Impact of karst water on coal mining in North China

Coalfields in North China encompass more than ten Provinces. They contain six to seven coal seams in the Permo-Carboniferous strata. The lower three seams account for 37% of the total reserves and are threatened with intrusion of karst water from the underlying Ordovician limestone. Hundreds of water inrush incidences have occurred, in which a large amount of water suddenly flows into tunnels or working faces under high potentiometric pressure. Over 50 mines have been flooded over the last 30 years. Large-scale dewatering or depressurizing of the karst aquifer was considered essential to avoid water inrushes and keep the mines safely operational. This practice, however, has caused sinkholes, dry springs, water supply shortage, and groundwater contamination in the surrounding areas. One alternative water control measure is to make full use of the rock layer between the coal seam and the karst aquifer as a protective barrier to prevent or constrain water flow from the underlying aquifer into the mines. Grouting is effective when the hydrogeological conditions are favorable to this technique. Proper design of the grouting program and experience of the contractor are also important for a successful application.     

Characteristic of water chemistry and hydrodynamics of deep karst and its influence on deep coal mining

The mining depth of main coal mines could reach around 600 m in eastern North China, and extends to the dept with speed of around 12 m/a. As the basement of eastern North China-type coal mine, the Ordovician karst aquifer is the main water source that influences the carboniferous coal seam mining. As the deep karst water has large buried depth and high water pressure (8–12 MPa), with10–30 m space between high pressure aquifer and coal seam, the geological area of deep coal occurrence is often forbidden for mining. Environmental damage, to a greater or lesser degree, is caused by coal mining. On the basis of analyzing the hydrogeological conditions of mining areas, this paper introduces the hydrogeological survey work of ultra-high confined karst water deep in the coal seam floor within researched region for preventing and controlling water disaster of the mine. After researching into the hydrogeological investigation data in the researched region, we explored the hydrodynamic and water chemical characteristics of deep karst water by using pumping test, dynamic observation, and dewatering test. Finally, this study suggests that the hydraulic pressure of deep mining could be mined, on the circumstances that reasonable and effective of water prevention measures are taken based on a detailed survey on water abundance of deep karst.     

煤层底板破坏的断层效应模拟及其在防治水中的应用

梁北煤矿已发生5 次寒武系灰岩底板突水事故,造成重大经济损失。根据矿井的水文地质条件,建立了煤层开采的FLAC 数值模型,利用岩石力学及渗流力学理论,分别模拟了无断层和有断层条件下煤层底板采动破坏带的演化规律,重点讨论了断裂深度及断层空间位置对底板破坏深度的影响。结果表明,断层的存在可使底板采动破坏深度增加20%~33%,断层是突水重点防范区域,遇断层前10 m 直到过断层15 m 须加强防治水工作。根据模拟结果设计了梁北矿11041, 11151,11111 三个工作面底板的注浆加固工程,重点注浆层位分别为底板破坏范围和寒武系顶部裂隙发育带,注浆工程增强了底板的阻水能力,实现了工作面的安全回采。     

华北型煤田底板灰岩含水层超前区域治理模式与选择准则

为建立系统的超前区域水害探查治理技术体系，分析概括我国石炭-二叠纪煤田煤层赋存及水文地质条件，从水害治理工程的系统性出发，围绕我国煤层底板水害超前区域治理工程施工过程中钻孔施工条件、层位选取、钻进工艺3个主要因素，概化形成适用于我国华北型煤田地质及水文地质条件的底板含水层注浆改造模式。综合考虑煤层埋深、煤层底板承受水压、底板岩层结构组合等判识指标，确定了各类治理模式的选择准则；结合钻孔布设、注浆材料2项指标，进一步划分出超前区域治理亚类模式。以淮北矿区、韩城矿区2个典型超前区域治理工程实践为例，分析了各区域治理模式的选取原则及工程应用效果。研究成果对指导我国煤层底板含水层超前区域治理工程模式选择与底板注浆工程实施具有重要理论指导作用。      

