The Volume and Rare Earth Concentrations of Magmas Generated during Finite Stretching of the Lithosphere

We present a model of lithospheric stretching and associatedmelting to predict the volume and rare earth element compositionof basaltic magmas generated during rifting. The model differsfrom previous approaches in two ways: (1) we assume a twolayerlithospheric stretching model in which the amount of stretchingin the crust and lower lithosphere may differ; (2) we allowfor multiple instantaneous episodes of extension to occur overa specified time interval. Melt volumes are computed from thesyn- and post-rift subsidences that account for the thicknessof the sedimentary sequence. The concentrations of rare earthelements are calculated using an incremental melting model incorporatingvariations of the melt fraction with depth. The predicted meltthickness and rare earth concentrations are most sensitive tevariations in the basal mantle temperature, magnitude of subcrustalstretching, and time dependence of deformation. Given moderatelyhigh mantle temperatures (>1450C) and large amounts of stretchingin the upper mantle, the model is capable of generating alkalinemelts, and predicts the transition to tholeiitic magmatism observedin many continental rifts. We compare some of the model predictionswith observations on the igneous and tectonic history of theNorth Sea Rift and Labrador margin (eastern Canadian margin). KEY WORDS: rifting; partial; melting; basalt; rare earth ^*Corresponding author     

Saline Lacustrine Source Rocks and their Generated Gas Composition

正Based on salinity,organic geochemical tests and gas generation simulations of mudstones,this paper has studied the effects of salinity on organic matter richness,types and thermal maturities and generated gas     

福建境内壳幔成分和岩石圈构造的演化与成矿作用的关系

在对福建地区最新的地质、地球物理、地球化学成果进行综合研究认为：1.福建境内壳幔的成分有在时间上随不同构造期而演变的趋势。2．地幔作用的活动区有在空间上随不同构造期而迁移的趋势。3．岩石圈内的拉张和挤压作用在时间上交替发生，在空间上则于相邻地块间呈反向对应互补性。4．岩石圈处于拉张为主时，地幔作用活跃，形成以亲铁相亲硫的铁、铜、金、铅、锌、银等金属矿床为主；岩石圈处在挤压状态时，以地壳作用为主，形成亲氧的钨、锡、稀有、稀土等金属矿床。     

56Ma:华南岩石圈伸展和南海张开的重要转折时间

广东四会 吴川断裂带茂名、三水、河源、连平 南雄等盆地火山岩的年代学、岩石学和钕同位素资料表明 ,在 92～ 38Ma存在连续的火山作用 ,并在始新世早期 (约 5 6Ma)火山作用源区从下地壳突然转向上地幔 ,标志着华南岩石圈在这一时间出现大规模伸展减薄。这一重大转折事件与菲律宾海、南海等东亚边缘海盆的最早张开密切相关。     

Structural Petrology of Plagioclase Peridotites in the West Othris Mountains (Greece): Melt Impregnation in Mantle Lithosphere

We present the results of a structural and petrological studyof mantle rocks from the strongly dismembered Othris Ophiolite.Part of the mantle section was impregnated with melt, crystallizingplagioclase and clinopyroxene as cumulate phases and refertilizingpreviously depleted peridotites. Melt impregnation occurredlate in the deformation history of the host peridotites. Thedeformation took place at stresses of 13–26 MPa and attemperatures around 1000–1200°C, at the base of thethermal lithosphere. The melt therefore impregnated relativelycold mantle rocks, implying that the thermal lithosphere reachedinto the mantle during magmatic activity. We conclude that theOthris Ophiolite represents a spreading environment with a relativelythick lithosphere, such as that near an axial discontinuityor transform fault of a slow-spreading ridge. The proposed magmaticand deformation history of the peridotites is in agreement withepisodic magmatism at slow-spreading ridges. We thus concludethat the heterogeneous character of the mantle section of theOthris Ophiolite results from melt impregnation processes. Wesuggest that the presence of lherzolitic ophiolite types amongharzburgitic ophiolite types in the Hellenic–Dinaric chainreflects variable degrees of melt impregnation and refertilizationrather than partial melting and melt extraction. KEY WORDS: lithospheric mantle deformation; melt impregnation; microstructures; Othris Ophiolite; plagioclase peridotites     

