风垂直切变和下滑倾斜涡度发展

本文根据绝热无摩擦的饱和湿空气具有湿位涡守恒的特征，研究湿斜压过程中涡旋垂直涡度的发展。由于传统的等熵位涡分析的应用受等熵面倾斜的限制，本文进而发展了Z坐标及P坐标中的倾斜涡度发展理论。指出在梅雨锋南侧暖湿区的北端，以及梅雨锋北边界附近，湿等熵面十分陡立，是涡旋发展及暴雨发生的重要地区。还证明了倾斜涡度发展的必要条件和充分条件。指出在对流不稳定的饱和大气中，倾斜涡度发展必伴有低空急流存在。对1991年6月12～15日江淮流域暴雨过程的诊断表明，湿位涡分析，尤其是等压面上湿位涡量Pm1和Pm2的分析不仅在中高纬有效，在低纬度及低对流层均十分有效，是暴雨诊断和预报的有力工具。     

影响山东的台风暴雨天气的湿位涡诊断分析

应用湿位涡理论 ,对发生在山东境内由台风和台风减弱的低压引发的两场大暴雨过程进行诊断。结果表明 :这两场暴雨都产生在θe 陡立密集区附近 ,θe 陡立密集区附近易导致湿斜压涡度发展 ;对流层中低层MPV1 <0 ,850hPa上MPV2 >0 ,综合反映了暴雨区对流不稳定和斜压不稳定的发展 ;对流层高层高值湿位涡下传 ,有利于位势不稳定能量的储存和释放 ,使降水增幅。     

山东春季一次罕见暴雨天气的湿位涡分析

应用湿位涡理论,对2003年4月发生在山东境内的一次罕见暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:这次暴雨产生在925hPa以下θe线陡立密集区附近,θe线陡立密集区附近对流稳定度较小,有利于湿斜压涡度发展;湿位涡在这次暴雨过程前期700hPa上ξMPV1<0,ξMPV2>0的演变,综合反映了暴雨区对流不稳定及斜压不稳定的增强;对流层高层高值湿位涡下传有利于位势不稳定能量的释放,使降水增幅,也是低涡东移发展为气旋的重要机制。     

一次北方春季罕见暴雨天气的湿位涡分析

应用湿位涡理论 ,对 2 0 0 3年 4月发生在山东境内的一次暴雨天气进行诊断。结果表明 :暴雨产生在θe 线陡立密集区附近 ,θe 线陡立密集区附近对流稳定度较小 ,有利于湿斜压涡度发展 ;湿位涡在 70 0hPa上具有MPV1 <0 ,MPV2 >0的特征 ,对流层高层高值湿位涡下传有利于位势不稳定能量的储存和释放 ,也是低涡东移发展为气旋的重要机制。     

阿克苏北部暴雨和冰雹湿位涡对比诊断分析

应用湿位涡理论,分别对阿克苏北部2次暴雨和冰雹过程进行诊断分析。结果表明：θse面陡立易导致湿斜压涡度发展,形成θse陡峭密集区,密集区内暴雨和冰雹容易发生;850hPa MPV1〈0和MPV2〉0以及700hPa MPV1〉0和MPV2〈0,易产生暴雨,且MPV1和MPV2数量级相当,即正压过程与斜压过程同样重要。冰雹发生时850hPa MPV1〉0和MPV2〈0,由于影响系统的不同,700hPa MPV1和MPV2分布有所不同,但存在MPV1和MPV2的正负配置,有利于倾斜涡度发展。     

青藏高原东北侧一次暴雪过程的湿位涡分析

利用NCEP（1°×1°）全球再分析格点资料,对青藏高原东北侧2002年10月18日一次暴雪天气进行诊断分析。结果表明：500 hPa北上的西南暖湿气流与东移南压的西北冷空气在36°N附近交汇形成的高原切变线是造成这次强降水的主要天气系统。暴雪发生在700 hPa湿位涡正压项MPV1正值密集带和湿位涡斜压项MPV2负值区中。由于等eθ线变得陡立密集,大气对流不稳定能量释放,MPV2绝对值增大,大气湿斜压性增强导致下滑倾斜涡度发展是形成此次暴雪的重要原因,它对暴雪预报有着很好的指示作用。     