A Multi-method Approach for Estimating the Failure Depth of Coal Seam Floor in a Longwall Coal Mine in China

Determining the failure depth of coal seam floor is necessary for safe mining operations, especially when the coal seam is located above confined aquifers with high water pressure. Geomechanical, geophysical, and hydrogeological data collected during the longwall mining of the first working face of coal seam no. 16 in the Nantun coal mine, Shandong Province, China, were used to calculate the failure depth of the coal seam floor above the Ordovician limestone confined aquifer. The multiple method approach employed by this study made use of the plastic sliding theory, empirical formulas, water injection test, and numerical simulation. Multiple methods can compensate for and validate each other and also overcome the intrinsic limitations of any single method. The results showed that the most appropriate value of the failure depth of the coal seam floor in the mine was 14.6 m and this value proved useful for knowing the effective thickness of water pressure-resistant layer below the coal seam. The failure depth also proved to be an important parameter when preventing groundwater flow into the mine from the coal seam floor.     

煤层底板水害超前区域治理理论框架与关键技术

随着我国华北型煤田浅部煤炭资源开采殆尽,深部煤炭资源受底板灰岩岩溶水害威胁严重,常规井下直孔注浆方式存在施工位置受限、钻遇含水层孔段短、注浆盲区大、目标位置不准确等问题。为此,提出了基于顺层定向钻孔进行注浆改造的超前区域治理技术,系统研究了顺层近水平注浆孔浆液运移规律、底板水害超前注浆模式、注浆参数控制工艺、隐伏导水通道超前判识探查与注浆效果检验与评价等。通过系统研究,构建煤层底板水害超前区域治理理论框架与技术体系,具体包括5方面内容:提出煤矿底板水害超前区域治理模式分类和选择准则,概化形成适用于我国华北型煤田地质及水文地质条件的底板含水层注浆改造模式;形成隐伏导水通道水平定向钻超前判识治理技术;建立超前区域治理关键注浆参数控制工艺体系;提出了注浆全过程的多指标定性、定量效果检验与评价技术。上述研究成果在煤层底板水害超前区域治理工程中成功应用,对底板水害超前区域治理起到重要的理论和技术支撑作用,为我国华北型煤田深部煤炭资源安全开采提供保障。     

含水煤层水害形成机理及防治技术

在煤炭开采过程中,煤层常被视作隔水或弱透水地层。然而,孟加拉国巴拉普库利亚煤矿（简称孟巴煤矿）主采的Ⅵ号煤层平均厚度为33 m,富水性较强,开采过程中多次突水,表现出煤层成为含水层的特殊水文地质现象,与我国东北、西北侏罗纪煤田局部地区出现的煤层含水现象类似。综合分析了煤层空隙特征、储水结构及地下水补给条件这3项含水层形成的必备要素,揭示了孟巴煤矿特厚煤体含水层的形成机制。从煤体的微观结构、物理力学性质及区域构造发育特征着手,对煤体是否具有储存地下水的空间进行了研究;结合室内岩石渗透性测试及现场大型抽水试验,分析了煤层顶、底板岩层的透水/阻水特性,对煤层是否具备含水层的储水结构进行了研究;采用水力连通试验等手段,查明了特厚煤体含水的主要补给水源。研究表明,有机质的煤化作用和后期地层应力作用,使得煤体自身结构存在大量的含、导水裂隙,在具备较好的补给条件并满足含水层储水结构的情况下,煤体可成为含水地层。针对煤体含水层的水害特点,提出特厚含水煤层"疏"、"排"结合的水害防治技术,为煤体含水地区煤矿安全开采提供技术支撑。      

平禹一矿充水因素分析及防治水措施

本文通过对平禹一矿地质条件、水文地质条件、矿井充水因素的分析,认为煤层底板石炭系薄层灰岩和寒武系厚层灰岩岩溶水是主要充水水源;岩溶裂隙、断层、采动裂隙和封闭不良钻孔是煤层底板岩溶水充水通道。并根据所存在的问题提出针对性的防治水措施,为矿井防治水工作提供参考依据和建议。     

