冲绳海槽沉积演化的时空特征

冲绳海槽是晚中新世(9～6Ma)以来形成的与板块俯冲作用密切相关的弧后盆地。将冲绳海槽的沉积演化分成3个阶段：中新世晚期(9～6Ma)-上新世末期(2Ma)、上新世末期-晚更新世(130ka)、晚更新世-现在。研究分析表明,冲绳海槽北段发育最早(中新世晚期),但盆地演化程度最低;中段发育次之而演化程度高;南段发育晚(上新世末期)而演化程度高。现阶段的冲绳海槽,其北段处于衰退期,而中段和南段处于扩阔期。构造活动在盆地的演化中占主导作用,它首先为海槽相当长的地质时期内提供宏观的初始沉积格局,其次为盆地沉积提供部分沉积物质(火山物质和热液)。在构造活动强烈的时期,地壳拉伸对沉积层序的影响大于沉积作用,当构造活动趋于缓和时,相对海平面变化控制了盆地内部沉积结构的变化。     

孟加拉湾盆地沉积地质与区域构造格架和盆地充填史关系综述

印度次大陆东北部的孟加拉湾盆地位于印度地盾和印缅山脉之间,由三个地质区组成：（1）稳定陆架区;（2）中央深盆区（从东北部的Sylhet海槽向南部的Hatia海槽延伸）;（3）Chittagong-Tripura褶皱带。由于盆地位于三大板块相互作用之处,即印度、缅甸和西藏（欧亚）板块,这些地质区的盆地充填史变化相当大。前寒武纪变质沉积和二叠-石炭纪岩石仅在稳定陆架区钻遇。印度地盾前寒武纪准平原化之后,孟加拉湾盆地的沉积作用开始在孤立的基底之上地堑盆地内发育。随着冈瓦纳大陆在侏罗纪和白垩纪破裂,印度板块向北运动,盆地在白垩纪开始向下挠曲,沉积作用开始在稳定陆架和深盆内发育。自那以后,沉积作用在大部分盆地内连续进行。盆地的沉降是由于地壳的差异调整、与南亚不同要素的碰撞、东喜玛拉雅和印缅山脉的隆升引起。随着冈瓦纳大陆的破裂,在白垩纪向下挠曲期间,几条发育较好的断层开始运动。到始新世,由于重要的海侵,稳定陆架区处于碳酸盐环境,而深盆区受深水沉积作用控制。孟加拉湾盆地沉积作用类型的重要转变发生在中始新世到早中新世期间,是印度与缅甸和西藏块体碰撞的结果。进入盆地的碎屑物流从北部的喜玛拉雅和东部的印缅山脉迅速增加,紧接着是盆地沉降速率的增加。在此阶段,深海沉积作用控制了深盆区,而盆地东部广泛出现深-浅海沉积环境。到中中新世,随着板块之间持续的碰撞和喜玛拉雅和印缅山脉的隆升,大量的碎屑物流从东北部和东部进入盆地．整个中新世,沉积环境继续变化,从盆地内的深海棚到盆地边缘的浅海相和海岸相。上新世以来,大量的沉积物从西部和西北部充填在孟加拉湾盆地,主要的三角洲建造继续发育成为现在的三角洲地貌。自白垩纪以来,由于这个地区主要板块运动和碰撞类型,恙加拉湾盆地的结构一直在变化。然而,当占地理环境和物源区发生变化时,盆地可以识别出三个显著变化,即出现于早始新世、中中新世和上新一更新世。现今的盆地具有的北部恒河-布拉马普特拉河三角洲系和南部盂加拉深海扇这一结构彤成于上新-更新世后半期,在那以后的三角洲进积受到东喜玛拉雅造山作用的强烈影响、孟加拉湾北部的更新世冰川活动伴随着海平面变化.     