河北北部一次区域性暴雪过程的湿位涡分析

应用湿位涡理论及NCEP再分析资料(水平分辨率1°×1°),对2007年3月3—4日河北省北部出现的罕见区域性暴雪过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:500 hPa西来槽和地面气旋是造成大范围暴雪的主要天气系统。暴雪发生在700 hPa湿位涡正压项MPV1正值区和湿位涡斜压项MPV2负值区中。由于等θse线变得陡立密集,大气对流不稳定能量释放,MPV2绝对值增大,大气湿斜压性增强,导致下滑倾斜涡度发展,是形成此次暴雪的重要原因。湿位涡对暴雪预报有着很好的指示作用。     

On the Significance and Use of the Generalized Moist Potential Vorticity Equation

In this paper,the continuity and thermodynamic equations including moisture forcings were derived.Using these two equations and the basic momentum equation of local Cartesian coordinates,the budget equation of generalized moist potential vorticity(GMPV) was derived.The GMPV equation is a good generalization of the Ertel potential vorticity(PV) and moist potential vorticity(MPV) equations.The GMPV equation is conserved under adiabatic,frictionless,barotropic,or saturated atmospheric conditions,and it is closely associated with the horizontal frontogenesis and stability of the real atmosphere.A real case study indicates that term diabatic heating could be a useful diagnostic tool for heavy rainfall events.     

湿位涡在广西冰雹大风天气过程诊断分析中的应用

应用湿位涡理论,对2006年4月发生在广西的3次冰雹大风强对流天气过程进行了详细地诊断分析.结果表明:θsc线陡立密集区附近对流稳定度很小,冷空气从高层沿等熵面下滑的过程中绝对涡度增加,导致气旋性涡度的发展加强,为冰雹、大风天气的易发地;强对流天气发生前对流层高层有湿位涡高值中心向下传播,强对流易在正压湿位涡等值线相对密集零线附近和925 hPa上斜压湿位涡负中心附近出现.     

A Review of Potential Vorticity and its Possible Application in the moist Atmospheric Flow

Potential vorticity (PV) has been served as a powerful and useful dynamic tracer for the understanding of the large-scale dynamics and synoptic variations in the atmosphere and oceans. Significant progress has been made on the application of PV. In recent decades there has been a substantial amount of work done on PV in a general moist atmosphere. In this paper PV and the generalized moist potential vorticity (GMPV) and their application in the tropical cyclones and mesoscale meteorological field are reviewed. The GMPV is derived for a real atmosphere (neither totally dry nor saturated) by introducing a generalized potential temperature instead of the potential temperature or equivalent potential temperature. Such a generalization can depict the moist effect on PV anomaly in the non-uniformly saturated atmosphere. A new convective vorticity vector (CVV) is introduced in connection with GMPV in order to diagnose the development of tropical deep convections.     

非均匀饱和广义湿位涡在暴雨分析与预测中的应用

考虑实际大气非均匀饱和特性, 通过引入广义位温及广义湿位涡方程, 对华北暴雨和江淮梅雨锋暴雨的发生及落区进行了广义湿位涡异常的诊断分析, 表明暴雨形成时大气低层有广义湿位涡的异常出现。对广义湿位涡倾向的计算表明:它对暴雨的发生有一定指示作用, 因而可利用广义湿位涡的异常来识别暴雨的出现。     

广义湿位涡与暴雨落区预报的诊断分析

探讨了广义湿位涡理论及其倾向方程在暴雨落区预报方面的可应用性,为非均匀饱和广义湿位涡理论的业务应用提供了新的思路。 资料诊断结果表明, 非均匀饱和大气中的广义湿位涡虽然不具有守恒性, 但由于其体现了实际大气的非均匀饱和特性,尤其是水汽梯度效应的引入,使得广义湿位涡的异常在对流层低层能比较清楚地反映出暴雨发生时期的高水汽集中的特性和机制,有效地反映出暴雨区以及暴雨落区的变化。      

Dynamical and Thermal Problems in Vortex Development and Movement. Part I: A PV–Q View

