土壤碳动力学同位素示踪研究进展

土壤是陆地生态系统中最大的碳库。土壤碳动力学旨在研究土壤有机碳库的大小及更新速率。土壤有机碳库可分为 3个亚碳库："活动"、"缓慢"和"稳定"碳库。碳同位素特别是 14 C可作为研究土壤碳动力学的理想示踪剂;δ 13 C值是定量研究C3和C4植被更替历史的有效手段; 14 C示踪及年代测定与 13 C信号联合使用,可以估算土壤碳库的大小和驻留时间。碳同位素示踪应用于土壤碳动力学研究取得了较大进展,但是由于缺乏可靠的全球数据库和标准方法来量化土壤有机碳库,导致对土壤各亚碳库的大小和更新速率以及土壤CO2的估算仍存在较大的不确定性,从而难以估计土壤碳库大小的变化对大气CO 2浓度和全球气候变化的潜在贡献。     

珠江三角洲经济区土壤碳储量及有机碳时空变化规律研究

土壤碳库是陆地碳库生态系统的主体,在全球碳平衡中具有重要的作用。通过开展珠江三角洲经济区多目标区域地球化学调查,获得了土壤全碳及有机碳数据,采用"单位土壤碳量"方法计算土壤碳储量,显示珠江三角洲经济区土壤有机碳总体分布:表层(0～0.2 m)土壤有机碳为9.71×107 t,碳密度为2271.34 t/km2;中层(0～1.0 m)土壤有机碳为3.71×108 t,碳密度为8666.05 t/km2;深层(0～1.8m)土壤有机碳为5.87×108 t,碳密度为13722.73 t/km2。对比其他地区,珠江三角洲土壤碳密度处于较低水平。分析了土壤、土地利用、地貌类型与成土母质对区域土壤碳库的影响程度,不同土壤单元有机碳储量分布特征。与第二次土壤普查比较,20年期间珠江三角洲表层土壤有机碳总体减少0.22×108 t,损失幅度达19.20%,仅惠州等地区有所增加。不同生态系统土壤有机碳减少程度不同。     

基于多目标区域地球化学调查的中国土壤碳储量计算方法研究

土壤碳储量问题在碳循环和全球变化领域具有重要意义,长期以来这一基本参数的计算受到数据来源的制约。全国多目标区域地球化学调查采用双层网格化采样和分析,取得了大量高密度和高精度土壤地球化学数据,为土壤碳库的高精度计算提供了数据基础。文中重点探讨利用这些数据计算土壤碳储量的方法。首先提出针对多目标区域地球化学调查数据的"单位土壤碳量(USCA)"概念,用以代表调查数据基本面积单元(4km2)的碳储量,并作为区域和全国尺度土壤碳储量计算的基本单位。在收集分析14个省市414条的土壤剖面数据的基础上,发现土壤有机碳(TOC)的垂直分布与无机碳和其他元素不同,存在指数分布规律,运用面积积分运算方法发现利用直线模型计算土壤有机碳库的误差(+20%～+100%)远大于指数模型的误差(-10%～+20%)。因此,文中建议"有机碳单位土壤碳量(USCATOC)"需使用指数模型拟合后积分求算,而"无机碳单位土壤碳量(USCATIC)"则使用直线模型,"全碳单位土壤碳量(USCATC)"采用两者加和计算。文中还分析了其他元素的垂直分布特征,并提出氮储量计算需采用与有机碳类似的方法,其他51种元素(氧化物)储量采用与无机碳类似的方案,按照直线模型计算单位土壤元素量和单位土壤氧化物量(USEA)。     

青海湟水河流域表层土壤有机碳储量和密度浅析

土壤碳库是地球系统中重要的碳储存系统。利用青海多目标区域地球化学调查获得的有机碳数据,根据土壤类型、土地利用类型和成土母质计算表层土壤有机碳储量和密度,探讨了土壤有机碳储量和密度分布规律。从土壤类型看,高山草甸土中有机碳密度最高,灌淤土有机碳密度最低。从土地利用类型看,人工草地土壤有机碳密度最高,荒草地土壤最低;从成土母质看,以残坡积物为母源的土壤有机碳密度最高,以冲洪积物和黄土为母源的土壤有机碳密度基本相同。分析结果对于利用土地进行固碳,具有重要的指导意义。     

基于高光谱的桂东北峰丛洼地土壤有机碳含量预测

以桂东北寨底峰丛洼地土壤为研究对象,利用二阶微分和去除包络线二阶微分方法对土壤光谱进行处理,筛选出3种光谱指数与土壤有机碳(S O C)相关系数最高的特征波段,通过比较偏最小二乘回归、多元线性回归与多元逐步回归等模型的精度,确定SOC最佳估测模型.结果表明:(1)研究区土壤样品有机碳质量分数最小值为0.20％,最大值为...     

辽宁西部沿海地区土壤碳库构成及变化规律研究

基于辽宁西部沿海地区多目标地球化学调查获得的表层和深层土壤碳含量数据,计算了研究区表层(0～20 cm)、中层(0～100 cm)和深层(0～180 cm)的土壤碳密度及储量,探讨了不同分类单元的土壤碳库构成特征及固碳潜力,并对近40年来土壤有机碳变化规律进行研究.结果显示:1)研究区土壤碳库构成以有机碳为主,无机碳储...     

