Non-linear seismic response of arch dams

An experimental study of non-linear mechanisms that may occur during intense seismic response of arch dams is described in this paper. The presentation deals with three types of non-linearity that were observed during shaking table model studies: monolith joint opening, cantilever cracking, and reservoir cavitation at the dam face. The monolith joint opening phenomenon was represented by a segmental arch ring model that simulated a horizontal slice of a prototype dam. The cantilever cracking and reservoir cavitation mechanisms were studied using a model gravity dam section. The principal conclusion of the investigation was that shaking table experiments provide a practical means of studying the non-linear earthquake response of concrete arch dams, including their actual failure mechanisms.     

Conditioning mean steady state flow on hydraulic head and conductivity through geostatistical inversion

Nonlocal moment equations allow one to render deterministically optimum predictions of flow in randomly heterogeneous media and to assess predictive uncertainty conditional on measured values of medium properties. We present a geostatistical inverse algorithm for steady-state flow that makes it possible to further condition such predictions and assessments on measured values of hydraulic head (and/or flux). Our algorithm is based on recursive finite-element approximations of exact first and second conditional moment equations. Hydraulic conductivity is parameterized via universal kriging based on unknown values at pilot points and (optionally) measured values at other discrete locations. Optimum unbiased inverse estimates of natural log hydraulic conductivity, head and flux are obtained by minimizing a residual criterion using the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. We illustrate the method for superimposed mean uniform and convergent flows in a bounded two-dimensional domain. Our examples illustrate how conductivity and head data act separately or jointly to reduce parameter estimation errors and model predictive uncertainty.This work is supported in part by NSF/ITR Grant EAR-0110289. The first author was additionally supported by scholarships from CONACYT and Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas of Mexico. Additional support was provided by the European Commission under Contract EVK1-CT-1999-00041 (W-SAHaRA-Stochastic Analysis of Well Head Protection and Risk Assessment).     

Free and steady state vibration of non-linear structures using a finite element–non-linear eigenvalue technique

The problem of free vibration of non-linear structures is considered initially. It is shown that this problem can be represented as a non-linear eigenvalue problem. Variational principles for non-linear eigenvalue problems are defined. These variational principles are implemented with finite element models to define numerical approximations for the free vibration problem. The solution of these approximate equations provides a set of non-linear modal vectors and natural frequencies which vary with the amplitude of the solution. The non-linear eigenvalue parameters can be used in modal expansion approximations for the non-linear transient or steady state response of structural systems. To demonstrate the proposed techniques the free vibration and steady state vibration characteristics of a geometrically non-linear circular plate are determined.     

磷循环的非线性动力学特性及富营养化

本文在假设湖泊受单一营养盐磷限制和不考虑湖底沉积物影响的情形下,建立了一个单层箱体磷循环的非线性动力学模型,研究湖泊中颗粒磷、可溶性磷和藻类中的磷这三种磷之间的相互关系,理论上分析了磷循环系统的稳定特性,得出三种形式的磷共存是系统趋向稳定的平衡点．然后论文又从人工治理的角度,通过数值计算综合考虑外源性磷、水力冲刷、生物调控和基质浓度因素对磷循环的影响,分析不同因素的改变对系统和湖泊水质的影响,进而对这一类的富营养化现象防治提供可行性的工程上的实际建议．     

Characterization of the dynamic behavior of a concrete arch dam by means of forced vibration tests and numerical models

The characterization of the dynamic behavior of an arch dam, and its evolution throughout the structure's lifetime, provides important data for the safety control process. Forced vibration tests remain a reliable technique for this purpose. The Baixo Sabor dam is a 123 m high arch dam recently built in Portugal. Forced vibration tests were performed before and after the reservoir filling. Two techniques for forced vibration test are compared, discrete frequency scanning, the standard methodology, and continuous frequency scanning (sine sweep), a new proposed methodology, which allowed faster results without loss of precision. For the interpretation of test results two numerical models of the dam-reservoir-foundation system were built, and calibrated with the experimental data. A good match of numerical and experimental results was obtained for the six lowest frequencies and corresponding mode shapes.     