Origin of the Oceanic Lithosphere

In a global examination of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) glasscompositions, we find that Na₈–Fe₈–depth variationsdo not support modeling of MORBs as aggregates of melt compositionsgenerated over a large range of temperature and pressure. However,the Na₈–Fe₈ variations are consistent with the compositionalsystematics of solidus melts in the plagioclase–spinellherzolite transition in the CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–Na₂O–FeO(CMASNF) system. For natural compositions, the P–T rangefor melt extraction is estimated to be 1·2–1·5GPa and 1250–1280°C. This P–T range is a closematch with the maximum P–T conditions for explosive pressure-releasevaporization of carbonate-bearing melts. It is proposed thatfracturing of the lithosphere induces explosive formation andescape of CO₂ vapor. This provides the vehicle for extractionof MORBs at a relatively uniform T and P. The upper portionof the CO₂-bearing and slightly melted seismic low-velocityzone flows toward the ridge, rises at the ridge axis to lower-lithospheredepths, melts much more extensively during this rise, and releasesMORB melts to the surface driven by explosively escaping CO₂vapor. The residue and overlying crust produced by this meltingthen migrate away from the ridge axis as new oceanic lithosphere.The entire process of oceanic lithosphere creation involvesonly the upper 140 km. When lithospheric stresses shift fractureformation to other localities, escape of CO₂ ceases, the vehiclefor transporting melt to the surface disappears, and ridgesdie. Inverse correlations of Na₈ vs Fe₈ for MORB glasses areexplained by mantle heterogeneity, and positive variations superimposedon the inverse variations are consistent with progressive extractionof melts from short, ascending melting columns. The uniformlylow temperatures of MORB extraction are not consistent withthe existence of hot plumes on or close to ocean ridges. Inthis modeling, the southern Atlantic mantle from Bouvet to about26°N is relatively homogeneous, whereas the Atlantic mantlenorth of about 26°N shows significant long-range heterogeneity.The mantle between the Charlie Gibbs and Jan Mayen fracturezones is strongly enriched in FeO/MgO, perhaps by a trappedfragment of basaltic crust. Iceland is explained as the productof this enrichment, not a hot plume. The East Pacific Rise,Galapagos Ridge, Gorda Ridge, and Juan de Fuca Ridge samplemantle that is heterogeneous over short distances. The mantlebeneath the Red Sea is enriched in FeO/MgO relative to the mantlebeneath the northern Indian Ocean.     

Some Issues on the Strength of the Lithosphere

The strength of the oceanic and continental lithosphere has important controls on some of the major geological processes on earth including the operation of plate tectonics and the long-term stability of the continental roots.However,explaining these major geological features from the experimental and theoretical studies on the strength of rocks is challenging and some of the existing models for the strength of the lithosphere do not explain these main geological observations.A brief review is provided to s...     

从扩充的威尔逊循回看中国大陆演化轨迹

全球对比同类大地构造单元的壳幔结构,根据壳幔结构的差异和大地构造作用发生的时代把它们按演化阶段排序,可以找寻这类大地构造单元岩石圈演化的规律性。笔者在文中根据全球地学界实施的COCORP、BIRPS、DEKORP、LITHOPROBE、ICDP、ECORS和SINOPROBE等计划取得的成果,扩充了板块构造学中的威尔逊循回,即把原先主要描述大洋板块起源、发展和封闭的威尔逊循回,扩展到同时包括大陆和大洋板块演化的大循回中去。文中概述了扩充的威尔逊循回的内容,除经典的威尔逊循回的组元之外,扩充的组元包括洋陆转换、大陆汇聚拼合和大陆裂解等,为大陆岩石圈生成和演化作用提供了细节。根据扩充的威尔逊循回的大陆岩石圈演化规律,可以对中国地质学家已经发展的大陆构造演化的序列进行进一步的阐释,使构造演化的序列的属性和轨迹更加准确清晰。从寒武纪古亚洲洋扩张和冈瓦纳大陆裂解,到新生代印度次大陆与亚欧大陆碰撞拼合,中国大陆的大地构造事件序列说明扩充的威尔逊循回的是大陆岩石圈演化轨迹的大概率规律。     

The Shape and Volume of the Skaergaard Intrusion, Greenland: Implications for Mass Balance and Bulk Composition

