Spatial trends of dustfall over northern China in the spring and their influencing factors

The spatial trends of dustfall of different sizes over northern China during April and May 2001,and March 2002,and their influencing factors,were analyzed.We divided the dustfall into seven grades based on particle size.Total dustfall and dustfall for each grade were highest in desert regions then in regions undergoing desertification,and the total dustfall,dustfall 100 μm and dustfall 250 μm were higher in western agricultural regions closer to desert areas than in eastern agricultural regions.The spatial trends in dustfall 300 μm in diameter were most strongly correlated with dust events,and the content of coarse particles increased with increasing severity of dust events.Because the spatial trend for dust events appears to be controlled by geomorphic conditions,vegetation coverage,soil moisture,and the distance from dust source,dustfall 300 μm in diameter appears to have the same controlling factors as dust events,but the control decreases with increasing particle size.Wind,the driving force for dust emissions,also influenced the spatial trends in dustfall 200 μm in diameter,and especially for dustfall 50 to 100 μm in diameter.Although dustfall 300 μm in diameter and precipitation were not strongly spatially correlated,there is some evidence that high precipitation decreased deposition by restraining blowing sand.The coarser the dustfall,the weaker the correlation with wind speed;however,transport of larger particles still occurs,and further research will be required to test the possibility that this dust is entrained mainly by the small-scale dust devils that are commonly observed in the study area.     

Control of dust emissions by geomorphic conditions, wind environments and land use in northern China: An examination based on dust storm frequency from 1960 to 2003

The degree to which dust emissions are controlled by geomorphic conditions, wind environments and land use was investigated using the dust storm frequency (DSF) and data from more than 300 meteorological stations throughout northern China. Our analysis showed that most dust emissions originated in gobi deserts that developed in piedmont alluvial fans of the Kunlun, Qilian and Helan mountains. Dust emissions are low from other gobi desert regions, such as the northern Gurbantunggut and eastern Taklimakan, where high vegetation coverage restrained dust emissions or where dust-size particles are not abundant after a long period of strong wind erosion. Sandy deserts with relatively high vegetation coverage or an extensive cover by mobile sands are not a major dust source. Although the highest dust emissions did not appear in regions with the highest wind energy, DSF trends in each region from 1960 to 2003 were closely related to local wind activity. DSF was low in regions with high levels of human activity, where the mean DSF from 1960 to 2003 did not exceed 4 days/year; even from the 1960s to the early 1970s, the period with the greatest DSF, frequency did not exceed 8 days/year, which indicates that extensive land use did not contribute to DSF. The low DSF in these areas might result from the fact that although land use could produce abundant fine soil fractions, vegetation coverage and soil moisture remained higher than in the gobi deserts of arid China, thereby decreasing dust-storm occurrence.     

柴达木盆地北部风速对尘暴事件降尘的影响

通过系统监测柴达木盆地北部冷湖地区的月降尘通量以及尘暴事件降尘量,发现该地区月降尘通量变化在0.57×103～18.12×103 μg·cm–2·month–1之间,并且与月极大风速（Vextr）具有较好的正相关性（r2=0.60, n=23）;该区年内主要粉尘堆积时段为春季和初夏;尘暴事件发生期间的降尘量不仅与尘暴持续期间10 min平均风速具有良好的正相关关系（r2=0.60, n=16）,而且降尘量与10 min风速变化幅度有关:强劲稳定的风力条件在监测地点产生较少的降尘量,强劲且变率较大的风力条件产生较多的降尘量。监测结果显示,风速的变化对粉尘的释放、输送和沉降有重要的影响,有助于理解地质记录所揭示的冰期-间冰期不同的大气粉尘沉降速率。     

巴丹吉林沙漠及其毗邻地区降水特征及风沙环境分析

利用巴丹吉林沙漠及其周边18个气象站点近40 a来的气象资料,详细分析了区域降水、风况、大风日数和沙尘暴等环境要素的时空变化规律。由于受沙漠、湖泊和绿洲等景观格局的影响,巴丹吉林沙漠及其毗邻地区气候要素的时空分布存在很大的差异。大风和沙尘天气主要集中在拐子湖和民勤两地,年均沙尘暴日数分别为28.9 d和37.3 d。沙漠地区降水与其外围相同纬度相比,呈明显下降趋势。沙漠东侧年均降雨量明显高于西侧。年均降雨量最小区域主要集中在额济纳旗,不足50 mm;而在沙漠东侧的诺尔公和吉兰泰年均降雨量分别为114.7 mm和116 mm。通过本研究,不仅为预测巴丹吉林沙漠及其毗邻地区风沙环境发展趋势提供基础资料,也能为揭示区域环境演变规律和生态治理提供科学依据。     

巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山的形成发育研究

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山的考察，以及沙丘形态和风况、沙山TL测年、古沙丘层理产状等的研究表明，高大沙山的形成发育受沙源、风系、底基地形和灌草植被等因素的影响。第四纪以来弱水古水系的变迁为沙漠及沙山的发育提供了丰富的沙物质来源。沙山发育的受西风和西北风两大盛行风系的控制，末次冰期以前为西风环流主导时期，地表盛行风向为西风，次为西北风；末次冰期以来为季风环流主导时期，地表盛 行风为西北风，次为西风。沙山底基地形的起伏不仅诱发近地表气流产生波伏运动，同时也是风沙流运行的障碍。气候湿润期发育的沙丘灌草植被通过抑制风蚀、扑捉风沙等作用加速沙山的发育。高大沙山是新月形沙丘和沙丘链、复合新月形沙丘和沙丘链演进而形成的大型稳定风积床面形态。     

巴丹吉林沙漠沙山发育与环境演变研究

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠风沙地貌、沙山地层结构、古沙山层理构造、沙山TL测年和区域输沙率等的综合研究表明,巴丹吉林地区自西北而东南大致可划分为河湖为主的弱水冲洪积扇、以河湖与风沙交替作用过度区和以风沙作用为主沙丘区。弱水冲洪积扇的发育为沙漠、沙山的发育提供了丰富的沙物质来源。高大沙山是更新世期间起伏的沙质下垫面与西风环流和季风环流相互作用的结果。末次冰期以前为西风环流为主时期,地表主导风向为西风,次为西北风,河湖环境发育;末次冰期以来为东亚季风环流为主时期,地表盛行风向为西北风,次为西风,风沙活动盛行。期间,风积床面经历了新月形、新月形沙丘链、复合新月形、复合沙丘链到复合型高大沙山的一系列复合、演变与发展过程。     

北京风沙若干问题的讨论

本文在实地调查研究的基础上提出对北京风沙一些问题的看法:1)北京风沙物质来源为本地超沙,尘的来源复杂,以外来成分最多;2)分析35午风沙资料得出这些年北京平原风沙趋于成少。     

Ventifacts on Earth and Mars: Analytical, field, and laboratory studies supporting sand abrasion and windward feature development

Terrestrial ventifacts – rocks that have been abraded by windblown particles – are found in desert, periglacial, and coastal environments. On Mars, their abundance suggests that aeolian abrasion is one of the most significant erosional processes on the planet. There are several conflicting viewpoints concerning the efficacy of potential abrasive agents, principally sand and dust, and the relationships between wind direction and ventifact form. Our research, supported by a review of the literature, shows that sand, rather than dust or other materials, is the principle abrasive agent on Earth and Mars. Relative to dust, sand delivers about 1000× the energy onto rock surfaces on a per particle basis. Even multiple dust collisions will do little or no damage because the stress field from the impact is much smaller than the spacing of microflaws in the rock. The abrasion profiles of terrestrial ventifacts are consistent with a kinetic energy flux due to saltating sand, not airborne dust. Furthermore, Scanning Electron Microscope images reveal surfaces that are fractured and cleaved by sand grain impact. With respect to their distribution, ventifacts are found in regions that contain sand or did so in the past, but are not found where only dust activity occurs. Contrary to some published reports, our evidence from field studies, analytical models, and wind tunnel and other experiments indicates that windward, not leeward, abrasion is responsible for facet development and feature formation (pits, flutes, and grooves). Leeward abrasion is confined to fluvial conditions, in which the high viscosity and density of water are able to entrain sand-size material in vortices. Therefore, ventifacts and abraded terrain provide an unambiguous proxy for the direction of the highest velocity winds, and can be used to reconstruct palaeowind flow.     

