Statistics on the vertical structure of rainshowers

A large sample of summertime data from the McGill Radar Weather Observatory was analyzed to determine the variation with altitude of the horizontal extent of individual rainshowers. For echoes defined by a reflectivity factor of 39 dBz (equivalent to a rainfall rate of about 10 mm/h) it was found that the mean area of the total population of echoes decreases linearly with altitude from approximately 20 km² at 2 km to 11 km² at 8 km. Subsets of the total population were investigated, consisting of only the echoes penetrating the altitudes of 6, 7, and 8 km. On the average these relatively tall echoes are much greater in horizontal extent than the total population. Whereas the sizes of the total population of echoes at any altitude are distributed approximately exponentially in terms of the square root of area, the sizes of the “survivors” that extend to high altitudes may be described by the gamma distribution with a mean value decreasing approximately linearly with height above 3 km and a dispersion of 0.55. Some characteristics are also reported for echoes defined by reflectivities of 31 dBz and 47 dBz. Estimates are given of the fraction of the total area in a horizontal plane that contains echoes in each of these categories.     

Areal extent and vertical structure of radar weather echoes at Montreal

A large sample of radar data from the period May–August 1976 was analyzed to provide information on the total areal coverage of precipitation echoes at 1-km steps in altitude ranging from 2 km up to 10 km. A transformation based on known statistics of surface rainfall rate was employed to express this information in terms of the probability of certain reflectivities being exceeded at a randomly chosen point at a given altitude. The same data base was used to construct a family of average vertical profiles of precipitation reflectivity. The profiles were conditioned by the reflectivity value at the lowest level (2 km), thus providing a basis for estimating the reflectivity aloft, given the low level or surface rainfall rate. Analyses of this kind have been reported for other geographical locations and for a variety of applications, such as hydrology, rain effects on earth-space radio propagation, and precipitation modeling. Similarities in the results from these two quite different analysis procedures, possibly not hitherto recognized, were found in the present study.     

Hydrological impact and potential flooding of convective rain cells in a semi-arid environment

Abstract

t Spatio-temporal storm properties have a large impact on catchment hydrological response. The sensitivity of simulated flash floods to convective rain-cell characteristics is examined for an extreme storm event over a 94 km² semi-arid catchment in southern Israel. High space–time resolution weather radar data were used to derive and model convective rain cells that then served as input into a hydrological model. Based on alterations of location, direction and speed of a major rain cell, identified as the flooding cell for this case, the impacts on catchment rainfall and generated flood were examined. Global sensitivity analysis was applied to identify the most important factors affecting the flash flood peak discharge at the catchment outlet. We found that the flood peak discharge could be increased three-fold by relatively small changes in rain-cell characteristics. We assessed that the maximum flash flood magnitude that this single rain cell can produce is 175 m³/s, and, taking into account the rest of the rain cells, the flash flood peak discharge can reach 260 m³/s.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Guest editor R.J. Moore

Citation Morin, E. and Yakir, H., 2013. Hydrological impact and potential flooding of convective rain cells in a semi-arid environment. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (7), 1275–1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.841315     

青海地区一次雷暴的地闪活动及云内的电场探空观测

2016年夏季在青海大通地区获得一次局地雷暴云内的电场探空资料,结合雷达、地闪定位资料,详细分析了该雷暴的地闪活动特征及云内的电荷结构.结果显示,该雷暴过程的负地闪在时间上呈间歇性发生,在空间分布上表现为不连续,且所有的正地闪都发生于雷暴的成熟阶段.在雷暴成熟阶段与消散阶段过渡期获得云内的垂直电场廓线表明,雷暴内的电荷结构在探空阶段呈四极性,最下部为处于暖云区内负电荷区,往上依次改变极性.最上部的正电荷区由于数据丢失无法判断其上边界外,其余3个电荷区的海拔高度分别为：5.5~5.7 km（3.4~2.3℃）、5.7~6.2 km（2.3~-0.4℃）和6.2~6.6 km（-0.9~-1.7℃）,对应的电荷密度为-1.81 nC·m^-3、2.47 nC·m^-3和-1.76 nC·m^-3.其中,下部正电荷区的强度最大,其次为上部的负电荷区.通过分析电荷区分布与正地闪活动的关系,认为暖云区内负电荷区的形成有利于诱发下部正电荷区的对地放电.