底板导水裂隙带中含承压水裂隙的力学特性

华北煤田煤系地层的底部为含水丰富的奥陶系灰岩,该层灰岩与地表水系和煤系地层含水层存在着密切的水力联系。许多大型突水是采掘空间与含水层之间形成突水通道引起的。因此,分析开采工过程中底板岩体中含承压水裂隙的断裂力学特性具有重要意义。本文采用作者提出的数值方法分析了含高压水裂隙在开采过程中的断裂力学特性。假设裂隙面上作用着均匀水压力,考虑地应力的影响,采用断裂力学的叠加原理,分析了采煤工作面推进过程中含承压水裂隙的断裂力学特性,讨论了开采过程中底板承压水导升。结果表明:在工作面推进过程中,位于底板岩层且与含承压水岩层连通的裂隙,会在承压水水压力和扰动应力的共同作用下,产生破坏,导水裂隙带的高度会增加;这就增加了底板突水的危险性。     

Evaluation and zoning of groundwater hazards in Pingshuo No. 1 underground coal mine,Shanxi Province,China

Coal mining safety has been compromised with water inrushes from aquifers either overlying or underlying the coal seams. Detailed studies of the associated hydrogeological conditions in China have led to different approaches to mitigate the water inrush risks from these two types of aquifers—the ‘three diagram method’ for overlying-aquifer water inrushes and the ‘vulnerability index method’ for underlying-aquifer water inrushes. The ‘three diagram method’ consists of: (1) aquifer water-abundance distribution charts derived from a geographic information system and analytic hierarchy process based water-abundance index model; (2) a fracture height map showing mining-induced fractures above the coal seam, established with stratified numerical simulations; and (3) a comprehensive partition map identifying the overlying-aquifer water inrush risk. The ‘vulnerability index method’ uses site-specific data to establish thematic maps for major factors that affect the underlying-aquifer water inrushes, whereas the weight of each control factor is determined by the analytic hierarchy process. The calculated vulnerability index is indicative of water inrush risks. The effectiveness of these methods is illustrated with a case study at the Pingshuo No. 1 underground coal mine, Shanxi Province, China.     

Geological barrier– a natural rock stratum for preventing confined karst water from flowing into mines in North China

Coalfields in North China encompassing more than ten Provinces contain six to seven coal seams in the Permo-Carboniferous strata. The lower three seams, accounting for 37% of the total reserves, are threatened with karst water from the underlain Ordovician limestone. Hundreds of water inrush incidences have occurred in which a large amount of water suddenly flows into tunnels or working faces under high potentiometric pressure and over 30 mines have been flooded over the last 20 years. Large-scale dewatering or depressurizing of the karst aquifer was considered essential to avoid water inrushes and keep the mines safely operational. This practice has caused sinkholes, dry springs, water supply shortage, and groundwater contamination in the surrounding areas, which is environmentally not permitted. One of the alternative water control measures is to make full use of the rock layer between the coal seam and the karst aquifer as a geological barrier. Similar to the application in the nuclear industry where a geological barrier is used to contain radioactive wastes, the barrier of this application is considered a hydraulic barrier as well with the objective to prevent or constrain water flow from the underlying aquifer into mines. Its effectiveness to constrain water flow is described by a parameter referred to as hydrofracturing pressure (P_hf). When the water pressure in the underlying aquifer exceeds P_hf, a wedging effect takes place within the fractures of the geological barrier and, as a result, water inrush occurs. In-situ hydrofracturing tests were used to determine P_hf in bauxite and silty sandstone at tunnels. The P_hf in the silty sandstone is larger than that in the bauxite but they both vary with depth (distance from the bottom of the tunnel). Based on the test results, a new safety criterion for water inrush was derived for mines and it has been successfully applied to mining practices with the minimum effort of dewatering in the karst aquifer. The same criterion can also be applied to tunneling and quarrying in areas with similar geological conditions.     