柴达木盆地表土与大气降尘粒度Weibull组成及其环境意义

柴达木盆地北部现代地表不同沉积环境沉积物粒度分析结果显示,多数盆地地表沉积物质呈Weibull三峰分布,具有超细粒、细粒、粗粒3个组分,个别样品包含沙粒组分,绝大多数的样品匮乏细粒-超细粒组分,以高含量分选性较好的粗粒组分和低含量分选性差的细粒-超细粒组分为总体特征。现代沙尘暴天气降尘粒度分布模式较为单一,以高含量窄峰态的粗粒组分为显著特征。依据含量最高主峰所在Weibull粒度组分,本研究将全部粒度分布分为3种类型:以高含量细粒组分主导的F型、以高含量粗粒组分主导的C型和以高含量沙粒组分主导的S型。比较沙尘暴降尘、季节降尘和年降尘粒度分布模式的结果表明,研究区全年和季节大气降尘主要由沙尘暴天气降尘贡献,在细粒和超细粒组分上,同时混合有尘暴释放和正常天气条件下大气本底粉尘沉降两种来源的风尘成分。分析冬季研究区湖泊（苏干湖）冰层粉尘粒度分布模式发现,细粒组分含量显著偏高,可达70.6%,明显有别于其他沉积环境粒度组成,对比年降尘细粒-超细粒组分成因我们初步认为,细粒组分可用于指示冬季风盛行季节近地面大范围风场搬运风尘物质的状况。     

青海湖周边地区沙丘移动监测及其气候驱动力分析

根据青海湖周边地区3个定点沙丘监测点近5 a沙丘移动监测资料,结合邻近气象局气象资料,分析了青海湖周边地区沙丘移动距离、方向和高度变化规律及其气候驱动力。结果显示,近年来青海湖湖东地区沙丘主要向ENE方向移动,移动速度减慢,沙丘高度降低;龙羊峡水库西北部的两个沙丘主要向偏SW方向移动,移动速度东部快西部慢,沙丘高度均有所降低。沙丘移动速度及方位主要受4～8 m·s-1风速级风向出现频率的影响。近年来兴海、海晏水热条件向暖湿化方向发展,兴海风速自1996年以来变化平稳,海晏近几年虽有所增加,但在2004年前经历了16 a较平稳的低风速阶段,气候条件对沙丘发展有一定的抑制作用;共和降水增幅较小,气温持续升高,且在2004年以前经历了13 a的高风速阶段,对沙漠化具有加剧作用。     

沙漠地区春季近地层气象要素分布规律的观测研究

利用2005年1月至2006年4月朱日和地区20 m气象塔的风向、风速、气温、相对湿度的观测资料,分析沙漠地区春季近地层气象要素的分布规律。结果表明: 春季温度回升,风速最大,相对湿度最小,利于起沙,故沙尘天气频繁。风速满足幂指数率分布规律,并且幂指数m能够很好的反映出风速梯度的变化情况;在沙尘暴、扬沙、背景、浮尘的天气条件下,春季近地面层风速梯度依次增大,湍流动量、热量交换系数依次减小;风向以西南为主。浮尘、扬沙天气各气层平均增温率分别大于或小于同时段的背景大气;沙尘暴期间温度下降,平均降温率为0.61 ℃\5h-1。春季相对湿度的平均递减率(递增率)与平均增温率(降温率)的大小正相关。浮尘天气相对湿度的平均递减率大于同时段的背景大气;扬沙天气相对湿度的平均递减率小于同时段的背景大气;沙尘暴天气相对湿度增大,平均增大率为2.80%\5h-1。     

黄渤海海岸季节性风沙气候环境

分析了黄渤海海岸气候形成因素和影响风沙活动的各种气候要素的季节性变化特征，指出冬、春季研究区受东亚大陆气团的影响，形成了干旱、多风的风沙气候环境，尤其是渤海海岸地区冬、春季气候条件与我国内陆沙漠区和严重沙漠化地区相似，也存在风沙灾害的威胁。     

