微绿球藻对氮和磷营养盐需求的研究

通过单因子实验和正交实验方法，研究了对虾高位池一种优良藻株微绿球藻（Nannochloris oculata)对N和P营养盐需求，结果表明：微绿球藻在NO3-N浓度为28．30mg/L和PO4-P浓度为2．076mg/L时，比增长率最大值（μmax)出现最佳值，微绿球藻以各种起始密度培养和小规模培养的均能得到较好的生长效果，μmax可较好地反映微藻种群对多因子的适应性和在对虾池塘中的竞争能力。     

一株底栖硅藻——双眉藻的优化培养

双眉藻(Amphora sp.)是糙刺参(Stichopus horrens)喜食的优良饵料。本文采用光密度法分别测定了该藻在光照强度28～149 μmol/(m²·s)、温度20～35℃、盐度25~45 和氮质量浓度0～7 500 mg/L、磷质量浓度0～440 mg/L、硅质量浓度0～1 500 mg/L 以及氮磷硅多因子组合情况下的比生长速率, 探讨了光照、温度、盐度和不同质量浓度的氮、磷、硅单因子及多因子组合对该藻生长的影响, 以及该藻的最适生长条件。单因子试验结果表明, 该藻在光照范围为35～149 μmol/(m²·s)时都能良好生长, 最适光照为56～99 μmol/(m²·s), 低温时该藻生长缓慢, 最适生长温度为25～30℃。Amphora sp.为广盐性, 在盐度25～45 都能较好生长, 最适盐度为30～35。氮、磷、硅的最适质量浓度分别是750～7 500 mg/L、44 mg/L和150mg/L, 磷对该藻生长的影响比氮更显著。正交实验结果表明, 氮、磷、硅的最佳质量浓度分别为75 mg/L、44 mg/L 和150 mg/L, 最佳配比为2.4:1:3.4, 与其他底栖硅藻的相应指标存在一定的差异, 可能是物种和地域环境差异引起的, 反映出该藻适应高温、强光特殊栖息环境的特征。     

磷、铁营养盐的交互作用对隐藻(Cryptomonas sp.)生长影响的初步研究

利用正交实验设计方法,初步研究和探讨了磷、铁营养盐交互作用对隐藻生长的影响。结果表明,磷、铁营养盐的交互作用(P×Fe)的影响是极其显著的,得出隐藻合适生长铁浓度范围为50 nmol/L~1μmol/L,隐藻生长的培养液最优组合为10μmol/L磷浓度和100 nmol/L铁浓度。     

长茎葡萄蕨藻培养条件的研究

为研究长茎葡萄蕨藻的培养条件,通过温度、光照、盐度以及不同营养盐(硝酸钠NaNO_3、硝酸铵NH_4NO_3、尿素CO(NH_2)_2、碳酸氢铵NH_4HCO_3)四个方面探索对长茎葡萄蕨藻生长的影响。结果表明,长茎葡萄蕨藻适宜的温度范围为21~27℃,最适温度为27℃,在此温度条件下其相对生长率(RGR)最大为3.63%·d~(-1);适宜的光照范围为72.73~145.45μmol·m~(-2)s~(-1),最适光照为109.09~145.45μmol·m~(-2)s~(-1),2个光照强度下,相对生长率差异不显著;最适的盐度范围为27.5~32.5‰,随盐度的继续升高,长茎葡萄蕨藻RGR呈下降趋势。通过4种不同营养盐(NaNO_3、NH_4NO_3、CO(NH_2)_2、NH_4HCO_3)的培养实验得出,其最适浓度分别为10~20mg·L~(-1)、10~20mg·L~(-1)、10~30mg·L~(-1)、10~30mg·L~(-1)。不同营养盐的对比结果显示,硝酸盐(硝酸钠NaNO_3、硝酸铵NH_4NO_3)更能促进长茎葡萄蕨藻的生长;浓度为20mg·L~(-1 )NH_4NO_3条件下,长茎葡萄蕨藻的相对生长率(RGR)最高。     

氮、磷对金藻的增殖效应

本文通过室内培养试验，研究了水体中氮、磷含量变化及氮、磷交互作用对金藻增殖的影响，并比较了不同形态的氮盐对该藻增殖的反应。试验得出该藻生长的氮氨（氯化铵）最适浓度水平为150μmol－N／L，相应的无机磷的最适浓度水平为10μmol-P/L；有机氮（尿素）的最适浓度水平为250μmol－N／L，相应的无机磷最适度水平为5μmol－P／L。氨氮和尿素的试验中，金藻的生长趋势相似，但是相对应浓度下，氨氮的增殖效应大于尿素。氮的形态不同时，藻类对同一种磷的利用也可能产生差异。     

