寒潮期间高空波动与东亚急流的相互作用

本文分析了东亚寒潮爆发过程中,高空波动和高空急流的相互作用,得出如下结果:(1)高空波动的动量和热通量输送,使高空急流迅速加速并同时导致急流入口区质量环流的加强.(2)质量环流引起中高纬度对流层顶下沉并使高空锋区加强.(3)对流层顶下沉和高空锋区的加强促使平流层下层的气流沿对流层顶折叠处下伸进入对流层,造成对流层中、上部层结及位涡分布的改变.(4)位涡分布的改变制约了斜压波发展的能量源,致使高空波动减弱.     

夏季东亚高空西风急流气候特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR全球再分析风场资料定义了西风急流强度指数和位置指数,然后利用EOF方法对西风急流进行了进一步的分析,分析了高空西风急流的空间分布特征,从强度和位置两方面分析了西风急流与东亚环流及其与海温的关系。分析表明： EOF第一模态反映了东亚高空急流的位置指数,第二模态反映了高空急流的强度指数。东亚高空急流与对流层大气环流包括南亚高压,西太平洋副热带高压,东亚夏季风存在着密切关系,其气候变化与热带副热带东太平洋、印度洋海温密切相关。     

东亚副热带高空急流短时间尺度增强的机理研究

本文利用中尺度非静力模式WRF输出的高时空分辨率模拟资料研究了东亚副热带高空急流(EASJ)短时间尺度强度变化特征,并结合大气运动方程解释了EASJ增强的可能机制。结果表明,在6 h时间间隔内,急流区纬向风增量的水平尺度大于2 000 km。急流轴北侧高频扰动较少,南侧出现大量高频扰动,相应地,急流轴北侧纬向风大尺度整体增强,而急流轴南侧纬向风增量正值区中还存在水平尺度为几百公里的负值区。高频扰动的周期约为1～6 h,向东传播速度为20～40 m·s-1,与惯性重力波相似。造成EASJ短时间尺度增强的主要物理因子为水平平流作用和非地转效应。水平平流项和非地转项量级相同,但变化趋势几乎相反。两者之和的量值与纬向风局地加速度项相近。此外,垂直平流作用对EASJ强度变化也有一定贡献。     

夏季东亚高空急流的变化及其对东亚季风的影响

东亚高空急流是东亚夏季风系统的一个重要组成部分,对东亚地区的天气和气候有着重要影响.近十年来,对东亚高空的变异规律及其相关机理、急流对东亚气候的影响等方面做了大量的观测资料分析和数值模拟研究.本文从夏季东亚高空急流的变化特征及其与东亚气候的关联、东亚高空急流的变异机理以及当前的气候模式对东亚高空急流的模拟能力评估和未来预估等几个方面,对这些研究结果进行了综述.     

江淮地区夏季持续性降水特征及其与东亚高空急流的联系

围绕1960—2011年江淮地区夏季持续性降水展开对单站和区域性持续4 d及以上降水的分析,并探讨其与东亚高空急流的联系。研究发现,近年来持续4 d及以上降水的频数有增多趋势,且在江淮地区其影响范围有逐渐扩大的趋势。持续4 d及以上单站降水频数EOF分析的前两个模态均与极锋急流和陆上副热带急流的协同作用有关。当极锋急流北移和陆上副热带急流南移时,冷暖空气易在江淮地区的西北部相遇,利于较长持续时间的单站降水在该地区发生,易于导致第一模态的全场一致变化。与第二模态相关的高空急流配置表现为陆上副热带急流的减弱和极锋急流的增强,两支急流的强弱配置通过影响水汽输送和上升运动导致江淮地区形成南湿北干的异常型。进一步研究了江淮地区持续4 d及以上区域性降水与急流协同作用的关系发现,在事件发生之前极锋急流显著增强,副热带急流略有增强。伴随着两支急流的变化,西北太平洋副热带高压和北风产生持续性异常,利于冷暖空气活动,导致持续时间较长的区域性降水发生      