Based on the Lagrangian change equation of vertical vorticity deduced from the equation of threedimensional Ertel potential vorticity(PV e),the development and movement of vortex are investigated from the view of potential vorticity and diabatic heating(PV-Q).It is demonstrated that the asymmetric distribution in the vortex of the non-uniform diabatic heating in both vertical and horizontal can lead to the vortex’s development and movement.The theoretical results are used to analyze the development and movement of a Tibetan Plateau(TP) vortex(TPV),which appeared over the TP,then slid down and moved eastward in late July 2008,resulting in heavy rainfall in Sichuan Province and along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.The relative contributions to the vertical vorticity development of the TPV are decomposed into three parts:the diabatic heating,the change in horizontal component of PV e(defined as PV 2),and the change in static stability θ z.The results show that in most cases,diabatic heating plays a leading role,followed by the change in PV 2,while the change of θ z usually has a negative impact in a stable atmosphere when the atmosphere becomes more stable,and has a positive contribution when the atmosphere approaches neutral stratification.The intensification of the TPV from 0600 to 1200 UTC 22 July 2008 is mainly due to the diabatic heating associated with the precipitation on the eastern side of the TPV when it uplifted on the up-slope of the northeastern edge of the Sichuan basin.The vertical gradient of diabatic heating makes positive(negative) PV e generation below(above) the maximum of diabatic heating;the positive PV e generation not only intensifies the low-level vortex but also enhances the vertical extent of the vortex as it uplifts.The change in PV e due to the horizontal gradient of diabatic heating depends on the vertical shear of horizontal wind that passes through the center of diabatic heating.The horizontal gradient of diabatic heating makes positive(negative) PV e generation on the right(left) side of the vertical shear of horizontal wind.The positive PV e generation on the right side of the vertical shear of horizontal wind not only intensifies the local vertical vorticity but also affects direction of movement of the TPV.These diagnostic results are in good agreement with the theoretic results developed from the PV-Q view.     

Up-sliding Slantwise Vorticity Development and the complete vorticity equation with mass forcing

The moist potential vorticity (MPV) equation is derived from complete atmospheric equations including the effect of mass forcing, with which the theory of Up-sliding Slantwise Vorticity Development (USVD) is proposed based on the theory of Slantwise Vorticity Development (SVD). When an air parcel slides up along a slantwise isentropic surface, its vertical component of relative vorticity will develop, and the steeper the isentropic surface is, the more violent the development will be. From the definition of MPV and the MPV equation produced here in, a complete vorticity equation is then put forward with mass forcing, which explicitly includes the effects of both internal forcings, such as variations of stability, baroclinicity, and vertical shear of horizontal wind, and external forcings, such as diabatic heating, friction, and mass forcing.When isentropic surfaces are flat, the complete vorticity equation matches its traditional counterpart. The physical interpretations of some of the items which are included in the complete vorticity equation but not in the traditional one are studied with a simplified model of the ChangjiangoHuaihe Meiyu front. A 60-h simulation is then performed to reproduce a torrential rain event in the ChangjiangoHuaihe region and the output of the model is studied qualitatively based on the theory of USVD. The result shows that the conditions of the theory of USVD are easily satisfied immediately in front of mesoscale rainstorms in the downwind direction, that is, the theory of USVD is important to the development and movement of these kinds of systems.     

Application of Generalized Moist Potential Vorticity to the Analysis of a Torrential Rain Case

Considering the non-uniform saturation of the real atmosphere,a diagnostic study of a torrential rain event is performed from the perspective of the anomaly of the generalized moist potential vorticity(GMPV) after introducing the generalized potential temperature into the thermodynamic frame of the real atmosphere. The results show that the anomaly appeared at mid-lower levels of the troposphere when the torrential rain happened.Analysis of the magnitudes and locations of maximum values of the tendency o...     