琼东南盆地物源和沉积环境变化的重矿物证据

基于11口钻井岩心样品的重矿物数据,结合古生物学、元素地球化学和地震资料,对琼东南盆地的物源及沉积环境演变进行了分析.结果表明,盆地基底沉积以陆相沉积为主,自渐新世起,盆地逐渐接受海侵,大致经历了海陆过渡→滨浅海→浅海→半深海的沉积环境演变过程,水深总体呈逐渐增大的趋势且在同一时期南部区域水深整体上大于北部.随着沉积环境的变化,各地层(崖城组至莺歌海组)物源呈现出多源性特征,经历了原地→近源→远源的演变过程.在渐新世早期,物源以近源玄武质火山碎屑和邻区陆源碎屑为主,之后演变为远源的陆壳碎屑,物源区包括北部海南岛、南部永乐隆起、东北部神狐隆起、西部红河、西南部中南半岛乃至更广的区域.海南岛物源自早渐新世便开始发育,至中中新世成为盆地最主要的物源,并持续至现今;永乐隆起和神狐隆起物源在晚渐新世至早中新世期间最为发育,于中中新世逐渐消退;红河物源于晚中新世大规模加入,为中央峡谷的主要沉积物源,影响至上新世结束;中南半岛莺西物源自上新世发育,影响至更新世时期.此外,自生组分对盆地(尤其是南部区域)的沉积贡献也不容忽视.     

南海IODP U1499和U1500站位浊积岩的沉积特征及岩石物理响应

深海浊流沉积是重要的油气和天然气水合物勘探目标,对古海洋、古环境、古构造乃至古气候等方面的研究具有重要的科学意义。前人对于浊积岩的研究多从沉积学角度进行,从岩石物理角度开展的相关研究很少。本文将岩芯宏观沉积学分析、薄片(或涂片)分析与岩石物性分析相结合,研究南海海盆北部IODP 367航次U1499、U1500站位浊流沉积的沉积特征和岩石物理响应。共识别出了3类浊积岩:钙质、陆源碎屑和陆源碎屑—钙质混积浊积岩,以陆源碎屑和混积浊积岩最发育。不同类型的浊积岩表现出不同的岩石物性特征:钙质浊积岩表现为低磁化率、高颜色反射率亮度、密度变化较大和低自然伽马;陆源碎屑浊积岩表现为低磁化率、中—低亮度、中—高密度、中—低自然伽马;混积浊积岩的磁化率、亮度和自然伽马变化大,密度中—高。南海海盆浊积岩的丰度在发育时间上以晚中新世和中—晚更新世最高,然后依次为早更新世、上新世和早—中中新世。晚中新世和中—晚更新世全球海平面总体处于低位时期,有利于浊积岩的发育。自晚中新世以来,南海海盆钙质浊积岩的丰度总体呈逐渐减少趋势,可能与南海海盆水深逐渐加大、碳酸盐沉积逐渐萎缩等因素有关。     

菲律宾海北部四国海盆全新世沉积物源分析

对IODP333航次四国海盆北部地区C0011站位表层样品进行粒度和Sr-Nd同位素分析,并与前人发表的邻近海域同位素数据进行比较。经分离自生碳酸盐组分,四国海盆全新世沉积物呈现较好的陆源、火山源二端元组分特征。从地理位置看,四国海盆北部主要物质来源包括伊豆-小笠原海脊火山物质、日本列岛西南部的混合型沉积物以及由西向风或河流入海洋流输送而来的亚洲陆地沉积物,且日本列岛西南部对于该区域物质贡献最大。对四国海盆北部而言,与海盆中部沉积及日本海沉积相比,源自亚洲大陆的碎屑沉积物具有更多的贡献。沉积物中87Sr/86Sr与εNd、平均粒径的负相关关系反映了沉积物中陆源物质的相对贡献按时间顺序呈现增加、减小、增加、减少的多周期变化趋势。     

南海东部晚更新世以来的火山沉积特征

对取自南海东部的5个沉积岩芯进行矿物学和地球化学研究。结果表明火山碎屑沉积层可分为2种类型：1种具高SiO2低FeO，TiO，MgO和无色玻璃一普通角闪石组合特征，火山玻璃富含微量元素Cu，Sc，Zr，为酸性火山沉积成因；另1种以火山玻璃相对低含SiO2，高MgO，FeO，TiO2为特征，并与褐色玻璃一普通辉石一磁铁矿组合和高V，Ni的沉积层伴生，属中性火山碎屑沉积。晚更新世以来以深海盆为中心曾发生2～5次火山沉积，其性质、强度、频率和分布随区域性的变化而不同，在晚更新世中期(24．1～73．9ka)达到鼎盛。南部海盆属中性火山沉积，北部海盆为中酸性-酸性火山沉积。北部陆坡区和南沙礁台区基本上未受到影响。火山碎屑沉积物主要来自海底喷发，部分源自菲律宾岛弧。     