Ecological Functions of PV Power Plants in the Desert and Gobi

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is an emerging energy industry that is developing rapidly. A number of PV power plants have been established in the desert and Gobi areas in northwest China in recent years. Is there any ecological significance to the establishment of PV power plants? If yes, what is it? This paper tries to find the answer by analyzing meteorological data from the Hexi Corridor as well as the observational data of light and vegetation in the Minqin desert area. The results show that the solar energy converted from 1 m² of PV panels is equivalent to the solar energy that is utilized by 260.75 m² of desert plants in the desert area. In China, there is vast area of desert and Gobi, with frequent dust storms and aeolian sand, as well as rich sunlight resources. Therefore, to develop the PV industry in the desert and Gobi regions will not only create considerable economic benefits, but will also be of great ecological significance. On the one hand, PV can effectively regulate thermodynamic equilibrium on the surface, helping to prevent sandstorms and reduce aeolian sand. The development of the PV industry is a win-win that generates economic returns and provides ecological protection by combating desertification. On the other hand, the PV industry can be developed without taking up arable land or other types of land. There are frequently high winds in the desert and Gobi region. PV power plants, together with wind power generation, are useful to transform and consume the power source that creates duststorms and aeolian sandflow in the desert and Gobi areas. This results in fewer sandstorms and reduced aeolian sandflow.     

我国北方沙尘天气的气候成因分析

本研究的范围在30°N以北地区,站点340个.通过采用区域平均及相关分析的方法,将中国北方沙尘(扬沙+沙尘暴)事件的年、季特征及其关系较为密切的地面气象要素包括降水、温度、风(风速、大风日数、风速≥5 m/s的日数)、湿度、蒸发量作了详细、综合的相关、对比分析.结果表明:春季多降水对沙尘天气的发生可以起到明显的抑制作用...     

西藏贡嘎沙尘天气气候及环流特征

利用1978-2012年西藏贡嘎的浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴资料,分析了贡嘎沙尘天气的气候特征。结果表明:贡嘎沙尘天气冬、春季最多,秋季较少,夏季很少发生;扬沙和沙尘暴主要发生在午后,浮尘则全天均可发生;近35年来,扬沙和沙尘暴呈波动减少趋势,减少幅度分别约为7 d-10a和2.2 d-10a,浮尘约以0.5 d/10a的幅度呈不显著增加趋势;基于2005-2012年沙尘天气同期红外差值沙尘指数(IDDI)空间分布图和地面流场、沙地分布图,定性得出贡嘎、尼木、南木林、日喀则、拉孜区域的雅鲁藏布江沿岸沙地是贡嘎沙尘天气的沙尘来源。利用沙尘暴天气个例分析了贡嘎沙尘天气的地面气象要素和高空环流特征,发现相对湿度小、风速大、连续多日无降水是沙尘天气的地面气象要素特征,高空环流形势可分为阻塞型(占40%)、干南支槽型(占17%)、西北气流型(占26%)和热低压型(占17%)等4类。     

Formation and evolution of sand deserts in Xinjiang,Northwest China: I. Provenances ofdesert sands简

Sandy desert landscape is a geological product of arid climate and abundant sand materials supply in natural conditions, therefore the formation of sandy desert is an ideal studying object for understanding the interaction between various stratigraphic/epigenetic spheres of the earth system. However, until now, the knowledge about the provenance and formation of these deserts in Xinjiang, Central Asia is diverse and inconsistent, a systematic review is necessary. Ancient aeolian sand sediments in the internal areas of these deserts and their twin dust deposits in the Cenozoic strata surrounding the Xinjiang deserts are direct and indirect clues reflecting the provenance of sand materials and the formation and evolution of deserts. Based on the geochemical, mineralogical and isotopic evidences of desert sands and relevant deposits in the peripheral regions, this paper reviews the research progress on the development of the sandy deserts in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Many proofs proposed that desert sands in Xinjiang were mainly sourced from the ancient pluvial, alluvial and fluvial sediments and were eventually achieved because of the local sand supply. It pointed out that the settings of tectonic structure in Xinjiang had made sediments both in the Tarim Basin and the Junggar Basin being influenced greatly by regional hydrological system and aeolian processes originated from the planetary wind system of westerly, the East Asian winter monsoon and the topographical mountain-valley winds. However, the directions of transpor- tation paths are different between the hydrological dynamics and the aeolian dynamics, which are decided by the slantwise structures of the basins tectonics and the regional atmospheric circulation routes, respectively, and have determined anisotropies of the transport pathway of these sediments delivered by different agents. This results in a geological cycle of detrital sediment transportation in the two large sediment mixing, alternation and recycle basins and thus largely increases the degree of between younger and older sediment sources, as well as the complexity and diversity of sand provenances.     