A steady state of the disc dynamo

Abstract

We discuss the steady states of the αω-dynamo in a thin disc which arise due to α-quenching. Two asymptotic regimes are considered, one for the dynamo numberD near the generation thresholdD ₀, and the other for |D| ? 1. Asymptotic solutions for |D—D ₀| ? |D ₀| have a rather universal character provided only that the bifurcation is supercritical. For |D| ? 1 the asymptotic solution crucially depends on whether or not the mean helicity α, as a function ofB, has a positive root (hereB is the mean magnetic field). When such a root exists, the field value in the major portion of the disc is O(l), while near the disc surface thin boundary layers appear where the field rapidly decreases to zero (if the disc is surrounded by vacuum). Otherwise, when α = O(|B|^?s) for |B| → ∞, we demonstrate that |B| = O(|D|^1/s ) and the solution is free of boundary layers. The results obtained here admit direct comparison with observations of magnetic fields in spiral galaxies, so that an appropriate model of nonlinear galactic dynamos hopefully could be specified.     

Non-linear finite element dynamic analysis of axisymmetric solids

The subject of this paper is the finite element analysis of axisymmetric solids subjected to axisymmetric static and dynamic loading, and taking into account material as well as geometric non-linearities. A general Lagrangian formulation forms the basis for the incremental equations of motion which are solved using direct integration methods. Solution accuracy is improved by applying equilibrium correction loads at each step. Finite element discretization is achieved through the use of quadrilateral plane stress and axisymmetric elements with incompatible modes added for improvement of the element flexural characteristics. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed computer program.     

基础隔震结构的非线性动力分析

新的建筑抗震设计规范将隔震结构列入其中，探讨分析了结构基础隔震应用中应注意的问题，提出了非线性动力时程分析计算模型并编制了程序。借助该程序，分析了基础隔震结构在地震作用下的层间位移、加速度和剪力等地震反应并与未隔震相同结构建筑的地震反应进行了对比。     

Agricultural pollutant penetration and steady state in thick aquifers

The leakage of pollutants from agricultural lands to aquifers has increased greatly, driven by increasing fertilizer and pesticide use. Because this increase is recent, ground water pollutant concentrations, loads, and exports may also be increasing as pollutants penetrate more deeply into aquifers. We established in an aquifer profile a ground water recharge and pollutant leakage chronology in an agricultural landscape where 30 m of till blankets a 57-m thick sandstone aquifer. Pollutant concentrations increased from older ground water (1963) at the aquifer base to younger ground water (1985) at its top, a signal of increasing pollutant leakage. Nitrate-N increased from 0.9 to 13.2 mg/L, implying that leakage increased from 1.9 to 16.5 kg/ha/year. Nitrate load and export could increase from 130% to 230% before reaching a steady state in 20 to 40 years. Chloride increases were similar. Pesticide residues alachlor ethane sulfonic acid (ESA), metolachlor ESA, and atrazine residues partially penetrated the aquifer profile. Their concentration-age-date patterns exhibited an initial increase and then a leveling corresponding to the timing of product adoption and leveling of demand. Unlike NO(3), projecting pesticide residue steady states is complicated by the phasing in and out of pesticide products over time; for example, neither alachlor nor atrazine is currently used in the area, and newer products, which have not had time to transit to the aquifer, have been adopted. The circumstances that resulted in the lack of a pollutant steady state are not rare; thus, the lack of steady states in agricultural region aquifers may not be uncommon.     

利用MTMD和MTLD控制拱桥振动试验研究

本文以金沙江通阳大桥的振动控制为研究背景。结合有限元分析手段,利用MTMD控制拱桥竖向振动、MTLD控制拱桥侧向振动。对比例为1∶50的模型拱桥进行试验研究,测试结果表明,拱桥的竖向最大减振效果能够达到36.03%,侧向最大减振效果能够达到38.6%,总体控制效果令人满意。     

Finite element simulation of steady state SH wave motion

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提篮拱桥空间动力性能分析

以平顶山市湛河二桥为工程背景,采用有限元程序ANSYS建立该桥的空间有限元计算模型,对其进行了动力特性分析.计算结果表明:该桥拱肋的横向刚度较桥梁的竖向刚度和扭转刚度弱,桥梁首先出现拱肋的横向振动,拱脚位置处易发生拱肋的局部横向振动,是全桥的动力薄弱部位;桥梁前几阶自振周期较长,在结构抗震设计采用振型叠加法计算时,应考虑多阶振型,以减少质量缺损带来的影响;桥梁各个构件空间协作能力较强,具有良好的整体性能.所得结论可为类似桥梁设计提供参考.     