     

Linking frequency of rainstorms,runoff generation and sediment transport across hyperarid talus-pediment slopes

Documenting hillslope response to hydroclimatic forcing is crucial to our understanding of landscape evolution. The evolution of talus-pediment sequences (talus flatirons) in arid areas was often linked to climatic cycles, although the physical processes that may account for such a link remain obscure. Our approach is to integrate field measurements, remote sensing of rainfall and modeling to link between storm frequency, runoff, erosion and sediment transport. We present a quantitative hydrometeorological analysis of rainstorms, their geomorphic impact and their potential role in the evolution of hyperarid talus-pediment slopes in the Negev desert, Israel. Rainstorm properties were defined based on intensity–duration–frequency curves and using a rainfall simulator, artificial rainstorms were executed in the field. Then, the obtained measured experimental results were up-scaled to the entire slope length using a fully distributed hydrological model. In addition, natural storms and their hydro-geomorphic impacts were monitored using X-band radar and time-lapse cameras. These integrated analyses constrain the rainfall threshold for local runoff generation at rain intensity of 14 to 22 mm h^-1 for a duration of five minutes and provide a high-resolution characterization of small-scale runoff-generating rain cells. The current frequency of such runoff-producing rainstorms is ~1–3 per year. However, extending this local value into the full extent of hillslope runoff indicates that it occurs only under rainstorms with ≥ 100-years return interval, or 1% annual exceedance probability. Sheetwash efficiency rises with downslope distance; beyond a threshold distance of ~100 m, runoff during rainstorms with such annual exceedance probability are capable of transporting surface clasts. The erosion efficiency of these discrete rare events highlights their potential importance in shaping the landscape of arid regions. Our results support the hypothesis that a shift in the properties and frequency of extreme events can trigger significant geomorphic transitions in areas that remained hyperarid during the entire Quaternary. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

在大震下 RC框架结构基于Pushover方法的失效相关性分析

目前,基于性能的建筑结构抗震设计成为世界各国土木工程界研究的热点之一.结构体系可靠度理论是进行结构性能分析的重要的理论基础.在结构体系可靠度的计算中,一个急待解决的问题是结构构件或截面间的失效相关性问题.本文基于pushover方法,采用Monte Carlo法和随机有限元法,在小震研究成果的基础上,进一步研究了钢筋混凝土框架结构在大震情况下的失效相关性问题,分别得出了框架梁、柱在大震作用下的部分失效相关性规律.     

大圆筒码头抗震试验研究

采用室内模型试验研究大圆筒深高比、径高比对码头抗震性能的影响关系,主要针对自振频率、振型、动力放大系数等动力特性进行分析比较。根据试验结果,提出合理的振型、基频建议公式和加速度分布系数建议图形及大圆筒结构适用范围。试验证实,大圆筒码头结构适用于后方填土的软弱地基,从安全经济合理性方面推荐使用浅埋式剪切型大圆筒结构。     

框架剪力墙结构模态静力非线性抗震分析方法研究

本文在模态pushover分析方法基础上推导建立了模态静力非线性分析方法,对一栋10层框架剪力墙结构进行了静力非线性分析,提出了目标位移求解的等效单自由度体系弹塑性时程分析迭代法,计算结果与相应时程分析结果进行了比较,表明两者吻合较好,验证了本文计算方法的有效性。另外,对同一结构,计算分析了在不同水平荷载模式下的静力非线性分析结果,比较不同荷载模式对计算结果的影响,为静力非线性分析方法的推广使用提供参考。     

