三唑磷对四种水生生物的毒性及安全评价研究

本文研究了三唑磷对小球藻、卤虫、南美白对虾、泥蚶四种水生生物的急性毒性作用，结果显示，三唑磷对小球藻的48h的EC50为24μg/dm^3,72h的EC50为15μg/km^3；对卤虫的24hLC50为1．64mg／dm^3，48hLC50为0．8mg／dm^3；对南美白对虾仔虾的48hLG0为3．2μg／dm^3，96hLC50为1．1μg/dm^3。；对泥蚶的48hLC50为21．0mg／dm^3，96hLC50为10．2mg／dm^3。三唑磷对小球藻、卤虫、南美白对虾为高毒农药，泥蚶对三唑磷有很强的耐受力。     

秦皇岛海域“褐潮”海水对卤虫、轮虫存活和摄食的影响研究

为评价秦皇岛褐潮现场海水的毒性,作者利用HPLC技术及CHEMTAX,分析了2013年7月2日采自秦皇岛褐潮高峰期微型及微微型浮游植物的色素组成及群落结构;测定了卤虫(Artemia salina)、轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)存活率和摄食量。研究表明,褐潮海水微型及微微型浮游植物中,海金藻(Pelagophyceae)占主要优势,其生物量占总生物量的72.6%。褐潮海水抑制卤虫存活,卤虫48 h存活率降至77%;对轮虫24 h存活没有显著效应。此外,褐潮海水抑制卤虫、轮虫的摄食,卤虫、轮虫8 h内摄食量分别由(5.5±0.4)ng/个降至(2.4±0.4)ng/个、由(1.5±0.2)ng/个下降至(0.9±0.1)ng/个。该结果与美国的3株褐潮藻的毒性进行了比较。CCMP 1507对卤虫存活有显著抑制作用,其他两株没有显著效应;3株褐潮藻对轮虫24 h存活都没有显著影响。暴露于3株褐潮藻中,卤虫的摄食量均显著较低;其中CCMP 1507在混合饵料中还抑制卤虫、轮虫对其他藻的摄食。对CCMP 1507各组分分析发现,该藻的毒性主要来源于藻细胞。结合现场试验与室内试验结果分析表明,秦皇岛褐潮对卤虫、轮虫有一定的毒性,其毒性与CCMP 1507的毒性相当。     

人工培育脊尾白虾蚤状幼体的饵料基础研究

通过脊尾白虾蚤状幼体饵料种类、饵料组合和食物密度的比较试验 ,研究了脊尾白虾育苗的适宜开口饵料和育苗期饵料组合 ,测定了不同时期蚤状幼体的捕食率及其日粮。结果表明 :饵料种类对脊尾白虾蚤状幼体 期 (Z1)至 期 (Z2 )的变态率和变态所需时间没有明显影响 ,Z1可以不投饵 ,但适量投喂单胞藻或轮虫 ,能明显提高 Z2 活力和 Z2 至 Z3 的变态率。人工培育脊尾白虾蚤状幼体的适宜饵料是卤虫无节幼体 ,在幼体培育前期 (Z1)投喂单胞藻、轮虫 ,后期 (Z3 以后 )添加鱼糜效果也很好。蚤状幼体对卤虫无节幼体的捕食率和日粮随幼体发育而明显增加 ,同一发育时期则随饵料密度的增大而增加 ,但达到一定密度后 ,捕食率增幅明显下降。根据幼体日粮难以确定育苗期间卤虫无节幼体的最佳投喂方案     

几种饵料浮游动物脂肪酸组成分析及营养效果评价

本文采用气相色谱分析法对海水鱼类育苗常用的4种饵料浮游动物的脂肪酸组成和含量进行了测定分析.结果表明卤虫无节幼虫、皱褶臂尾轮虫、蒙古裸腹溞和太平洋纺锤水蚤的粗脂肪含量分别占其体重的21.54％、9.70％、6.67％和4.66％.单不饱和脂肪酸的含量排序分别为蒙古裸腹溞＞纺锤水蚤＞轮虫＞卤虫；多不饱和脂肪酸含量则为卤虫＞裸腹溞＞轮虫＞纺锤水蚤.此外，太平洋纺锤水蚤尚含有C226(DHA)高不饱和脂肪酸，这在其它饵料生物中并未检出.卤虫无节幼虫和褶皱臂尾轮虫的脂肪酸组成中，油酸(C181)、亚油酸(C182)和亚麻酸(C183)占有较大比例，而二十碳以上的不饱和脂肪酸含量很低.文中讨论了脂肪酸组成和含量与营养效果的关系.     

三种重金属离子对卤虫的急性毒性研究（英文）

以卤虫无节幼体(36h)和成虫(16d)为例,在温度为15±3℃、盐度为30的条件下,通过单因子静态急性毒性试验方法,分别研究了Cu~(2+)、Mn~(2+)和Zn~(2+)对卤虫的无节幼体和成虫的单一毒性效应;在此基础上,以卤虫卤虫无节幼体(36h)为例,在相同试验条件下,通过等毒性溶液法,研究了Cu~(2+)、Mn~(2+)和Zn~(2+)对卤虫的联合毒性效应。试验结果表明:卤虫无节幼体对三种金属离子的耐受能力均高于成虫,Cu~(2+)﹑Mn~(2+)和Zn~(2+)的48h LC_(50)分别是4.0、27.19和115.95 mg/L,而成虫Cu~(2+)﹑Mn~(2+)和Zn~(2+)的48h LC_(50)仅为1.31、6.86和34.23 mg/L;且对两个时期的卤虫,三种金属离子毒性由强至弱均为Cu~(2+) Mn~(2+)Zn~(2+);三种重金属对卤虫无节幼体和成虫的安全浓度(SC)分别是0.4、2.72、11.6、0.13、0.69和3.42 mg/L。联合毒性试验结果表明Cu-Mn、Cu-Zn和Mn-Zn均对卤虫无节幼体表现为拮抗作用。     

