双重约束条件下的连续重力观测非线性漂移改正方法分析

连续重力观测去除固体潮后所得重力残差结果,除了受仪器故障、自然因素、人为因素以及供电系统干扰外,弹簧重力仪的长期漂移也成为重力变化的重要影响因素,故漂移改正不可忽略。本文以高台地震台近5年的连续重力观测资料为数据基础,采用多阶多项式拟合法,并以驰豫分析结果和流动重力场结果为约束,研究弹簧重力仪的非线性漂移特征及其漂移改正的合理性。研究结果表明：高台重力仪的线性和非线性漂移特征明显,严重影响了其他微弱重力信号的提取,而驰豫分析处理结果和流动重力场成为有效地辅助约束手段,在其双重制约下进行非线性漂移改正,使所得重力非潮汐结果更为准确可靠,为地震预测预报提供较为准确的参考依据。     

Long-term and seasonal gravity changes at the Strasbourg station and their relation to crustal deformation and hydrology

The time-varying gravity is observed at the Strasbourg station with super-conducting gravimeters (SG) since 1987, with a first record from 1987 to 1996 (GWR T005) and a second one in continuity from 1996 till now (GWR C026). The long-term behaviour of the SG is constrained by regular absolute gravity (AG) measurements, which are performed in parallel since 1989, first with the JILAg-5 instrument and later on with the FG5#206. Moreover, a permanent GPS station, which belongs to the French geodetic network, has been installed at the end of 1999. We will show that the AG measurements suggest that the gravity is slowly increasing in time at a rate of about 1.6 μGal/year, and besides, exhibits a quasi-annual component of several μGal variable amplitude. We present an analysis of the GPS data obtained at the SG station in the Rhine graben as well as at another regional station in the Vosges mountains distant by about 40 km in order to constrain the gravity contribution due to the vertical displacement of the station in the earth's gravity field (geometrical part). The tectonic context of the region is described and our first results from our two data sets of limited duration suggest a small subsidence of our station in the graben; however, this fact needs further confirmation when more geodetic data will be available. We also analyze the water table changes beneath the station (local scale) and in the Alsatian Plain (regional scale) to estimate the hydrological contributions from ground water to the gravity residual signal, and we show that some similarities exist between the gravity residuals and the hydrological contributions, especially for the seasonal terms. Other missing contributions of annual period (air mass motion in the atmosphere, ocean circulation, continental hydrology) have to be considered.     

Allowance for seismic impact on high-frequency measurements by the Autograv CG-5 gravimeter

The joint study of the long-term stationary gravity observations using the Autograv CG-5 gravimeter in the conditions of a geophysical observatory and the data from the UGRA seismic station is carried out. The mathematical model of the sensing element of the gravimeter is constructed. The analysis of the gravimetric and seismic data is carried out. The corrections reducing the random component of the error in the gravimeter’s measurements are obtained.     

Analysis and comparison of the tidal gravity observations obtained with LCR-ET20 spring gravimeter

Introduction The tidal variation signals of the solid Earth recorded with the modern measuring techniques can be used to provide effectively the means to cognize the Earths motion, deformation and structure character, especially to monitor the material motion in the Earths interior. In the recent 20 years, the distribution character of the global gravity field has made great progress since the continuous and deep theoretical studies in geophysics and geodesy domains. The successful manufactur…     

关于汶川8.0级地震前两项异常真伪的探讨

2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震前出现了成都台重力和姑咱台钻孔应变异常现象,是否属于地震前兆还存在争论.本文针对这些问题,分析了可能存在的环境因素影响及其引起的测值变化形态特征,并以实验方法验证了对姑咱台钻孔应变异常原因的推断.结论表明,成都台重力震前异常是由台风活动引起,姑咱台钻孔应变异常是钻孔内水位干扰所致.     

武汉台重力潮汐长期观测结果

采用武汉台超导重力仪(SG C032)14年多的长期连续观测资料,研究了固体地球对二阶和三阶引潮力的响应特征,精密测定了重力潮汐参数,系统研究了最新的固体潮模型和海潮模型在中国大陆的有效性.采用最新的8个全球海潮模型计算了海潮负荷效应,从武汉台SG C032的观测中成功分离出63个2阶潮汐波群和15个3阶潮汐波群信号,3阶潮波涵盖了周日、半日和1/3日三个频段.重力潮汐观测的精度非常高,标准偏差达到1.116 nm·s^-2,系统反映了非流体静力平衡、非弹性地球对2阶和3阶引潮力的响应特征.结果表明,现有的武汉国际重力潮汐基准在半日频段非常精确,但在周日频段存在比较明显的偏差,需要进一步精化.对于中国大陆的大地测量观测,固体潮可以采用Dehant等考虑地球内部介质非弹性和非流体静力平衡建立的固体潮理论模型或Xu 等基于全球SG观测建立的重力潮汐全球实验模型作为参考和改正模型,海潮负荷效应应该采用Nao99作为改正模型.     