基于脆弱性指数法的韩城矿区11号煤层底板突水危险性评价

在全面分析韩城矿区地质与水文地质条件的基础上,应用相关因素分析方法,提出研究区煤层底板奥灰含水层突水的指标体系,并以多个典型煤矿为例,重点分析了受奥灰含水层威胁最严重的11号煤层底板突水的影响因素;构建了有效隔水层厚度、褶皱规模、含水层富水性、断层规模4个评价指标;采用脆弱性指数评价方法对11号煤层底板突水的危险性进行了分区。      

徐州矿区奥灰岩溶水突出的原因与防治

徐州矿区开采深度大,水文地质条件复杂,水害严重。主要突出水源为奥陶系含水层。突水原因主要有:底板隐伏陷落柱或断层导水;底(顶)板含水层与奥灰含水层对接;顶板冒落裂隙带导通断层对盘的奥灰含水层;奥灰水通过基岩隐伏露头侧向补给矿井。其防治对策为:引进先进技术手段,探查分析奥灰岩溶水发育规律;分区隔离开采,完善防排水系统;注浆封堵突水通道;排供结合,综合利用。      

应用模糊综合评判原理评价安全煤柱的留设

勘探阶段如何定量评价在厚度较大的新生界下采煤时,如何确定留设安全煤柱的水文工程地质条件,目前尚无完善的方法。以新郑矿区煤田地质勘探获取的水文地质及工程地质资料为例,选取新生界底部含水层、隔水层、风化带、煤层上覆岩组的水文地质及工程地质特征及区域地应力状态五个指标,采用模糊综合评判方法,对矿区留设安全煤柱的水文地质及工程地质条件进行综合评价。评价结果表明:研究区安全煤柱留设条件的优良级得分为48分,中等级得分为33分,较差级得分为19分,表明该矿二1煤层留设安全煤柱的水文地质及工程条件较好。研究结果可为矿区留设安全煤柱提供参考。     

华北型煤田煤层开采对含水层的破坏模式研究

华北地区岩溶水系统分布广泛、水质好、水量丰富,是城镇工矿企业的重要水源,也是维护生态稳定的重要因素。华北型煤田大部分位于岩溶水系统之中,煤炭开采时水患与缺水并存,煤水矛盾突出。在总结了华北型煤田中煤炭基地的煤层及含水层发育情况的基础上,根据岩溶水系统的补径排条件、煤层分布区与岩溶水补给区的位置关系、地形地貌等因素,将采煤对岩溶含水层破坏类型分为三种类型:直接破坏、间接破坏型和无影响型;按地下水类型划分;将煤层开采对含水层的破坏模式划分为破坏顶板孔隙水、破坏底板岩溶水及破坏岩溶水、裂隙水、孔隙水3类,近而根据含水层性质及埋藏条件,含水层与煤层的位置关系,对煤矿开采对区域含水层破坏的模式划分了亚类。在进行含水层破坏类型和破坏模式划分的同时,也对各类型的特征进行较为详细的说明,为该区的煤炭开采和水资源的保护指明了方向。     