广义湿位涡在江淮流域暴雨分析和预报中的应用

利用中尺度数值模式MM5, 以6 h间隔的NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°的格点资料为背景, 加入新一代天气雷达 (CINRAD－SA雷达) 1 h间隔的反演风廓线资料和12 h探空、 3 h常规地面观测进行四维同化模拟得到的输出资料, 检验非均匀饱和大气中的广义湿位涡在2003年江淮流域暴雨动力指示方面的分析和预报能力。理论分析表明: 广义湿位涡综合体现了大气的动力、 热力及水汽作用, 相对于常用的温度、 湿度等物理量来说, 在一定程度上包含了风场、 温度场和湿度场的相互作用, 对实际非均匀饱和大气的热力变化和水汽影响有较好的反映。对模拟结果的诊断发现, 广义湿位涡倾向值的正负及强弱变化对暴雨落区预报和单站降水变化趋势预报都有一定的指示意义。利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°格点资料和气象台站观测的实况降水资料, 对1999年长江流域梅雨和2007年淮河流域大洪水时期的广义湿位涡及其倾向变化与区域平均降水变化的对比分析进一步表明了在持续性暴雨发生时期, 在大气中低层(主要在500 hPa以下), 确实持续存在广义湿位涡和广义湿位涡倾向的异常, 这种异常能在一定程度上反映出对应时期的水汽分布和水汽集中特征, 与降水量的变化是一致的, 而850 hPa以下的广义湿位涡倾向在一定程度上也能反映出降水的增强或减弱趋势, 即: 广义湿位涡倾向为正 (负) 异常时, 未来降水量可能增加 (减小), 因此, 广义湿位涡倾向可以定性地给出暴雨是加强还是减弱的强度趋势预报。类似于涡度、 湿位涡等其他动力变量, 广义湿位涡除了可作为一个分析暴雨系统发生发展的动力变量外, 还可体现出暴雨时期高水汽集中的特点, 在暴雨分析中有一定的优势。     

一次爆发性气旋的发展与湿位涡关系的研究

通过对一次陆地爆发性气旋的数值模拟与湿位涡的诊断分析发现，气旋的爆发与湿位涡的平流关系密切，气旋的发展并不是在湿位涡中心位于气旋上空时才开始，而是当湿位涡中心位于气旋的后部，并在200hPa对下有明显的倒圆锥形下伸区时，才有利于气旋的发展。当湿位涡中心位于气旋上空时，气旋发展开始减慢。湿位涡局地变化的大小与水平方向位涡梯度的大小有关。湿斜压位涡负值区的上下贯通与气旋发展也有明显的关系。     

位涡扰动与气旋的发展

通过对1991－07－05T08－07－06－T20江淮流域的一次气旋发生发展过程的分析，讨论了在气旋发展的不同阶段高低层位涡场分布及垂直结构的演变特征，并从气旋发展过程中的凝结潜热释放着手，研究了高低层位涡场之间的联系。结果表明，潜热的释放将促使高层的高位涡向下传输，导致低层气旋加深发展，并进而讨论了江淮气旋发展的一种可能机制。     

热力适应、过流、频散和副高 I.热力适应和过流

利用位涡性质,讨论了因非绝热加热导致的大气动力特征的变化,阐明了大气动力过程向外加热强迫适应的原理。证明在热力适应过程中,沿着加热区的侧边界斜压位涡为负,且大于正压位涡,那里的大气出现对称不稳定。在加热区的上空尽管非绝热加热为零,仍然存在上升、辐散、反气旋环流及冷中心,证明这是由于“过流”引起的。通过总位涡的收支分析证明,由于边界层的摩擦作用,加热区上空多余的负位涡向外排放而成为大气中负涡度的源地。     

一次引发暴雨的东北低涡的涡度和水汽收支分析

对2005年7月25～29日引发较大范围持续性暴雨的东北低涡的结构、涡度和水汽收支进行了分析研究,结果表明:1)东北低涡是一个较深厚的冷性涡旋.初期,气旋性涡度出现在对流层中层,然后向中低层及高层伸展.而低涡加强阶段,气旋性涡度在对流层高层增加得最快,并逐渐向中低层传播,诱发地面气旋的发展;由于高低空锋生的相互作用,在低涡南部形成了深厚的近乎垂直的低层略前倾的"弓形"锋区.2)对涡度收支的计算表明,水平涡度平流项和水平辐散项对低涡的发展、加强起到最主要的作用.但在不同阶段,这两项的作用和大小各不相同.3) 对流层高层位涡大值区在低涡东部向下传播,有利于低涡的发展加强,与低涡暴雨的落区位置较为接近.此外对卫星云顶亮度温度(TBB)的分析,发现低涡暴雨典型的涡旋云带中对流活动旺盛的地区与局地暴雨的位置对应.4) 低涡暴雨的水汽初期主要来自北部,随着低纬地区西南季风的增强,沿副高西侧从低纬到中高纬建立起一条较强的水汽输送带,东北地区水汽收支以南北向的辐合为主.5)将2005年和1998年夏季6～8月的东北低涡暴雨个例的天气形势配置进行逐月比较,发现持续的较大范围的低涡暴雨过程与亚洲中高纬的阻塞形势、低涡的维持、西太平洋副热带高压的位置及夏季风和低纬系统的水汽输送有密切的关系.