框剪结构抗震剪力墙数量的优化准则证明

将框剪结构连续化，按振型组合法证明了同时满足规范允许顶点侧移和层间侧移角的最少抗震剪力墙数量为最优剪力墙量，相应的设计为最优设计。     

高层隔震结构扭转分析

为研究高层隔震结构在地震作用下的扭转效应,用Etabs软件建立1个高层抗震结构和4个具有不同扭转特性的高层隔震结构的空间模型进行地震响应分析,以验证此原则上部结构质量中心与隔震层刚度中心的重合与否对结构扭转效应的影响程度,而后考察偏心高层隔震结构在偶然偏心地震作用下结构的扭转效应。结果表明:由于地震作用的减小,扭转效应要远小于原抗震结构,且隔震本身对于结构扭转效应的抑制效果要好于上述原则;扭转效应的减震率大于平动效应的减震率。布置在隔震层平面外围的铅芯橡胶隔震支座对隔震层的扭转有一定的控制作用。     

基于风速时程的体育场挑篷结构风振响应分析

依据自回归(AR)法,确立了考虑风速时程空间相关性的模拟方法,并利用Matlab语言编制了相应的程序。基于上述方法,模拟了某体育场挑篷结构的风速时程,并对所得风速时程离散值进行数理统计分析,结果表明模拟谱与目标谱吻合较好。根据结构风振响应分析的需要,将模拟风速转变为风荷载对结构进行时程分析,获得了结构风振响应,为结构抗风设计提供依据。计算表明,基于风速时程的结构风振响应分析方法可有效分析体育场挑篷的风振响应。     

多连体高层结构计算模型及层剪力分配规律研究

分析了高层塔式建筑各抗侧结构间的相互作用,建立了静力计算模型,用高阶微分方程组描述并解偶这种相互作用,推导了结构内力、位移表达式.经比较,所得侧移、层间剪力分配结果与有限元分析结果基本一致.该模型有助于在初设阶段对抗侧结构及其连接构件的布局合理性进行判断和调整,可为改进结构抗震设计提供依据.     

西南地区次级构造块体与分区强震预报

依据西南地区现今构造、活动断裂和历史地震活动特点以及西南地区断裂带间相互作用等，将西南地区划分为次级构造区或次级块体——即将西南地区划分为5个构造次级块体，川青甘块体、川西块体、滇中块体、滇西南块体、川东南块体；针对西南次级构造区或次级块体的现今强震活动特征和历史中强地震特点，将中强地震归属划分为5个地震预测跟踪区，探讨基于西南次级构造区或次级块体的分区强震预报。     

Study on the transverse structures across Taiwan Strait

The mountain ranges are almost NE- or NNE-trending in mainland and Taiwan island across the strait. But a number of correspondent transverse structures across Taiwan Strait have been identified on the basis of morphology, surface structure, deep seismic survey and gravity field etc. Moreover, it is inferred from the square or/and rectangular shape of the isoseist maps of 8 M≥ 6 earthquakes occurring in the western foothill plain of Taiwan that there is an apparent segmentation of the Taiwan Island along the N-S orientation. This has been verified from the GPS’s results of the ground motions measured during the Chi-Chi earthquake in 1999. As a matter of fact, the transverse structures within the Taiwan Island could be correlated with more salient NW- and EW-trending structures in the mainland of Fujian than in Taiwan. The investigation of the transverse structures across Taiwan Strait is conducive to realizing the geology within the strait. Hence, the tectonic sketch map of the strait as well as mainland and island drawn in this context shows NW- and EW-trending structures for the study area.     

Study on basement structures of the northeast Pamirs

1 Geologic setting and layout of the DSS observation network In the studied area there are three major tectonic units, which are referred to as Tianshan fold system, Tarim basin and West Kunlun fold system (Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 1993). The Tianshan fold system is a polycyclic geosyncline on the north edge of Tarim basin, and an orogenic zone resulting from collision and convergence between Tarim block and the Junggar-North Tianshan…     

中山站高频雷达回波的日变化特征及地磁活动的影响

利用新建中山站高频雷达2010年4月到2011年2月的观测数据,研究了中山站高频雷达回波的日变化特征以及地磁活动的影响. 研究结果表明,中山站高频雷达回波具有明显的日变化特征且受地磁活动影响较大. 雷达回波发生率的峰值在地磁活动较小时处于日侧;随着地磁活动的增强,峰值减小并向夜侧移动. 另外,平均多普勒视线速度具有明显的昼夜分布,夜侧主要为正向速度,即朝向雷达,日侧主要为负向速度,即远离雷达;随着地磁活动的增强,平均回波强度和平均多普勒视线速度的峰值都会增加,而多普勒谱宽则会减小.     

