青海东部查明一大型微细浸染型金矿床

加吾金矿位于青海省东部同德县境内,是武警黄金部队近年来发现的又一处具大型规模的金矿床。该矿床在大地构造位置上处于西秦岭与东昆仑的衔接部位。矿体赋存于中下三叠统中,在平面上呈舒缓波状,在剖面上为脉状、似层状。矿石中金属矿物主要为黄铁矿和毒砂,金主要以微细粒分布于石英裂隙和毒砂、黄铁矿等矿物粒间。区内中下三叠统隆务河群板岩中的金丰度值和有机碳含量高,是有利的赋矿层位。矿体产于北西向和近东西向构造蚀变带内,受区内断裂带控制明显。矿体在空间上与印支期中酸性岩浆岩相伴产出。研究表明,该矿床为受构造蚀变带控制的、与沉积作用和岩浆活动有成因联系的微细浸染型金矿床。截止目前,该矿共计探明金矿脉22条,累计提交金资源量超过20t。该矿的发现和评价对指导青海东部微细浸染型金矿找矿具有重要的示范意义。     

甘肃阳山金矿床微量元素及稳定同位素的地球化学研究

甘肃省阳山金矿位于川陕甘交界地带 ,为近年发现的一特大微细浸染型金矿床。该矿目前已发现 4个矿段 ,均赋存于浅变质的泥盆系地层中。矿体在平面上呈舒缓波状 ,在剖面上为脉状、似层状。矿石中金属矿物主要为黄铁矿和毒砂 ,金主要以微细粒金 (2～ 3μm)包裹于毒砂、黄铁矿及粘土矿物之中。矿床微量元素含量研究表明 ,矿石中Au、Hg、As、Bi、Sb等元素较为富集 ,并且其间呈明显的正相关关系 ,显示阳山金矿的形成与富含Au、Hg、As、Bi、Sb等低温热液元素的成矿流体活动有关 ,向深部这些元素含量趋于降低 ,表明成矿流体活动趋弱。矿石石英的δD值为 - 6 0‰～ - 72‰ ,δ18OH2 O值为 8 0‰～ 10 1‰ ,表明成矿流体主要为岩浆热液 ;矿石黄铁矿的δ3 4 S值为 - 2 2‰～ - 0 7‰ ,不同于泥盆系地层中沉积黄铁矿的δ3 4 S值 (10 9‰ ) ,表明矿石硫为岩浆硫 ,因而阳山金矿床的形成与岩浆热液活动密切相关     

甘肃阳山特大型金矿床地质特征及成因

阳山金矿为近年发现的一特大微细染型金矿床，已发现4个矿段，均赋存于泥盆系地层中。矿体在平面上呈舒缓波状，剖面上为脉状、似层状。矿石中金属矿物主要为黄铁矿和毒砂，金主要以微细粒（2－3μm）包裹于毒砂、黄铁矿等矿之中。矿石中As、Sb及C有机含量较高，并且Au与Ag、As、Hg、Sb等低温热液元素相关性明显。对矿床地质地球化学特征的研究表明，赋矿围岩为一套Au含量较高的C、Si、泥质沉积，在沉积成岩及印支期区域浅变质过程中Au被初步富集，其后又叠加了燕山早期岩浆、热液活动，使Au进一步富集，从而形成了阳山叠加改造型微细浸染型金矿。     

甘肃阳山金矿构造控矿模式

阳山金矿位于扬子板块与秦岭造山带结合带上,矿体赋存于泥盆系三河口群浅变质碎屑岩建造中.矿床受地层、构造以及早侏罗世岩浆活动的共同控制,其中构造控制着岩浆、成矿流体的活动以及矿体的就位,为主要控矿因素.该矿床主要受安昌河-观音坝断裂带控制,带内一系列次级层间剪切带或次级断裂是金矿体的有利赋矿部位.成矿年代学研究及矿区构造应力分析表明,阳山金矿最终形成于第三纪早期,成矿前矿区应力以近SN向挤压为主,成矿期以NE向挤压为主,且应力大小与金矿化成正比.     