冲绳海槽及邻区火山作用与形成演化

冲绳海槽是新月形的弧后扩张盆地，强烈的构造活动和广泛的火山作用是海槽重要的特征。本文作者主要借助对海槽火山岩的常量元素、微量元素、Sr-Nd 同位素和年龄数据分析，结合火山的时空分布及相关构造地质条件，揭示了海槽火山作用的演化过程及其与本地区构造活动的关系，以便更好地了解海槽和沟-弧-盆体系的形成演化历史。作者通过研究得出:①海槽的火山岩石地球化学特征表明岩石属钙碱性系列，主要包括玄武岩、玄武质安山岩和流纹岩，岩石组成具双峰结构。②在海槽的不同区段内，火山作用具有一定的差异。海槽不同区段内火山带岩浆源区深度的差异，是造成海槽不同区段火山活动性质变化的原因，而岩浆源深度受俯冲带形态和地壳厚度控制。海槽北、中段火山岩以流纹岩和安山岩为主，流纹岩分布在海槽盆地内，形成时代较新( <1Ma)，安山岩大部分分布在岛弧火山带中，形成时代是中、晚中新世。海槽南段火山岩由玄武岩和玄武质安山岩组成，从老到新分布在琉球火山弧(大约13Ma)、台北火山带(3Ma～现代)和南段中央凹陷(晚第四纪)中。③琉球火山弧形成于中、晚中新世(17～6Ma)。但大约12Ma发生的吕宋弧与欧亚板块的碰撞作用改变了本地区的动力条件，而宫古断裂对此次改变起了阻断作用，使海槽南段的张裂要晚于北、中段。另外，中新世琉球岛弧南段的形成确定了海槽南段的弧后盆地性质。 冲绳海槽是年轻的弧后盆地，其岩浆、构造活动发育。对海槽岩浆作用的研究可上溯至20世纪50年代，但由于海水及恶劣气候等条件的制约，几十年来对海槽研究程度仍很有限，且在不同区段有很大差异。特别是对区内岩浆作用的研究，极大地受到样品采集偶然性的限制。作者收集前人资料综合对比海槽不同区段内火山活动的异同，了解海槽火山活动研究中的成就与问题， 为进一步开展此项研究打下基础。     

沙捞越盆地东部构造的差异性及其对沉积的控制作用

从沙捞越盆地形成构造演化入手,分析了造成盆地东部北卢卡尼亚、中卢卡尼亚和巴林基安3个次盆构造差异性的原因,讨论了这种构造的差异性对盆地内沉积的控制作用。认为:婆罗洲逆时针旋转影响下卢卡尼亚陆块向婆罗洲的俯冲碰撞是导致盆地东部各次盆构造差异性的主要原因;受古地貌的影响,中中新世—晚中新世,中卢卡尼亚次盆以发育碳酸盐岩沉积为特征,而北卢卡尼亚和巴林基安2个次盆则主要为海相碎屑岩沉积;中中新世,中卢卡尼亚次盆稳定构造背景为盆地内碳酸盐岩建隆的生长创造了有利条件;中卢卡尼亚次盆内发育的早期断层控制了碳酸盐岩建隆的类型及其分布。     