7月东亚高空西风急流变化对我国雨带的影响

分析了7月东亚高空西风急流北跳和急流中心西移时我国雨带的变化特征,发现急流北跳与长江中下游梅雨结束有很好的对应关系;急流中心西移则与长江中下游梅雨结束无对应关系,但急流中心西移相对于急流北跳发生的早晚对雨带北移过程有重要影响:在急流中心西移晚于急流北跳发生年份,雨带北移依次为长江中下游地区—淮河流域—黄淮地区逐渐北推,其他年份雨带则从长江流域直接北跳至黄淮地区。进一步分析表明:(1)急流北跳和急流中心西移引起中纬度大气环流发生显著变化,从而引起西太平洋水汽输送发生显著变化,孟加拉湾水汽输送无变化。(2)急流北跳和急流中心西移时大气环流调整不同,导致来自西太平洋的水汽输送变化不同,进而对雨带北移产生不同的影响。急流中心西移相对于急流北跳发生时间早晚不同,大气环流调整过程和水汽输送调整过程也不同,使得雨带北推进程不同。     

东亚夏季风活动与东亚高空西风急流位置北跳关系的研究

利用美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(1980～1999年)探讨了东亚夏季风活动的两个重要事件,即南海夏季风爆发和江淮流域梅雨起始,与东亚高空西风急流位置北跳的关系.系统的分析研究表明,东亚高空西风急流在由冬向夏的转变过程中一般存在着两次向北突跳现象,并与东亚夏季风活动有密切关系.第一次东亚高空急流的北跳(由25～28°N跳到30°N以北)平均发生在5月8日左右,比南海夏季风爆发日期(平均为5月15日)早7天左右;高空急流位置的北跳是中高纬度大气环流系统减弱北退的表现,它为热带环流和系统的向北推进提供了条件,从而有利于南海夏季风的爆发.第二次东亚高空急流的北跳(由32°N左右北跳到35°N以北)平均发生在6月7日左右,先于江淮流域梅雨起始时间(平均在6月18日左右)10天左右,它是梅雨起始的前期征兆.高空西风急流的两次北跳分别与亚洲大陆南部地区对流层中上层(500～200 hPa)经向温度梯度的两次逆转(反向)有关,在由冬到夏的季节转换中,由于大陆加热较快,导致对流层中上层大气在5～25°N间的经向温度梯度发生反向(逆转),通过地转适应使流场向气压场(温度场)调整,从而高空急流位置北跳.数据分析还发现,东亚高空急流位置的第一次北跳有时也受到南半球副热带高空急流位置北移和加强的影响.     

冬季东亚副热带急流与温带急流的比较分析：大尺度特征和瞬变扰动活动

使用ERA40再分析的月资料和逐日资料,从大尺度特征和瞬变扰动活动两个角度对冬季东亚副热带急流(EASJ)和东亚温带急流(EAPJ)进行了比较分析.结果表明,使用月资料分析的EASJ与EAPJ在高层风场上没有清晰的地理分界区,而使用逐日资料计算得到的冬季逐日急流发生数则以高原北部上空所处的纬度带为分界岭,存在两个急流中心集中区,分别对应于EASJ和EAPJ区域.通过分析东亚上空天气尺度瞬变扰动活动(STEA)表明,与强盛的冬季EASJ相伴随的是较弱的南支STEA,而与较弱的EAPJ相伴随的北支STEA却十分活跃,显示出EAPJ是与瞬变活动相伴而存的急流.进一步的诊断分析揭示了冬季东亚温带急流的两种主要异常模态,一种是EAPJ区域反气旋性/气旋性异常环流型,另一种是局地西风的减弱/增加.与第1种异常模态相关的北半球大尺度环流异常主要集中在欧亚中高纬地区,其形成受中高纬大气环流以及东亚上游大气环流异常的共同影响.当EAPJ局地西风减弱/增加时.EASJ东段至西太平洋上空的西风急流呈现出与之相反的变化型,北半球大气环流异常表现为大气遥相关的欧亚(EU)型.冬季EAPJ的两种异常模态还与东亚上空STEA异常密切联系,其中在北支STEA区域出现的瞬变异常以波列的形式沿STEA北支轴线传播到达东亚沿海上空,然后东传入洋面上空,而对于靠近STEA南支轴线的异常扰动活动则只能存在于东亚东部及其沿海上空的200 hPa层上.     