大气重力信号的理论计算及其检测

基于标准大气定律和大气圆柱体分布模型,本文引进了大气重力格林函数,用离散格积方法求得了大气对重力场观测的影响,对台站高程、周围地形和地表温度变化等因素的影响问题进行了讨论．结果说明台站近区气压变化是大气重力信号的主要贡献者,考虑大气质量负荷引起的弹性地球形变效应后,对距台站0．5°的区域积分获得的大气重力导纳值为-0．3603μGal／hPa,占全球大气变化引起的总信号的90％以上,这一理论模型结果与超导重力仪实测结果相吻合,并能较有效地用于消除重力观测中的气压干扰成分．     

连续重力观测潮汐与非潮汐信号提取与处理平台设计与实现

介绍了连续重力观测潮汐与非潮汐信号提取与处理平台的平台架构、数据库、主要功能模块、技术特点与功能特性等。该平台面向中国地震重力站网的大网运维业务需求和海量数据处理需求,以连续重力数据处理中的潮汐信号处理、非潮汐信号处理、时频变换等科学计算为核心,基于大数据技术实现了中国地震重力站网海量数据的自动清理、数据质量自动评估、数据产品自动产出,产出重力潮汐因子、时频图等24种数据产品,提升了连续重力观测数据的应用效能和地震重力站网的运行、管理和服务水平。     

大气变化对位移、重力和倾斜观测影响的理论计算

利用弹性地球负荷理论和流体静力学平衡假设条件下的干空气及其垂直温度梯度分布,理论计算了大气压力作用下地表位移、重力和倾斜格林函数．详细讨论了不同地球模型、台站高程、周边地形、地表大气温度和水汽含量等因素对计算结果的影响．数值结果说明大气效应弹性项影响主要来自于远离台站的区域;引力项对重力的影响主要贡献来自于台站近区,对倾斜的影响来自于远离台站的区域．各种因素对大气重力和倾斜格林函数的影响分别在01°和1°角距范围内,但其综合影响较为复杂．     

大气重力格林函数的理论计算

重力测量中需要扣除大气的影响.大气负荷对重力测量的影响可以分为大气质量变化引起的直接效应和大气负荷引起的地球变形带来的间接效应,大气负荷对重力观测值的直接影响,相对于间接效应量级较大.本文从理论上研究了大气负荷对重力观测的直接影响,仿照Farrell定义的负荷格林函数,引入大气重力格林函数,用来表示大气压变化对于重力观测的直接引力影响.在前人的基础上,本文采用了更为精细的大气模型,考虑大气温度随高程的变化,用离散褶积的方法求得了大气重力格林函数的理论值.实际计算时还要考虑地表温度、台站高程、周围地形等因素的影响,本文讨论了这些因素对大气重力格林函数的影响.考虑地表温度、台站高程、地形改正等各种影响因素以及地球变形引起的间接效应后,对台站周围区域积分即可求得大气变化引起的理论重力信号.     

LCR-ET20弹簧型潮汐重力仪观测结果的分析和比较

基于武汉国际重力潮汐基准站LCR-ET20弹簧重力仪潮汐观测资料，利用国际标准的数据预处理和分析方法，采用与GWR型超导重力仪同址观测对比方法，较系统研究了ET20仪器特征以及大气和海洋重力信号．数值结果表明，尽管ET20的观测精度要比超导型重力仪的精度低一个量级，弹簧蠕变性导致的仪器漂移十分大，但该仪器仍获得了与超导重力仪相当的潮汐参数，能有效用于重力场的时间变化观测．      

用福建连续重力资料研究台风“麦德姆”活动特征

福建省地处我国东南沿海,每年5—10月都会受到台风的侵袭,目前建有厦门、漳州、福州三个连续重力观测台站。以2014年第10号强台风"麦德姆"为例,利用重力观测资料研究:(1)台风引起的地脉动信号的强度和卓越频率的变化规律;(2)台风卓越周期与台风强度和移动速度的关系;(3)连续重力资料非潮汐信息提取。结果表明:(1)台风靠近台站时地脉动信号增强,登陆后迅速减弱,福州台记录的信号卓越频率要比其他台站高;(2)台风卓越周期与台风强度和台风移动速度的关系比较复杂;(3)用现代滤波器能有效滤除长期存在的干扰信号。     

银川地震台数字化重力资料映震情况分析

介绍了银川地震臼重力观测情况。应用调和分析、潮汐变化、非潮汐变化及滤波等分析方法,对银川台GS15-NO215型重力仪2003～2007年的观测资料进行了处理,分析了银川台数字化重力资料的观测质量及年变周期的特点。总结了银川台重力数字化资料与周边地区地震活动的对应关系及其映震情况。     

离散时变重力数据的可视化、指标量定义与解释

针对流动重力观测获得的数据成果特点,提出一种基于流动重力段差变化的时变重力数据可视化方法,并定义了两个指标量G值和C值,用以评价区域性重力场变化的显著性程度.在此基础上,应用该方法处理和分析了首都圈地区的流动重力数据.结果表明:与传统采用等值线方式来刻画时变重力场特征不同,该方法更能突出发生变化的重力测点位置、测量误差及其变化的显著性程度,可为研究与地震孕育、发生过程有关的重力场变化提供更多的定量依据.      