菲律宾海板块东南边界地质过程与研究展望

晚中生代期间,由于古太平洋俯冲板片俯冲于欧亚板块之下,从而在欧亚大陆东缘存在一条巨型的类似于现今太平洋东侧的安第斯型俯冲带。岩浆活动记录显示,70 Ma左右,可能由于外来的正地形地体拼贴上该俯冲带,从而导致这条巨型安第斯型俯冲带逐渐消失,欧亚大陆东缘逐渐从主动大陆边缘变为被动大陆边缘。然而,新生代早期以来,伴随着菲律宾海板块从赤道北移,该被动大陆边缘又重新活化,变为主动大陆边缘,并逐渐形成了巨型的沟-弧-盆系统,期间西太平洋地区大致经历了三期的弧后扩张,即始新世、渐新世—中新世、上新世以来,且菲律宾海板块正好包括了这3个扩张期的弧后扩张盆地：西菲律宾海盆、四国海盆-帕里西维拉海盆以及马里亚纳海槽。本文详细总结了太平洋板块与次级的板块—菲律宾海板块及卡罗琳板块的地质演化历史,且详细探讨了以上3个主要板块之间相互作用的典型区域（菲律宾海板块东南侧）的地质学和岩石学特征以及尚存在的重要科学问题,并展望了未来该区域的研究方向。     

西地中海的弧后盆地

地中海是太平洋之外弧后盆地较为发育的海区。巴利阿里海盆和第勒尼安海盆是西地中海两个位置相邻、互有成因联系的弧后盆地。海盆莫霍面埋深分别为 1 2～ 1 5km和 1 0 km,热流密度分别为 1 0 0 m W/m2和 2 0 0 m W/m2 ,发育有大洋型磁条带异常 ,大洋钻探和拖网取样均采到了拉斑玄武岩。较之巴利阿里海盆 ,第勒尼安海盆更富年青性。两弧后盆地的成生演化是与欧洲板块与非洲 -阿普利亚板块的相互作用息息相关的。中新世 ,随着非洲 -阿普利亚板块向西、西北俯冲 ,科西嘉、撒丁裂离欧洲大陆 ,巴利阿里海盆被打开 ;上新世 ,阿普利亚微板块进一步俯冲 ,导致亚平宁与科西嘉、撒丁之间的裂离 ,形成第勒尼安海盆。     

Seismic stratigraphy of the western South Korea Plateau,East Sea: implications for tectonic history and sequence development during back-arc evolution

The western South Korea Plateau in the East Sea (Sea of Japan) is occupied by rifted continental fragments formed in association with the early phase of back-arc opening. The present study focuses on the seismic stratigraphy of the sedimentary succession and the underlying acoustic basement in this region, based on closely spaced multichannel seismic reflection profiles. The sedimentary succession occurs mainly within a series of subparallel basement troughs (grabens or half grabens) bounded by faulted continental blocks (horsts) or volcanic ridges, and commonly floored by extrusive volcanic rocks showing hyperbolic reflectors. These features are strongly suggestive of continental rifting accompanied by normal faulting, volcanic activity and high rates of basin subsidence. The sedimentary succession can be subdivided into four seismic units. Unit 1 is characterized by short and irregular high-amplitude reflectors and interpreted as a syn-rift deposit consisting of a non-marine volcanics/sediment complex in topographic lows. Units 2 and 3 formed in an open marine environment during the Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene, characterized by an onlap-fill and later draping marine sedimentary succession dominantly composed of hemipelagic sediments and turbidites with frequent intercalation of mass-flow deposits. Along the western margin of the plateau, these units were deformed under a compressional regime in the Early Pliocene, associated with the back-arc closing phase. Unit 4 (deposited since the Early Pliocene) comprises hemipelagic sediments and turbidites with evidence of sporadic slides/slumps.     

Plio-Pleistocene geological evolution of the northern Sicily continental margin (southern Tyrrhenian Sea): new insights from high-resolution,multi-electrode sparker profiles

High-resolution seismic profiles were acquired in the north Sicily offshore region with an innovative, multi-tip sparker array which lacks ringing and has a base frequency around 600 Hz. The new data, combined with published data, suggest that intra-slope and extensional basins formed as a consequence of the late Miocene (?)–early Pliocene shortening and thrusting, and the middle (?)–late Pliocene continental rifting affecting the internal side of the Sicilian-Maghrebian chain. Early (?) Pleistocene to Holocene high-amplitude and high-frequency sea-level changes resulted in repeated sub-aerial exposure and flooding of the shelf, and the deposition of cyclically arranged hemipelagic and shelf sediments. An uplift of the shelf could explain the non-preservation of the transgressive and of the lowstand wedge systems tracts in the oldest sequences.     