Re-examination of the Skaergaard intrusion in the context ofits regional setting, combined with new data from explorationdrilling, has resulted in a revised structural model for theintrusion. It is modelled as an irregular box, c. 11 km fromnorth to south, up to 8 km from east to west, and 3·4–4km from the lower to the upper contact. The walls of the intrusionare inferred to follow pre-existing and penecontemporaneoussteep faults, and the floor and roof seem largely controlledby bedding planes in the host sediments and lavas, similar toregional sills. The suggested shape and volume are in agreementwith published gravimetric modelling. Crystallization alongall margins of the intrusion concentrated the evolving meltin the upper, central part of the intrusion, best visualizedas an ‘onion-skin’ structure inside the box. Thetotal volume is estimated to c. 280 ± 23 km³, of which13·7% are referred to the Upper Border Series (UBS),16·4% to the Marginal Border Series (MBS) and 69·9%to the Layered Series (LS). In the LS, the Lower Zone (LZ) isestimated to constitute 66·8%, the Middle Zone (MZ) 13·5%and the Upper Zone (UZ) 19·7%. The new volume relationshipsprovide a mass balance estimate of the major and trace elementbulk composition of the intrusion. The parental magma to theSkaergaard intrusion is similar to high-Ti East Greenland tholeiiticplateau basalts with Mg number c. 0.45. The intrusion representsthe solidification of contemporary plateau basalt magma trappedand crystallized under closed-system conditions in a crustalreservoir at the developing East Greenland continental margin. KEY WORDS: bulk composition; emplacement; mass proportions; Skaergaard intrusion; structure     

岩石圈三维结构与动力学数值模拟

通过基于专项所属各项目的探测数据和成果, 结合课题组已经积累的数据与建模基础, 以及本项目组特定需要进行岩石物性参数测试及相关的流变本构关系研究, 进而开发并集成大规模并行有限元数值模拟平台系统, 进行地球动力学过程的综合定量模拟分析。同时建立高性能并行可视化平台, 据此进行中国大陆深部地幔对流与岩石圈耦合关系的探测数据与数值模拟结果的并行可视化研究分析, 探讨回答中国部分典型构造区域的典型地球动力学过程的关键问题。     

大陆岩石圈有效弹性厚度的计算及其地质意义

大陆范围内 T e值有很大的范围,不同构造单元有不同的 T e值.T e值的大小与岩石圈的热结构(热年龄)、壳幔耦合等因素有关.同时 T e值和地壳厚度、地表有关矿产的分布、岩石圈地幔的物质组成等也有一定关系.     

深地震反射剖面揭露大陆岩石圈精细结构

深地震反射技术已被国际地学界公认为是探测岩石圈精细结构、解决深部地质问题的有效技术手段。自上世纪70年代中期以来,以美国为首的等西方国家和中国相继开展了深地震反射探测技术实验,使用该技术揭露盆地、造山带岩石圈的形成和演化、地球动力学过程,并应用于油气资源远景评价、矿产资源勘察等领域,取得了丰硕的成果。本文扼要介绍深地震反射剖面技术的发展及其部分应用实例。     

煤岩及其主显微组份热解气碳同位素组成的演化

模拟实验是有机地球化学研究的重要组成部分 ,也是油气地球化学研究的重要手段。本文通过煤岩及其主要显微组分的热解成气模拟实验产物的组分和同位素组成分析 ,补充和完善了前人对煤岩热解气同位素组成分布的一些认识。同时 ,对比研究了煤型气与煤岩热解气的碳同位素分馏特征 ,结果表明两者具有良好的一致性 ,认为可以通过精细的热解模拟来提供不同含煤沉积盆地煤型气的判识指标 ,而模拟气与天然气碳同位素组成的对比 ,关键是对同位素分析资料的处理。在模拟系列产物碳同位素分析基础上 ,获得了单一成因来源天然气甲烷、乙烷碳同位素组成与演化程度之间的关系式以及演化过程中甲烷碳同位素之间的关系式 ,这些结果会对混源气的判识有重要意义。     

中西太平洋海山区的岩石圈有效弹性厚度及其地质意义

中西太平洋海山区是太平洋板块上洋壳年龄最老、磁条带异常最复杂、海山分布最密集、地质构造最独特、构造活动最强烈的一个区域, 为探讨区内众多海山的构造成因, 以板块构造理论为指导运用弹性板挠曲理论计算了中西太平洋海山区岩石圈的有效弹性厚度.结果显示, 研究区的有效弹性厚度总体上表现为北西高南东低的趋势, 西边的麦哲伦海山链表现出南北低中间高的趋势, 东边的中太平洋海山群呈现出由西往东厚度递减的现象, 且这2个典型区域的岩石圈有效弹性厚度与现今法属玻利尼西亚群岛处的比较接近.据此推测它们是在白垩纪期间(约130~90 Ma)形成于现今法属玻利尼西亚群岛处的大规模热点群附近, 且受到了后期火山岩浆活动的改造作用.      