煤层底板水害区域注浆治理影响因素分析与高效布孔方式

对于导、含水岩层进行超前区域注浆改造与加固是华北型煤田煤层底板岩溶水害防治的主要技术手段。根据超前区域注浆改造技术应用的矿井水文地质基本原理,结合煤层底板水文地质结构、采动影响、定向钻进成孔与浆液扩散能力,以及受注岩层边界条件等因素,分析了治理煤层底板薄层灰岩与厚层灰岩水害的超前区域注浆改造与加固的一般应用模式。并从受注岩层地质条件、注浆材料、注浆工艺等方面,分析得出受注层的空隙连通性、开启性、粗糙性、孔隙水承压性,注浆材料的粒度、黏滞性、时变性、结石能力,以及注浆压力、钻孔空间布置、注浆方式等,是影响煤层底板岩溶水害超前区域注浆治理效果的主要因素。另外,依据注浆过程中有效注浆压力计算公式,分析得出浆液在钻孔和裂隙中流动时由于受到钻孔和岩层空隙综合阻力的抑制,水平孔中沿程有效注浆压力逐步衰减,易形成“锥形”浆液扩散范围。最后,针对目前常用的超前区域注浆孔水平段分支孔平行布孔模式,由于间距过大和有效注浆压力衰减可能造成的注浆孔间盲区问题,根据注浆孔水平段有效注浆压力与浆液扩散范围的衰减规律,以消除注浆盲区为目标,提出了长距离错位平行分支孔、长距离逆向互补弧形分支孔、短距离羽状分支孔等3类注浆孔高效布孔模式,可为煤层底板水害超前区域高效治理技术科学应用提供依据。      

Geological characteristics of the main aquifer coal seam in the Ordos Basin coalfield,China

The main aquifer coal seam within the Ordos Basin (OB) coalfield, China, is an extremely rare example of a hydrogeological feature that is found relatively recently during basin development. Mine water gushed from this coal seam during the construction and production phases of the coalfield. However, because this seam has traditionally been considered as an aquifuge, the special geological conditions it creates have led to a range of new challenges in mine water disaster prevention, control, and management as characteristics of both confined and unconfined aquifers are evident. The aim of this paper is to reveal the causes underlying the formation of this main aquifer coal seam by analyzing hydrodynamic conditions, hydrogeological structures, and the surrounding lithological association. In addition, the particular geological conditions created by the presence of this feature are discussed, with emphasis on their influences on mine construction and production. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the future study of mine water disaster prevention as well as a potential method for disaster control that can be applied in the case of particular hydrogeological conditions.     

榆神矿区古河道研究与时频分析技术

受区域地质构造及水文地质条件影响,榆神矿区煤系上覆地层中存在较厚的松散岩类孔隙潜水含水层。含水层因厚度不同导致富水性存在差异,其厚度与富水性强弱呈正相关关系,通常古河道及低洼中心区域沉积较厚,富水性较强。在榆神矿区地震勘探工作中,为解决煤层上覆松散岩层厚度及古河道空间展布规律,应用时频分析技术,对地震数据进行频谱分解处理,选择对地质体响应较好的频率进行成像,定量揭示了古河道及松散岩层的精细分布。应用表明,该技术对解决古河道等隐蔽性地质体成像具有显著的优势。     

东胜煤田乌拉素矿区水文地质特征及充水因素研究

近年不断发生的突水事故,给煤矿安全生产带来严重威胁,研究矿区水文地质特征,分析矿井充水因素有重要现实意义。根据东胜煤田乌拉素矿区地质勘探和水文地质资料,对煤层开采导水裂隙带高度进行计算,结果表明:直罗组底部、含煤系地层的裂隙承压水含水层和上部煤层采空区内的积水,是煤层开采时矿井涌水的主要充水水源,矿井充水通道有断层裂隙带、封闭不良钻孔、采动导水裂隙带;其中导水裂隙带会将上部煤层采空区积水导通,使充水强度增大,矿坑涌水量增加。建议开采过程中要做到边探边采,探采结合,预防突水问题。     

Management of karst water resources in mining area: dewatering in mines and demand for water supply in the Dongshan Mine of Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, North China

Coalfields in North China contain six to seven coal seams in the Permo-Carboniferous strata. The coal seams are underlain by the Ordovician limestone. Large-scale dewatering or depressurizing of the karst aquifer was considered essential to avoid water inrushes and keep the mines safely operational. This practice, however, has caused water supply shortage in the mining areas. The most effective solution to this conflict is to use the uncontaminated karst water from the mines for water supply. This paper explores a management model to maximize the utilization of the karst water while maintaining the safe operation of the mines. The model can provide essential information on water resource distribution for decision makers. The model was applied to the Dongshan Coal Mine in Taiyuan City, China.