Okinawa Trough genesis: structure and evolution of a backarc basin developed in a continent

The Okinawa marginal basin was opened by crustal extension into the Asian continent, north of the Taiwan collision zone. It is located behind the Ryukyu Trench subduction zone and the Ryukyu active volcanic arc. If we except the Andaman Sea, the Okinawa Trough is the only example of marginal backarc basin type, opened into a continent at an early stage of evolution. Active rifting and spreading can be observed. Synthesis of siesmic reflection, seismic refraction, drilling, dredging and geological field data has resulted in interpretative geological cross sections and a structural map of the Ryukyu-Okinawa area. The main conclusions of the reconstruction of this backarc basin/volcanic arc evolution are. (1) Backarc rifting was initiated in the volcanic arc and propagated along it during the Neogene. It is still active at both ends of the basin. Remnants of volcanic arc are found on the continental side of the basin. (2) There was synchronism between opening and subsidence of the Okinawa Trough and tilting and subsidence of the forearc terrace. The late Miocene erosional surface is now 4000 m below sea-level in the forearc terrace, above the trench slope. Retreat and subsidence of the Ryukyu trench line relative to the Asian continental plate, could be one of the causes of tilting of the forearc and extension in the backarc area. (3) A major phase of crustal spreading occurred in Pliocene times 1.9 My ago in the south and central Okinawa Trough. (4) En échelon rifting and spreading structures of the central axes of the Okinawa Trough are oblique to the general trend of the arc and trench. The Ryukyu arc sub-plate cannot be considered as a rigid plate. Rotation of 45° to 50° of the southern Ryukyu arc, since the late Miocene, is inferred. The timing and kinematic evolution of the Taiwan collision and the south Okinawa Trough opening suggest a connection between these two events. The indentation process due to the collision of the north Luzon Arc with the China margin could have provoked: lateral extrusion; clockwise rotation (45° to 50° according to palaeomagnetic data) and buckling of the south Ryukyu non-volcanic arc; tension in the weak crustal zone constituted by the south Ryukyu volcanic arc and opening of the south Okinawa Trough. Similar lateral extrusions, rotations, buckling and tensional gaps have been observed in indentation experiments. Additional phenomena such as: thermal convection, retreating trench model or anchored slab model could maintain extension in the backarc basin. Such a hypothetical collision-lateral backarc opening model could explain the initiation of opening of backarc basins such as the Mariana Trough, Bonin Trough, Parece Vela — Shikoku Basin and Sea of Japan. A new late Cenozoic palaeogeographic evolution model of the Philippine Sea plate and surrounding areas is proposed.     

Sedimentary and structural evolution of the Eastern South Korea Plateau (ESKP), East Sea (Japan Sea)

The East Sea (Japan Sea) is a semi-enclosed back-arc basin that is thought to preserve a significant record of tectonic evolution and paleo-climatic changes of Eastern Asia during the Neogene. We use here 2-D regional multi-channel seismic reflection profiles and borehole data from Expedition 346 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) to provide new constraints on the geological history of the Eastern South Korea Plateau (ESKP). The ESKP represents a structurally-complex basement high in the southwestern East Sea which formed during rifting of the back-arc basin. Our new observations show that the ESKP is composed of numerous horsts and grabens controlled by NE-trending normal faults. The acoustic basement is blanketed by Oligocene to recent sediments that have preferentially accumulated in topographic lows (up to 1.5 km thick) and have been cored during Expedition 346 at Site U1430 close to the southern margin of the ESKP. Seismic profiles in the ESKP reveal three units separated by regional unconformities. These seismic units closely correspond to IODP lithostratigraphic units defined at Site U1430, where biostratigraphic data can be used to constrain the timing of three main evolutionary stages of the ESKP. Stage 1 was related to rifting in the late Oligocene and middle Miocene, terminated by a regional uplift leading to an erosional phase in the middle Miocene. Stage 2 was associated with subsidence in the middle and late Miocene and uplift and accompanying erosion or non-deposition in the latest late Miocene. Stage 3 (Pliocene to present) recorded overall uniform hemipelagic-pelagic subsidence of the ESKP with short-lived tectonically-induced uplifts in the late middle Miocene and latest Miocene-early Pliocene. The three stages of evolution of the ESKP closely correlate to sedimentary changes since the Oligocene and suggest a direct control of regional/local tectonics on sedimentation patterns in the southwestern East Sea, with secondary influence of regional climatic and paleo-oceanographic processes.     