夏季东亚副热带西风急流不同尺度波的特征分析

利用1960—2015年NCEP全球再分析日平均资料和中国国家气象站20时的日降水量资料,分析在超长波、长波和天气尺度波的不同尺度纬向风场中,夏季东亚副热带西风急流的空间分布和活动特征,初步研究了不同尺度波的东亚副热带西风急流与典型梅雨异常年降水的关系,通过分析东亚副热带急流的周期性变化,进一步探讨本研究工作的实际应用价值。研究表明,超长波是东亚副热带西风急流扰动的主要成分,与急流位置的演变具有较高的一致性,对于梅雨期间的雨带位置和强度变化均有较好的指示意义;长波、天气尺度波是叠加在超长波上的次低频和中间尺度扰动,后者与梅雨强度的变化有一定对应关系。东亚副热带西风急流与其超长波的位置变化具有明显的单、双周振荡特征,在实际预报业务中可以充分利用超长波的周期性和较高预报技巧,为中期天气分析和预报提供更有价值的参考信息。      

东亚高空急流协同变化研究新进展

东亚高空急流是东亚大气环流系统的重要组成部分,对东亚地区的天气和气候具有重要影响。以往对东亚高空急流的研究多关注副热带急流及其对天气气候的影响,近年来,学者们在明确区分东亚副热带急流和极锋急流的基础上,从东亚副热带急流和极锋急流协同变化的视角,对东亚高空急流的变化规律和机理及其对我国气候异常的影响,开展了一系列研究,揭示出副热带急流和极锋急流强度的反位相协同变化是以副热带急流强（弱）伴随着极锋急流弱（强）为其主要配置形式和模态,并对应着特定的大气环流形势以及相应的气温和降水异常分布,与冬季冷空气活动、梅雨期降水、极端事件、冬季风等具有密切关系。本文聚焦东亚高空急流协同变化方面的最新研究成果,从东亚高空急流协同变化规律、高空急流协同变化的热力和动力学影响机理、高空急流协同变化气候效应、高空急流与中高纬低频遥相关型的联系等方面进行较为全面的总结,以加深东亚高空急流活动基本特征和变化规律的认识。     

Diagnostic Comparison of Wintertime East Asian Subtropical Jet and Polar-Front Jet: Large-Scale Characteristics and Transient Eddy Activities

Diagnostic comparison of the East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ) and polar-front jet (EAPJ) in winter season is carried out by using the ERA-40 dataset. The large-scale circulation characteristics and synopticscale transient eddy activities (STEAs) associated with the EASJ and EAPJ are examined. The results show that the EASJ and EAPJ in the upper-level monthly mean data have no clear geographical border, while the distribution of the numbers of jet cores from the daily data exhibits a distinct boundary at the latitudes of the northern Tibetan Plateau. The two areas with large numbers of jet cores correspond to the EASJ and EAPJ regions. The analysis of STEAs over the East Asian region shows a spatial match of STEAs with the EASJ and EAPJ in winter: the strong EASJ is located within the weak southern branch of the STEA while the relatively weak EAPJ appears within the active northern branch of the STEA, indicating that the EAPJ is the jet coexisting with the STEA. Further analysis shows two anomalous modes of the winter EAPJ: the anomalous anticyclonic/cyclonic circulation and the weakened/strengthened local westerly wind. The large-scale circulation anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere related to the first mode are concentrated in the Eurasian mid to high latitudes, and are also influenced by the anomalous circulation in the upstream area. When the local westerly wind over the EAPJ region is weakened/strengthened, the westerly jet in the eastern part of the EASJ and that in the western Pacific region show opposite variations. The corresponding anomalous atmospheric circulation demonstrates the Eurasian (EU) pattern. The EAPJ anomalies are also closely linked with the STEA anomalies over East Asia. The anomalies in the northern branch of the STEA propagate as a wave train along its axis into the East Asian coastal waters, and then migrate eastward to the oceanic region. However, the ones near the southern branch are trapped over the eastern part of East Asia and its coastal waters at 200 hPa.     