多点地震激励对大跨度结构抗震设计的影响

以上海浦东机场(二期)候机楼为例,讨论了大跨结构多点激励效应对结构抗震设计值的影响。文中首先进行了结构静力荷载作用下的反应分析,并与上海浦东机场(二期)候机楼在一致激励下的地震反应相组合,得到一致地震作用下结构抗震设计值;然后根据工程场地二维地震动场反应分析结果,进行了上海浦东机场多点输入下的地震反应分析,将其与静力反应组合得到多点地震激励下结构抗震设计值。考察在一致输入和多点输入下得出的抗震设计值之间的差异,分析了不同的地震激励方式对控制结构抗震设计值以及结构动力位移和加速度值的影响。研究结果表明:多点地震输入对浦东机场二期工程候机楼的抗震设计影响较大,特别是对承力柱的影响最大,可以使一些柱的控制截面内力的抗震设计值比一致地震输入时的数值增大10～50%,同时使另外一些柱的控制截面内力的抗震设计值减小40%左右。因此,为合理地进行这类结构的抗震设计,在结构抗震分析中考虑地震动的多点输入的影响是非常必要的。     

考虑材料损伤累积的空间网格结构弹塑性分析建模方法

传统的轴向受力构件二次屈曲效应模拟方法计算结果在构件前次屈曲后残余变形及材料硬化效应不明显时与试验值差异较大,无法精确模拟,对此文中提出了考虑损伤累积效应的混合硬化材料模型结合纤维梁单元的轴向受力构件建模方法。通过试验数据与数值模拟结果的对比,表明该方法可以更精确地模拟构件在轴向往复荷载作用下二次屈曲及屈曲后的力学行为,是空间网格结构弹塑性分析时构件建模的适用方法,并通过最后的柱面网壳算例分析表明该方法的对网格结构弹塑性时程计算有较大意义。     

Influence of soil to structure stiffness on the accuracy of the pushover method for underground structures

The pushover method for underground structures is a seismic analysis method featured by high calculation accuracy and a simple implementation process. The method has been widely used in seismic design and other related scientific research; however, the influence of different soil-structure flexibility ratios on the accuracy of this method is still not well understood. In this study, we select the cross-section structures beneath the Daikai subway station as the research object and establish 12 finite element analysis models with different soil-structure flexibility ratios using ABAQUS. All models are computed by the dynamic time-history method or the pushover method. Furthermore, the dynamic time-history solution result is taken as the standard solution, and the precision and application of the pushover analysis method are discussed based on the parameters of peak interlayer displacement and peak internal force of the middle column section. The results show that the soil-structure flexibility ratio has a significant influence on the calculation accuracy of the pushover method, and the calculation accuracy of this method is the most ideal when the soil-structure flexibility is equal to 1. The research results can provide significant references for the seismic design of underground structures or the improvement of simplified seismic analysis methods.     

The velocity structure of crust and uppermantle in the Wudalianchi volcano area in—ferred from the receiver function

The Wudalianchi volcano is a modern volcano erupted since the Holocene.Its frequent occurrence of the small earthquake is considered to be indicator of active dormancy volcano.The S wave velocity structure is inferred from the receiver function for the crust and upper mantle of the Wudalianchi volcano area.The results show that the low velocity structure of Swave is widely distributed undemeath the volcano area and part of the low-velocity-zone located at shallow depth in the Wudalianchi volcano area.The low velocity structure is related to the seismicity.The Moho interface is not clear undemeath the volcano area,which may be regard to be an nec-essary condition for the lava upwelling.Therefore,we infer that the Wudalianchi volcano has the deep structural condition for the volcano activity and may be alive again.