早更新世以来南海中部的沉积作用

本文根据7个岩心的粒度、矿物、化学、微体古生物、氧同位素和古地磁等分析和测试资料,探讨了南海中部早更新以来沉积作用特征及其演化。自早更新世以来,研究区主要处在一种半深海的较为稳定的沉积环境,沉积了一套以陆源碎屑为主要成分,并含有较丰富的生物碎屑和火山碎屑的具有多源性特征的粘土质粉砂和粉砂质粘土沉积。但是在漫长的沉积过程中,受到区域地质构造运动、海底火山活动和全球性古气候变化的影响,使其在不同沉积区和不同沉积历史时期的沉积特征具有明显差异。     

南海北缘新生代盆地沉积与构造演化及地球动力学背景

南海北缘新生代沉积盆地是全面揭示南海北缘形成演化及与邻区大地构造单元相互作用的重要窗口。通过对盆地沉积-构造特征分析,南海北缘新生代裂陷过程显示出明显的多幕性和旋转性的特点。在从北向南逐渐迁移的趋势下,东、西段裂陷过程也具有一定的差异,西部裂陷活动及海侵时间明显早于东部,裂陷中心由西向东呈雁列式扩展。晚白垩世-早始新世裂陷活动应是东亚陆缘中生代构造-岩浆演化的延续,始新世中、晚期太平洋板块俯冲方向改变导致裂陷中心南移,印度欧亚板块碰撞效应是南海中央海盆扩张方向顺时针旋转的主要原因。     

Evolution and petroleum geology of Amlia and Amukta intra-arc summit basins, Aleutian Ridge

Amlia and Amukta Basins are the largest of many intra-arc basins formed in late Cenozoic time along the crest of the Aleutian Arc. Both basins are grabens filled with 2–5 km of arc-derived sediment. A complex system of normal faults deformed the basinal strata. Although initial deposits of late Micocene age may be non-marine in origin, by early Pliocene time, most of the basinfill consisted of pelagic and hemipelagic debris and terrigenous turbidite deposits derived from wavebase and subaerial erosion of the arc's crestal areas. Late Cenozoic volcanism along the arc commenced during or shortly after initial subsidence and greatly contributed to active deposition in Amlia and Amukta Basins.Two groups of normal faults occur: major boundary faults common to both basins and ‘intra-basin’ faults that arise primarily from arc-parallel extension of the arc. The most significant boundary fault, Amlia-Amukta fault, is a south-dipping growth fault striking parallel to the trend of the arc. Displacement across this fault forms a large half-graben that is separated into the two depocentres of Amlia and Amukta Basins by the formation of a late Cenozoic volcanic centre, Seguam Island. Faults of the second group reflect regional deformation of the arc and offset the basement floor as well as the overlying basinal section. Intra-basin faults in Amlia Basin are predominantly aligned normal to the trend of the arc, thereby indicating arc-parallel extension. Those in Amukta basin are aligned in multiple orientations and probably indicate a more complex mechanism of faulting. Displacement across intra-basin faults is attributed to tectonic subsidence of the massif, aided by depositional loading within the basins. In addition, most intra-basin faults are listric and are associated with high growth rates.Although, the hydrocarbon potential of Amlia and Amukta Basins is difficult to assess based on existing data, regional considerations imply that an adequate thermal history conducive to hydrocarbon generation has prevailed during the past 6-5 my. The possibility for source rocks existing in the lower sections of the basins is suggested by exposures of middle and upper Miocene carbonaceous mudstone on nearby Atka Island and the implication that euxinic conditions may have prevailed during the initial formation of the basins. Large structures have evolved to trap migrating hydrocarbons, but questions remain concerning the preservation of primary porosity in a sedimentary section rich in reactive volcaniclastic debris.     