Responses of the East Asian Jet Stream to the North Pacific Subtropical Front in Spring

This study concerns atmospheric responses to the North Pacific subtropical front(NPSTF) in boreal spring over the period 1982–2014. Statistical results show that a strong NPSTF in spring can significantly enhance the East Asian jet stream(EAJS). Both transient eddy activity and the atmospheric heat source play important roles in this process. The enhanced atmospheric temperature gradient due to a strong NPSTF increases atmospheric baroclinicity, resulting in an intensification of transient eddy and convection activities. On the one hand, the enhanced transient eddy activities can excite an anomalous cyclonic circulation with a quasi-baraotropical structure in the troposphere to the north of the NPSTF. Accordingly, the related westerly wind anomalies around 30?N can intensify the component of the EAJS over the Northeast Pacific. On the other hand, an enhanced atmospheric heat source over the NPSTF, which is related to increased rainfall, acts to excite an anomalous cyclonic circulation system in the troposphere to the northwest of the NPSTF, which can explain the enhanced component of the EAJS over the Northwest Pacific. The two mechanisms may combine to enhance the EAJS.     

夏季逐月东亚高空西风急流经向偏移与热带中、东太平洋海温的关联

Previous studies have shown that meridional displacement of the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet stream (EAJS) dominates interannual variability of the EAJS in the summer months. This study investigates the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associated with meridional displacement of the monthly EAJS during the summer. The meridional displacement of the EAJS in June is significantly associated with the tropical central Pacific SST anomaly in the winter of previous years, while displacements in July and August are related to tropical eastern Pacific SST anomalies in the late spring and concurrent summer. The EAJS tends to shift southward in the following June (July and August) corresponding to a warm SST anomaly in the central (eastern) Pacific in the winter (late spring-summer). The westerly anomaly south of the Asian jet stream is a result of tropical central Pacific warm SST anomaly-related warming in the tropical troposphere, which is proposed as a possible reason for southward displacement of the EAJS in June. The late spring-summer warm SST anomaly in the tropical eastern Pacific, however, may be linked to southward displacement of the EAJS in July and August through a meridional teleconnection over the western North Pacific (WNP) and East Asia.     

冬季东亚中纬度西风急流对我国气候的影响

利用1957—2001年欧洲中期数值天气预报中心再分析资料及地面台站观测资料,分析了冬季东亚西风急流与我国气候的关系。首先定义了冬季东亚西风急流强度指数(区域30°~35°N,127.5°~155°E冬季200 hPa纬向风u200平均值的标准化值)和切变指数(区域15°~25°N,100°~115°E与区域30°~40°N,100°~115°E的平均u200之差的标准化值),这两个指数能较好地反映冬季东亚西风急流的强度变化和位置的南北移动,二者相关系数为-0.48,通过99%信度检验。西风急流强度与亚洲和西太平洋大范围的大气环流有密切关系,而西风急流位置移动则与印度洋、中东太平洋的大气环流有密切关系,并分析了冬季急流强度指数和切变指数与我国温度和降水的关系。结果表明：当西风急流强度偏强时,西风急流位置偏北,此时在急流入口区左侧由于气流辐合造成低层气压上升,在出口区左侧则由于气流发生强烈辐散,引起低层气压下降,所以西伯利亚地区上空从对流层低层到中层高度值升高,北太平洋高度值降低,东西向气压差加大的形势,同时东亚大槽偏强,海陆气压差加大和东亚大槽偏强,导致冬季风强度偏强,引起我国从北到南的陆面降温,同时30°~40°N低层有下沉气流,使得华北、华中和长江中下游地区降水偏少;当西风急流强度偏弱时,西风急流位置偏南,整个东亚地区存在南风异常,东亚冬季风较弱,在25°N附近有上升气流,此时华南和内蒙古、华北降水偏多,内蒙古地表温度偏高。     