中、下承式拱桥抗震性能分析

以下承式平行拱桥,下承式提篮拱桥和中、下承式斜靠式拱桥为研究对象,采用有限元程序Midas/civil建立3种桥型的空间有限元计算模型,计算其在El Centro波、Taft波地震波作用下的地震时程响应,对其进行抗震性能分析。计算结果表明:横向地震作用对3种拱桥的地震响应起控制作用;拱脚位置和横撑或横向联系处应作为拱桥抗震设计的控制截面,控制截面最大应力满足桥梁抗震性能要求,但平行式拱桥和斜靠式拱桥安全储备不充足,可采取一定的构造措施来保证其抗震安全性;提篮式拱桥主拱内倾和斜靠式拱桥稳定拱的设置对提高拱桥的横向抗震性能效果较为显著;提篮拱桥抗震性能优于平行式拱桥,斜靠式拱桥在横向地震下的拱顶横向位移最小,其抗震性能较好。     

Buckling and vibration analysis of flexible beams resting on an elastic half-space

The present paper deals with the buckling and vibration of prismatic beams resting on an elastic half-space. The computational procedure developed herein utilizes the advantages of both an analytical approach and a finite element scheme. This is accomplished by deriving exact frequency and axial force dependent stiffness matrices using the analytical solutions of the governing differential equation as ‘shape functions’. The major advantages of the proposed approach over previous ones are pointed out and discussed in detail. Numerical results demonstrating the performance of the proposed method are presented in the final part of the paper.     

结构振动的模糊状态控制法

本文介绍了一种模糊状态控制法,将结构的状态（即反应）进行模糊化,按照某种经验法则对结构反应进行控制。使用这种方法使得振动控制计算简便、控制直接和控制效果显著。     

Experimental study of dynamic damage of an arch dam

Seismic responses of a 292‐m high arch dam were studied by experiment on a shaking table. The model system included the arch dam with contraction joints, a part of a reservoir, and a partial foundation with a topographic feature near the dam. Potential rock wedges on the abutments and the mechanical properties including uplift on the kinematic planes were carefully simulated. A damping boundary consisting of a viscous liquid was introduced to simulate the effect of dynamic energy emission to far field, which made the dynamic interaction between the dam and the foundation be adequately represented in the model test of an arch dam system. Dynamic responses of the arch dam system under a sequence of seismic loadings in increasing strength were examined. Eleven cracks or overstresses on the model dam due to the earthquake excitations were observed, and consequently, its natural frequency dropped by about 14%, but the model dam was stable under the hydrostatic load of the impounded water after the test. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

拱结构动力稳定实用判别方法

在总结和借鉴已有动力稳定判别准则的基础上,提出了两种拱结构动力稳定性分析的实用判别方法。方法1通过提取发生最大位移响应时刻的刚度矩阵的特征根符号来判断,方法2通过荷载-位移曲线的斜率变化来判断。通过对不同荷载类型、不同计算条件下拱结构的动力失稳特征的分析对比,指出结构整体刚度矩阵出现负的特征值是结构失稳的必要条件,可依此判断结构动力失稳临界荷载的下限值,位移时程曲线发散、性质发生改变或发生跳跃,荷载-位移曲线出现不规则现象,是拱结构动力失稳的重要判断依据。     

Hydrodynamic effects in dynamic response of simple arch dams

The dynamic responses of simple arch dams, with different radius to height ratios are analysed for three conditions: the dam alone without water, and the dam with full reservoir, considering water to be compressible in one case and neglecting water compressibility in the other case. The complex frequency response functions for accelerations at the dam crest due to the three components of ground motion—upstream-downstream component, cross-stream component and vertical component–are presented. Based on these results, the effects of dam-water interaction, of water compressibility, and of bank motions on dam response are investigated.     

基于振动功率流的周期连续梁损伤识别

为了识别无限长周期梁中的损伤,文中提出了一种基于振动功率流的裂纹识别方法.以无限长周期连续Euler梁为研究对象,假设损伤为裂纹形式,采用柔度弹簧对裂纹进行描述,结合周期结构理论和传递矩阵方法,分别推导了健康与损伤连续梁的传播功率流和输入功率流,得到了不同激励位置下的健康周期连续梁的输入功率流曲线及在跨中激励时不同损伤...     

Continuous ambient‐vibration monitoring of the arch dam of Mauvoisin

This paper presents the experimental programme and results of a continuous ambient vibrations recording programme carried out on the 250 m arch dam of Mauvoisin. This project follows a series of previous measurements completed for seven different water levels. An automated system was set up on the dam and the ambient vibrations were recorded twice daily for a period of 6 months. Frequency shifts were tracked throughout the testing period and the effects of the varying water level were identified. The results confirmed the behaviour observed in previous ambient‐ and forced‐vibration tests. The added‐mass effects are overcome by the stiffening of the dam due to increasing hydrostatic pressure for lower reservoir levels. This trend is then reversed for higher water levels. Any temperature‐related effects were not identified. The experimental techniques are briefly described and the frequency identification process and its limitations are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.