Evolution of the Grenada and Tobago basins and implications for arc migration

The tectonic mechanisms controlling how volcanic arcs migrate through space and geologic time within dynamic subduction environments is a fundamental tectonic process that remains poorly understood. This paper presents an integrated stratigraphic and tectonic evolution of Late Cretaceous to Recent volcanic arcs and associated basins in the southeastern Caribbean Sea using seismic reflection data, wide-angle seismic refraction data, well data, and onland geologic data. We propose a new tectonic model for the opening of the Grenada and Tobago basins and the 50-250-km eastward jump of arc volcanism from the Late Cretaceous Aves Ridge to the Miocene to Recent Lesser Antilles arc in the southeast Caribbean based on the mapping of three seismic megasequences. The striking similarity of the half-graben structure of the Grenada and Tobago basins that flank the Lesser Antilles arc, their similar smooth basement character, their similar deep-marine seismic facies, and their similar Paleogene sediment thickness mapped on a regional grid of seismic data suggest that the two basins formed as a single, saucer-shaped, oceanic crust Paleogene forearc basin adjacent to the now dormant Aves Ridge. This single forearc basin continued to extend and widen through flexural subsidence during the early to middle Eocene probably because of slow rollback of the subducting Atlantic oceanic slab. Rollback may have been accelerated by oblique collision of the southern Aves Ridge and southern Lesser Antilles arc with the South American continent. Uplift and growth of the southern Lesser Antilles arc divided the Grenada and Tobago basins by early to middle Miocene time. Inversion of normal faults and uplift effects along both edges of the Lesser Antilles arc are most pronounced in its southern zone of arc collision with the South American continent. The late Miocene to Recent depositional histories of the Grenada and Tobago basins are distinct because of isolation of the Grenada basin by growth and uplift of the Neogene Lesser Antilles volcanic ridge.     

Late Cenozoic sea-level changes and the onset of glaciation: impact on continental slope progradation off eastern Canada

Late Cenozoic sedimentation from four varied sites on the continental slopes off southeastern Canada has been analysed using high-resolution airgun multichannel seismic profiles, supplemented with some single channel data. Biostratigraphic ties are available to exploratory wells at three of the sites. Uniform, slow accumulation of hemipelagic sediments was locally terminated by the late Miocene sea-level lowering, which is also reflected in changes in foraminiferan faunas on the continental shelf. Data are very limited for the early Pliocene but suggest a return to slow hemipelagic sedimentation. At the beginning of the late Pliocene, there was a change in sedimentation style marked by a several-fold increase in accumulation rates and cutting of slope valleys. This late Pliocene cutting of slope valleys corresponds to the onset of late Cenozoic growth of the Laurentian Fan and the initiation of turbidite sedimentation on the Sohm Abyssal Plain. Although it corresponds to a time of sea-level lowering, the contrast with the late Miocene lowstand indicates that there must also have been a change in sediment delivery to the coastline, perhaps as a result of increased rainfall or development of valley glaciers. High sedimentation rates continued into the early Pleistocene, but the extent of slope dissection by gullies increased. Gully-cutting episodes alternated with sediment-draping episodes. Throughout the southeastern Canadian continental margin, there was a change in sedimentation style in the middle Pleistocene that resulted from extensive ice sheets crossing the continental shelf and delivering coarse sediment directly to the continental slope.     

东海新生代沉积盆地的类型和成盆期

东海新生代沉积厚度最大可达10km。分为三个发展时期。第一阶段从晚白垩世至中始新世,由于中国大陆向东濡散和掀斜断块作用,在大陆边缘由陆缘裂谷盆地转化为浅海沉积盆地。第二阶段从晚始新世至中中新世,由于喜马拉雅陆缘造山带的形成和中国大陆边缘的隆升联合作用结果,在大陆边缘由环绕大陆分布的带状地堑转化为前陆盆地。第三阶段从晚中新世至第四纪,由于太平洋板块向西俯冲,形成弧后断陷及弧前坳陷。从横向上看,不同性质和时代的沉积,由西向东,由老到新,依次排列。从盆地性质上看,由老到新,张性盆地和压性盆地交替形成,叠置在一起。因此不同时代和性质的盆地,具有不同的石油地质条件和油气成藏规律。