Meridional Displacement of the East Asian Upper-tropospheric Westerly Jet and Its Relationship with the East Asian Summer Rainfall in CMIP5 Simulations

As the first leading mode of upper-tropospheric circulation in observations, the meridional displacement of the East Asian westerly jet (EAJ) varies closely with the East Asian rainfall in summer. In this study, the interannual variation of the EAJ meridional displacement and its relationship with the East Asian summer rainfall are evaluated, using the historical simulations of CMIP5 (phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project). The models can generally reproduce the meridional displacement of the EAJ, which is mainly manifested as the first principal mode in most of the simulations. For the relationship between the meridional displacement of the EAJ and East Asian rainfall, almost all the models depict a weaker correlation than observations and exhibit considerably large spread across the models. It is found that the discrepancy in the interannual relationship is closely related to the simulation of the climate mean state, including the climatological location of the westerly jet in Eurasia and rainfall bias in South Asia and the western North Pacific. In addition, a close relationship between the simulation discrepancy and intensity of EAJ variability is also found: the models with a stronger intensity of the EAJ meridional displacement tend to reproduce a closer interannual relationship, and vice versa.     

初夏至盛夏东亚副热带西风急流突变早晚与东亚环流异常的关系

利用1961-2004年NCEP／NCAR再分析逐候资料和全国160站月平均降水资料,分析了初夏至盛夏东亚副热带急流北跳和急流中心西移发生早晚对7月东亚大气环流和我国降水的影响。结果表明,急流北跳时间与7月长江中下游地区降水异常正相关,急流中心西移时间则与7月淮河流域降水异常正相关,与华北和河套地区降水异常负相关。急流北跳时间与南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压南北位置异常及高纬贝加尔湖以东高压脊强度相关;而急流中心西移时间与南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压的东西伸展及贝加尔湖以西高压脊强度相关,在急流中心西移偏晚年,南亚高压西缩,贝加尔湖西南侧高压脊增强,南下至华北和河套地区冷空气偏强,且西太平洋副热带高压东撤,冷暖空气在淮河流域交汇,使得华北和河套地区降水减少而淮河流域降水偏多;偏早年情况与偏晚年情况相反。     

东亚副热带西风急流位置变化与亚洲夏季风爆发的关系

利用1961～2000年的NCEP/NCAR候平均再分析资料,初步探讨了季节转换期间东亚副热带西风急流南北和东西向位置变化与亚洲季风爆发之间的联系。结果表明,亚洲夏季风爆发伴随着东亚副热带西风急流轴线的北跳和急流中心西移,急流轴北跳至35°N以北的青藏高原上空,南支西风急流消失,亚洲季风环流形势建立。南海季风爆发早年,低纬的东风向北推进的时间早,到达的纬度偏北,中纬的西风急流强度偏弱,季风爆发晚年则相反。同时,南海夏季风爆发早年,青藏高原上空急流核出现较早,西太平洋上空急流核减弱较快,急流中心“西移”较早。而在南海夏季风爆发晚年,西太平洋上空的急流核减弱较迟,青藏高原上空急流核形成偏晚,急流中心“西移”较迟。此外,急流中心东西向位置和强度变化与江淮流域梅雨的开始和结束也有密切关系。     

Simulation of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet Stream with GFDL AGCM (AM2.1)

The present study validated the capability of the AM2.1, a model developed at NOAA’s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), in reproducing the fundamental features of the East Asian Subtropical Westerly Jet Stream (EASWJ). The main behaviors of the EASWJ are also investigated through the reanalysis of observational NCEP/NCAR data. The mean state of the EASWJ, including its intensity, location, structure, and seasonal evolution is generally well-portrayed in the model. Compared with the observation, the model tends to reproduce a weaker jet center. And, during summer, the simulated jet center is northward-situated. Results also demonstrate the model captures the variability of EASWJ during summer well. The results of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) applied on the zonal wind at 200 hPa (U200) over East Asia for both the observation and simulation indicate an inter-decadal shift around the late 1970s. The correlation coefficient between the corresponding principle components is as great as 0.42 with significance at the 99% confidence level.