光照、温度和营养盐对三株盐生杜氏藻生长和色素积累的影响

通过正交试验研究了光照、温度和营养盐对3株盐生杜氏藻株系(BJ,OUC38和OUC8)生长和色素积累的影响,旨在探明适于盐生杜氏藻生长和β-胡萝卜素积累的光照、温度和营养盐条件,并对实验中3株株系生长和β-胡萝卜素积累速率进行了初步的比较。结果表明,盐生杜氏藻生长的最适光照和温度分别是145.3μmol.m-2.s-1和23℃;适于β-胡萝卜素积累的光照和温度分别是218.2μmol.m-2.s-1和23℃;适于生长的营养盐条件是NaNO30.4 mmo/L、尿素0.6 mmol/L和NaHCO318 mmol/L,而当NaNO3、尿素和NaHCO3浓度分别为0,0.2和18 mmol/L时有利于β-胡萝卜素的积累。高光照、低温有利于杜氏藻细胞β-胡萝卜素的积累,在218.2μmol.m-2.s-1光强和15℃条件下藻细胞β-胡萝卜素积累平均值可分别达10.39和12.46 pg/cell。3个株系中OUC38积累β-胡萝卜素的能力高于另外2株,但差异不显著。     

盐田藻垫生长与环境因子关系的研究

本文研究测定了卤水浓度、营养盐、温度、光照强度、pH等环境因子对盐田藻垫生长的影响。提出了利于藻垫生长的上述环境因子的最适范围及最适点：1．卤水浓度为6—12°Be。2．在无机氮0～8mg／L，无机磷0～0．8mg／L的范围内，藻垫生长随营养盐浓度的增加而增加。3．温度为30℃。4．在自然条件下，光照越强越有利于藻垫生长。5．pH为8．5。     

芋根江蓠快速生长条件的研究

主要研究了温度、光照、盐度以及不同氮源对芋根江蓠生长的影响,结果显示,芋根江蓠在其他生长条件恒定时最适生长温度为27~30℃、最适光照为6 000lx、最适盐度为20~27.5。4种氮源NaNO3、NH4NO3、CO(NH2)2、NH4HCO3的最适浓度分别为10~50mg/L、10mg/L、10~30mg/L、10~30mg/L。不同氮源的对比结果显示,10mg/L NH4HCO3能显著促进芋根江蓠的生长,其他各氮源之间芋根江蓠的相对生长率并无显著的差异,这是因为NH4HCO3能补充一定的碳源,避免了生长过程中的碳限制。     

温度、光照、氮含量对微绿球藻生长及脂肪酸组成的影响

报道了环境因子对微结球藻（Nannochloropsis oculata)的生长速率及脂肪酸组成的影响，结果表明：微绿球藻具有较快的生长速度，且富含16：1（n-7)和20：5（n-3)(EPA)。适温范围为0－30℃，最适温度为20℃，温度对脂肪酸组成的影响较明显，EPA在20摄氏度时最高，30℃时急剧下降，生长较适宜光强为5000－7000lx，但在1000lx时EPA产率最大；氮含量为10mg/L时生长速度最快，但此时EPA含量较低。     

四种营养盐对舟形藻(Navicula)BT001生长速率的影响

以I.A.M.收集的培养基Ⅱ为基本培养基,采用单因子和L16(45)正交设计法,进行了舟形藻BT001对N、P、Fe、Si四种营养盐最适需求的研究,并在此基础上,研究了尿素对正交优化组合的影响以及以尿素作为氮源对正交优化组合的影响。结果表明,N、P、Fe、Si四种营养盐最佳单因子水平为:KNO3,300mg/L;Na2HPO4·12H2O,40mg/L;FeCl3,4mg/L;Na2SiO3·9H2O,200mg/L。四种营养盐正交组合水平为:KNO3,150mg/L;Na2HPO4·12H2O,40mg/L;FeCl3,4mg/L;Na2SiO3·9H2O,200mg/L。在正交组合水平基础上,添加16mg/LCO(NH2)2,可更好的促进该藻的生长和繁殖。在8天的培养中,最大细胞相对生长率可达0.1577。在等摩尔氮源的条件下,以CO(NH2)2代替正交优化水平组合中的KNO3对舟形藻BT001进行11天的培养。结果表明,以CO(NH2)2为氮源的藻细胞最大生长密度可达2.69×105cell/ml,明显地高于硝酸钾作为氮源培养的藻细胞密度。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.