饵料影响锯缘青蟹幼体干重及化学元素(C、H、N)含量的实验研究

对喂食不同饵料的锯缘青蟹各期幼体的干重及化学元素(C、H、N)含量进行逐日测定,结果表明:在Ⅱ期,一直喂食轮虫的青蟹幼体,其干重及C、H、N含量与从该期起以卤虫无节幼体替代轮虫喂养的幼体相比较,二者相差不大;但进入Ⅲ后,却明显低于在溞Ⅱ或溞Ⅲ以卤虫无节幼体替代轮虫喂养的幼体;且差距随幼体发育不断地增大,至变态为大眼幼体时,其干重及C、H、N含量仅为在溞Ⅱ或溞Ⅲ起改喂卤虫的60%～70%.虽然不同喂食条件的青蟹幼体其C、H、N绝对含量相差很大,但其各自占干重的百分比却相对稳定,一直喂食轮虫的幼体只稍低。元素比与喂食条件无明显关系。青蟹溞状幼体各发育期间的生长呈指数式,期内生长呈幂函数式。大眼幼体期内的生长亦呈幂函数式。     

人工培育脊尾白虾蚤状幼体的饵料基础研究

通过脊尾白虾蚤状幼体饵料种类，饵料组合和食物密度的比较试验，研究了脊尾白虾育苗的适宜开口饵料和育苗期饵料组合，测定了不同时期蚤状幼体的捕食率及其日粮。结果表明：饵料种类对脊尾白虾蚤状幼体Ⅰ期（Z1)至Ⅱ期（Z2）的变态率和变态所需时间没有明显影响，Z1可以不投饵，但适量投喂单胞藻或轮虫，能明显提高Z2活力和Z2至Z3的变态率。人工培育脊尾白虾蚤状幼体的适宜饵料是卤虫无节幼体，在幼体培育前期（Z1）投喂单胞藻，轮虫，后期（Z3以后）添加鱼糜效果也很好。蚤状幼体对卤虫无节幼体的捕食率和日粮随幼体发育而明显增加，同一发育时期则随饵料密度的增大而增加，但达到一定密度后，捕食率增幅明显下降。根据幼体日粮难以确定育苗期间卤虫无节幼体的最佳投喂方案。     

三唑磷对泥蚶急性毒性及血清SOD,CAT酶活性的影响

三唑磷对泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)的48h LC50为21．0mg／L,96h LC50为10．2mg／L,依此设计三唑磷对泥蚶的胁迫质量浓度(1．1,2．2,4．4,22mg／L),分别于胁迫后第0．5,1,2,4,8天及解除胁迫后第4天采样,研究三唑磷胁迫后泥蚶血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化情况。结果表明,随三唑磷胁迫浓度和时间的不同,泥蚶血清蛋白质质量浓度无显著性差异;在0.5,1d时各处理组的SOD无显著影响,从第2天起,SOD活性显著下降,48h的LC50为3．62mg／L;CAT的活性在第1天显著升高,而后逐渐降低。三唑磷胁迫下,SOD,CAT活性呈现一定的剂量效应与时间效应。胁迫解除后,蛋白质、SOD和CAT均得到不同程度的恢复,表明泥蚶具有一定的生理调节机能。     

高密度轮虫对点带石斑鱼早期仔鱼培育影响的研究

本试验在水体为1000dm^3、仔鱼密度为15ind．／dm^3条件下，研究不同轮虫密度(10、25、40、70、100ind．／cm^3)对点带石斑鱼早期仔鱼摄食和生长的影响．至仔鱼12日龄的培育试验结果表明，在点带石斑鱼早期仔鱼的培育过程中，投放轮虫对水质有影响，特别是在2～6日龄间，DO值和pH值都有一降低过程，但随后即回升并相对稳定；轮虫密度越高则pH值越低，pH值最低出现在4～6日龄，4日龄时10ind．／cm^3组的pH值比100ind．／cm^3组高0．32．在10～100ind．／cm^3的轮虫密度范围内，较低的轮虫密度对仔鱼的生长有利，12日龄10ind．／cm。组仔鱼的全长比100ind．／cm^3组高31．83％，但100ind．／cm^3组仔鱼的成活率比10ind．／cm^3组的高出近一倍；不同轮虫密度下仔鱼摄食轮虫数量的差异并不明显；但9日龄以后，过高的轮虫密度100ind．／cm^3下仔鱼生长速度显著降低．     

几种卤素类消毒剂对刺参幼参的急性毒性作用

在水温18.5~20℃的静水条件下,用4种卤素类消毒剂对刺参幼参进行了急性毒性试验。结果表明,三氯异氰尿酸(trichloroisocyanuric acid,简称TCCA)对刺参幼参的24 h LC50、48 h LC50和安全质量浓度(Cs)分别为33.22、25.32、4.41 mg/L,二溴海因(dibromo dimethyl hydantoin,简称DBDMH)的24 h LC50、48 h LC50和Cs分别为371.17、339.65、85.32 mg/L,聚维酮碘(povidone-iodine,简称PVP-I)的24 h LC50、48 h LC50和Cs分别为3.14、1.450、.09 mg/L,季铵盐络合碘(quaternary ammonium salt-iodine,简称QASI)的24 h LC50、48 h LC50和Cs分别为4.24、2.02、0.14 mg/L。研究表明,4种消毒剂对幼参的毒性大小依次为聚维酮碘>季铵盐络合碘>三氯异氰尿酸>二溴海因。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.