南极中山与昭和站重力海潮负荷效应及背景噪声研究

利用南极中山站LCR-ET21重力仪器与昭和站GWR058仪器获得的重力潮汐观测资料,采用最新的三个全球海潮模型(Dtu10,Eot11A和HAM11A)研究了南极地区的海潮负荷效应和背景噪声.结果表明,由三个海潮模型计算的重力负荷均值改正后,中山站O_1和M_2振幅观测残差分别由13.83%和20.55%下降到5.32%和5.95%,昭和站O_1和M_2振幅观测残差分别由10.84%和21.52%下降到1.91%和3.40%,说明海潮负荷改正的有效性.利用加汉宁窗的FFT变换,获得了地震频段的地震噪声等级(SNM),其值分别为1.574(中山站)和1.289(昭和站).而在潮汐频段,中山站的背景噪声比昭和站高一个数量级,主要由不同观测仪器和台站局部环境所致.本文结果可为进一步利用南极重力资料研究局部环境和全球动力学问题提供有效参考.     

Error estimation and optimization of gravity surveys1

Gravity data are often acquired over long periods of time using different instruments and various survey techniques, resulting in data sets of non-uniform accuracy. As station locations are inhomogeneously distributed, gravity values are interpolated on to a regular grid to allow further processing, such as computing horizontal or vertical gradients. Some interpolation techniques can estimate the interpolation error. Although estimation of the error due to interpolation is of importance, it is more useful to estimate the maximum gravity anomaly that may have gone undetected by a survey. This is equivalent to the determination of the maximum mass whose gravity anomaly will be undetected at any station location, given the data accuracy at each station. Assuming that the maximum density contrast present in the survey area is known or can be reasonably assumed from a knowledge of the geology, the proposed procedure is as follows: at every grid node, the maximum mass whose gravity anomaly does not disturb any of the surrounding observed gravity values by more than their accuracies is determined. A finite vertical cylinder is used as the mass model in the computations. The resulting map gives the maximum detection error and, as such, it is a worst-case scenario. Moreover, the map can be used to optimize future gravity surveys: new stations should be located at, or near, map maxima. The technique is applied to a set of gravity observations obtained from different surveys made over a period of more than 40 years in the Abitibi Greenstone Belt in eastern Canada.     

浅谈银川台洞温变化对重力观测资料的影响

通过对银川台重力观测资料进行差分变化对比,与理论固体潮及室温变化进行对比分析,阐述了2007年台站重力观测山洞改造期间引起重力变化的主要因素。研究结果表明,山洞改造对重力观测的直接影响不显著,引起资料内在精度下降的主要原因是改造时保温措施不当,引起洞温迅速变化,继而影响重力观测。     

Estimating the influence of seismic and meteorological factors on the accuracy of measurements by relative gravimeters

Continuous high-precision long-term gravity measurements are carried out at the geophysical observatory located in the experimental base of Vladimir State University. The long time series of gravity acceleration and its standard deviation are obtained. The factors responsible for the increases in the studied deviations are analyzed. The recommendations for improving the accuracy of relative gravity measurements are formulated.     

A comparison of gravity wave phase velocities calculated from the impedance equation and pressure data

Abstract

Marked oscillations in wind speed, wind direction and pressure with periods of between 5 and 15 minutes were recorded on a number of occasions and it is assumed that they were produced by atmospheric gravity waves. Gossard and Munk (1954) have shown that the phase velocity of a gravity wave can be calculated using wind and pressure fluctuation data from a single station by means of the “impedance equation”. It is also possible to measure the phase velocity of a gravity wave using an array of microbarovariographs. In this investigation, the phase velocity of gravity waves calculated using these two different methods are compared and the feasibility of deriving wave characteristics from single point measurements is discussed. The results show that, while in a few isolated cases the two velocities agree reasonably well, the application of the impedance equation to data from a single station is limited due to the superposition of local wind systems upon the wave-induced perturbations.     

郫县重力异常与四川近年地震关系的震例分析

本文介绍了容量限制分配方法的概念、交通量与车速的特点、容量限制分配方法的具体应用步骤和分配次数对分配结果的影响等。