地球化学急变带急转弯变化与深部构造效应

地球化学急变带代表地球化学边界,反映深部不同块体的接触边界的化学组成差异.在地球化学急变带沿古大陆边缘展布的局部区域,往往不象地表构造呈近直线型延伸,而是表现为急转弯的弧状、岛状变化延伸,与深部构造边缘的分布密切相关.在华北古大陆南部边缘的洛南-栾川-方城一带,由于莫霍面的近EW向凹陷,形成幔向斜,其轴向控制地球化学急变带的转弯变化;在郑州至南阳一线,地球物理资料显示,存在近SN向的超壳断裂,切断EW向展布的地球化学急变带.由此说明,地球化学急变带的急转弯变化,是受古大陆边缘的结晶基底、深大断裂或隐性构造面的作用形成.大型矿床往往集中在地球化学急变带急转弯的特定部位,即深部不同方向的构造线交切区.     

Thermal State and Strength of the Lithosphere Beneath the Chinese Mainland

The temperature distributions of the lithosphere underneath the mainland of China were estimated by applying local isostatic equilibrium-constrained geothermal calculations. Maps of the lateral temperature variation at depths of 40, 70, and 100 km are presented for the whole Chinese continent, with the thermal thickness of the lithosphere is calculated. Lithospheric roots of 160–200 km thickness underlie Tarim and the Upper Yangtze platform, but are absent beneath the entire Sino-Korean platform. In general, the Tibetan plateau and fold belts to the north have warm but thick lithospheres, whereas thinner thermal lithospheres have been identified in northern Tibet and central Tian Shan around Issyk-Kul Lake. The warm and soft lithosphere in the Tibetan plateau and Tian Shan are caused by uniform north–south shortening, which may represent a snapshot of the early stage of convective thinning of the convergent lithosphere. However, the lithospheric thinning beneath northeastern China might be related to volatile infiltration by dehydration of the deeply subducting Pacific slab during the Cenozoic. Dry and wet upper mantle rheology display “jelly sandwich” and “crème br?lée” pictures, respectively, demonstrating the mechanical behaviour of the Chinese lithosphere outside the Tibetan plateau. Considering a more geologically evident wet-mantle rheology, the “crème br?lée” model can approximate the lithospheric rheology for the most earthquake-prone regions on the Chinese mainland.     

华南陆块岩石圈有效弹性厚度及其构造意义

华南陆块受多阶段超大陆聚合、裂解,碰撞、陆内造山,及伸展等作用影响,造成其深部结构和构造极其复杂。岩石圈有效弹性厚度(Te)是表征地质时间尺度上岩石圈力学强度的定量指标,可为深入认识岩石圈力学结构及演化提供有效约束。本文基于导纳和相关函数联合方法对地壳布格重力异常和地形数据进行计算,获得华南陆块Te的空间分布。Te高值(>20 km)区域主要分布于扬子地块的四川盆地周边区域,而Te低值(<20 km)区域集中于华夏地块和江南造山带区域。由于Te分布特征与地热场、地震关系密切。通过分析研究区Te与地热场(地表热流、居里面深度)、地震之间的关系,本文得到如下认识:(1)Te与地热场参数具有较好的相关性,但受浅部地壳被破坏,深部仍为克拉通地壳影响,导致龙门山断裂带和江南造山带区域的Te与地表热流或居里面深度之间的部分对应关系相反。(2)Te与地震关系复杂,Te较薄区域并不代表着地震频发区域,地震活动性与其所处的深部环境相关。龙门山断裂带强震频发的原因是受周边两块体中上地壳刚性地层长期相互作用,致使应力和能量积累较强;华夏地块区域地震较少是因为深部热物质上涌对华夏地块的壳幔进行强烈...