2 400余个台站观测资料制作的数据集CN05.1中的降水资料、美国国家大气海洋局气候预测中心(NOAA/CPC)扩展重建的海表温度资料(ERSST v4)及美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)和美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)联合制作的逐日再分析资料NECP-1中的500 hPa位势高度场资料、850 hPa风场资料及海平面气压场资料,采用经验正交函数分解、功率谱分析等方法,探讨了近50 a江苏省夏季降水变化特征及其与ENSO的关系。结果表明:(1)江苏夏季降水呈现出两种典型的空间分布模态,第一模态呈现了全省降水一致变化的空间分布格局;第二模态反映了江苏省降水南北反向变化的特征。(2)两种降水模态对应的时间序列具有不同的周期。第一模态对应的时间序列存在明显的年际振荡(主周期为4～5 a);而第二模态则存在显著的年代际振荡(主周期为16 a)。(3)El Niňo事件次年江苏省夏季降水整体增多;La Niňa年江苏省夏季降水呈现南涝北旱的空间格局。     

Weakening of Indian summer monsoon in recent decades

The analysis of 43 years of NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data and station observations reveals the connections between tropospheric temperature variations and the weakening of the Indian summer monsoon circulation. The Indian summer monsoon variation is strongly linked to tropospheric temperature over East Asia, showing significant positive correlations of mean tropospheric temperature with all-Indian summer rainfall and the monsoon circulation intensity. The result shows that Indian summer monsoon circulation underwent two weakening processes in recent decades. The first occurred in circa the mid-1960s, and the other occurred in circa the late 1970s. The finding indicates that the mean tropospheric temperature may play a crucial role in the weakening of the Indian summer monsoon intensity via changing land-sea thermal contrast. The role of the tropospheric temperature contrast between East Asia and the tropical area from the eastern Indian Ocean to the tropical western Pacific is to weaken the Indian summer monsoon circulation.