甘肃省文县阳山金矿床地质及同位素特征

阳山金矿床位于陕甘川交界地带,在大地构造位置上属西秦岭南亚带.矿床产于中泥盆统三河口组浅变质岩地层中,受文县弧形构造控制.矿体在平面上呈舒缓波状,在剖面上为脉状、似层状,矿石中金属矿物主要有黄铁矿、毒砂和辉锑矿,金主要以微细粒金赋存于黄铁矿、毒砂和黏土矿物中.矿床的钾-氩、氩-氩、氢、氧、硫、碳同位素研究表明,阳山金矿形成于侏罗纪早期(195Ma),与区域上三叠纪末期-侏罗纪早期的岩浆-构造活动关系密切,其不同于典型的卡林型金矿以及类卡林型金矿,其成矿流体及成矿物质均与岩浆热液活动有关.     

通化石家铺子金矿床地质特征及成因探讨

金矿床产于中元古界老岭群珍珠门组中,受北东向头道—金厂—通化断裂的次一级F_(210)断裂控制。矿石类型主要为褐铁矿型矿石及黄铁矿型矿石。金与黄铁矿关系密切,主要呈自然金出现。金来源于含金较高的珍珠门组第三段地层岩浆期后的矿液中。成因为岩浆期后热液迭加改造的层控破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床。     

陕西凤县八卦庙金矿床地质特征及控矿因素分析

本文通过对八卦庙金矿床成矿地质背景、矿区地质特征、矿体特征、矿石特征和围岩蚀变特征等几个方面的综合研究发现,八卦庙金矿床矿体主要赋存于泥盆系上统星红铺组下段上部岩层铁白云质粉砂质绢云母千枚岩中;成矿作用受北西向一组张扭性断裂构造控制;围岩蚀变特征明显,主要发育有硅化、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿化、绢云母化、绿泥石化。金矿物赋存状态为自然金,产出状态以粒间金产出为主,其次是裂隙金,包体金较少。构造、蚀变发育地段,金品位相对较高,而结构完整、蚀变程度低的岩石则金品位相对较低。由此笔者认为八卦庙金矿床为由韧性剪切带所控制的蚀变岩型金矿床。     

藏南色如朗金红石矿床地质特征及控矿条件

藏南色如朗金红石矿床位于米拉山口断裂带东段北缘,矿床的赋矿岩石主要为绿片岩。由北向南圈定了3个矿体,矿体沿北东方向延伸,呈层状、似层状产出。矿石矿物以金红石为主,其他金属矿物有磁铁矿、赤铁矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿等。金红石主要为红褐色,少数为暗红褐色,呈自形-半自形柱状和他形粒状,粒径多为0.01~0.2mm,大者可达1~2mm。该矿床的形成主要受地层和变质作用控制,后期构造对矿床形态有一定的破坏作用。通过与中国典型金红石矿床地质特征对比,初步认为色如朗金红石矿床的成因类型为中低压变质型。     

豫西南蒲塘金矿床地质特征及成因探讨

蒲塘金矿床属爆破角砾岩型，主成矿期温度２３６～３１８℃，主矿体受爆破角砾岩筒控制，含矿围岩蚀变及矿体变化规律明显，黄铁矿及黄铜矿是金的主要载体矿物。矿石中Ａｕ－Ｃｕ含量呈正消长关系，成矿物质主要来源于花岗岩，从花岗岩的侵入到矿床的形成，大体上经过了晚燕山期浅成初始岩浆侵入－爆破，超浅成强烈爆破及热液成矿三个阶段。     

河南石寨沟金矿床地质特征及找矿标志分析

河南石寨沟金矿床位于华北地台南缘,区域构造—岩浆活动强烈,成矿地质条件良好.研究表明:石寨沟金矿床受构造控制明显,矿体主要产于中元古界熊耳群地层中,金矿体产状与层间滑脱带产状一致;矿体呈似层状,金矿化较均匀,品位较高,矿石组构较复杂,以角砾状和块状构造为主;近矿围岩蚀变发育,以硅化和黄铁矿化与金矿化关系最为密切,矿化蚀...     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.