沙尘天气、尘卷风对沙漠地区起沙量的贡献

降尘量能很好地反映整层沙尘气溶胶的信息。基于WRF/Chem沙尘暴模式及大气边界层的观测资料,获得了包括尘卷风起沙过程的日、月和年总起沙量,进而分析它们与自然降尘量之间的关系。结果表明:(1)半定量的沙尘天气日数与逐月降尘量呈极显著的正相关,但无法更精细地量化降尘量的来源;(2)模式量化计算的沙尘天气起沙量与降尘量的变化大体一致,它对总起沙量的平均贡献率为76%;(3)尘卷风对总起沙量的贡献达到了24%,在无沙尘天气的时段,降尘量100%来自尘卷风的起沙量;(4)沙尘天气和尘卷风构成的总起沙量和降尘量在月、年变化都有极其显著的正相关,均通过了0.001极显著检验。     

Dune sand transport as influenced by wind directions, speed and frequencies in the Ordos Plateau, China

The Ordos Plateau in China is a region with extensive wind erosion, severe desertification and various aeolian sand hazards. In order to determine aeolian sand transport in this region, the relationship between the sand transport rate and wind speed at 10 min frequencies was established by field observation in both the Qubqi Sand Desert and the Mu Us Sandy Land. Threshold wind speeds (2 m above the ground) for mobile, semi-fixed and fixed dune surfaces were estimated by field observations. The sand transport rate increased with the increase of the bare land ratio and near-bed wind speed. High-resolution meteorological 10 min average wind velocity data at 10 m above the ground were converted into velocity values at a height of 2 m to calculate sand transport potential based on three specific parameters decisive for sand transport: wind speed, duration and direction. The quantity of aeolian sand transported was calculated for various wind speed levels and directions, and the overall characteristics of sand transport on different dune surface types were determined by vector operation techniques. Sand transporting winds took place mainly in springtime. The prevailing wind directions were W, WNW and NW, with a frequency of more than 60% in total, and sand transport in these directions made up more than 70% of the total transport, corresponding to a general southeastward encroachment of aeolian sand in the study area. The relationship between wind frequency and speed can be expressed by a power function. High magnitude strong winds had a low frequency, but they played a dominant role in aeolian sand transport.     

新疆沙尘天气的演化特征及影响因子

利用1961-2003年新疆90个气象站地面观测资料,分析了新疆沙尘天气的空间分布特征及演变规律,并构建多元线性回归沙尘因子模型,探讨了气温、气温日较差、气压、平均风速、降水量对沙尘天气的影响程度.新疆沙尘天气的高发区在塔克拉玛干沙漠及南缘,年沙尘日数南疆是北疆的7倍.沙尘天气的高发时段在3～9月,43年内呈明显递减趋势.北疆、南疆沙尘天气的历史演变有着较好的10～15年和8～10年的振荡周期.北疆沙尘天气的主要影响因子是平均风速和气温日较差、降水量,春季明显受气温和平均风速的影响,夏季主要受平均风速和气温日较差的影响.南疆平均风速和降水量的影响占主导地位,春季气温日较差的影响也比较显著.另外,南疆春季沙尘天气对日照时数有着显著的影响.     

北京市大兴区大气降尘环境磁学特征及其环境意义

应用环境磁学方法对北京市大兴区大气降尘环境磁学特征进行了系统研究,并通过与北京市朝阳区、兰州市大气降尘环境磁学特征的对比,对环境磁学在污染物来源解析及扩散条件研究中的应用机理进行了探讨。结果表明,大兴区大气降尘磁性矿物含量明显高于本区表土,人为源影响显著;降尘样品磁学特征主要受磁铁矿控制,并含有一定数量的磁赤铁矿,磁性矿物为准单畴和多畴颗粒;大兴区降尘样品的磁性矿物含量明显低于朝阳区,且样品颗粒相对较细,表明人口密度、车流量、城市发达度对大气污染程度存在显著影响;大兴区与兰州市大气降尘磁性矿物含量的季节变化差异表明,燃煤取暖对北京大气质量的影响显著减弱,燃煤锅炉改造是大气污染防治的重要措施之一。气象因素对大气颗粒物浓度变化有重要影响,降水、低气压和高风速利于大气颗粒物的清除和扩散,低气温对大气颗粒物污染的负面影响显著。