香溪河流域土壤有机碳储量影响因素的空间相关性分析

采用第二次土壤普查资料估算了香溪河流域不同类型土壤的有机碳密度和碳库,并通过野外土样采集和室内测试获取土壤有机碳含量数据,选取信息熵模型定量研究香溪河流域不同土壤类型、地形地貌类型、成土母质类型、植被覆盖度、土壤厚度、坡度和土地利用方式与土壤有机碳密度之间的关系。研究结果表明,香溪河流域土壤有机碳总储量为75.18Tg,香溪河流域SOC密度主要集中在6.00~16.00kg/m2范围内,SOC密度呈现流域北部高、干流高,其他区域SOC密度高低相间的分布特征,这种分布特征与主要土壤类型和地形地貌类型的地理分布关系密切。香溪河流域各种土壤类型对各级有机碳密度的信息熵值差异明显,土壤类型对有机碳密度的影响作用与香溪河流域土壤有机碳密度与碳库计算结果一致,高山区,林地、农田和灌丛利于高密度有机碳的存储;植被覆盖度越高,越利于有机碳的存储;土壤厚度与有机碳密度的相关性高,而坡度与有机碳密度的相关性不明显;信息熵法实现了对各影响因子定量计算分析,结果较合理和可靠。      

桂林毛村岩溶区不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳矿化及土壤碳结构比较

应用土壤培养法,比较分析了桂林毛村岩溶区不同土地利用方式(农田、灌丛和林地)土壤在25℃、黑暗条件下培养90d有机碳矿化速率的差异(以90d累计释放的CO2-C计)。农田土壤矿化释放的CO2-C含量分别比灌丛和林地少62.9%和56.6%。利用6mol/L的HCl酸解法得到惰性碳含量,并利用三库一级动力学方程在SAS8.2软件中通过非线性拟合得到三种土地利用方式的活性碳库、缓效性碳库的大小及其分解速率,计算得出各库驻留时间。结果表明各土地利用方式均为活性碳库含量最少,占总有机碳的比例在1.82%~2.71%之间,平均驻留时间在8.4~16.3d之间;缓效性碳库次之,占总有机碳的比例在33.91%~45.47%之间,平均驻留时间为4.8~7.7a之间;惰性碳库所占比例最大,在51.82%~64.01%之间,平均驻留时间为假定的1000a。通过固态13C交叉极化魔角自旋核磁共振(13CCPMASNMR)方法对土壤碳结构进行分析,结果表明:与灌丛和林地相比,受人类活动干扰较多的农田烷基C和芳香C的比例增加,烷氧C和羰基C的比例降低;烷基C/烷氧C和疏水C/亲水C的大小顺序均为农田>林地>灌丛,而脂族C/芳香C的大小顺序则相反,即灌丛>林地>农田。这说明农田土壤有机碳分解程度较高,难分解程度增加,难分解有机碳比例增加。      

末次间冰期以来渭南黄土地区土壤有机碳碳库的演变

冰期-间冰期的陆地碳库变化成为最近十几年来碳循环研究的热点之一,以深海氧同位素、模型模拟和古环境证据等手段展开对不同时间尺度上不同碳库之间碳通量变化研究.土壤碳库的巨大储量导致了土壤碳库的任何微小波动都比陆地生态系统其他碳库更容易影响陆地生态系统碳循环以及大气CO₂浓度,并最终影响到全球气候变化.通过对过去4万年来黄土高原地区土壤有机碳碳库的演变研究发现,深海氧同位素第3阶段期间,土壤有机碳碳密度相对于磁化率在细节上更能够表现出气候的小波动,这一期间的土壤有机碳碳密度快速上升,在较高的水平上多次波动,可能是因为这一时期的气候环境整体上更适宜碳在黄土古土壤中的累积和保存.在末次盛冰期(LGM)时,土壤有机碳碳密度急剧下降,伴随气候的快速波动,其间有一次较大规模的反弹,持续约2 ka,最低值出现在14 ka BP和19 ka BP.对比深海氧同位素曲线,土壤有机碳碳库与其在末次盛冰期和全新世都表现出良好的一致性.而磁化率在大约15 ka BP以后就开始增加,似乎超前于土壤有机碳碳密度和深海氧同位素的增加.并且,在全新世早期到晚期土壤有机碳碳密度经历了逐渐上升继而下降的变化过程,该时段的最高值出现在大约7~5 ka BP.      

兰州—白银地区1987年与2014年表层土壤有机碳储量和碳密度变化趋势及影响因素探讨

土壤碳库研究及碳汇问题是近年来土壤碳循环与全球变化研究的热点领域,土壤是陆地生态系统的核心,研究土壤有机碳储量和碳密度的影响因素对正确评价本区碳循环有重要意义,本文利用土壤类型、土地利用类型、地貌类型、生态系统等影响因素对研究区表层土壤有机碳密度和碳储量进行了评价,分析了兰州—白银地区1987年和2014年土壤有机碳储量、碳密度的变化,其中2014年土壤有机碳储量增加了3.58×106 t,说明这些年土壤固碳效果明显,土地利用方式更合理。认为研究区有机碳碳密度、碳储量在空间上的分布极不均匀,与成土母质、土壤自身理化特性、土地利用方式及自然景观条件、人类活动等因素密切相关,是多因素综合影响的结果。     

内蒙古中北部土壤碳库构成及其影响因素

采用网格采样法荻取内蒙古中北部半干旱区土壤样品共527件,分析其碳库构成特征及其影响因素,并初步评估了未来气候变化背景下的碳库变化趋势。结果表明,研究区土壤碳库仍以有机碳为主,不同土壤类型中有机碳占总碳61％～97％,其中沼泽土有机碳密度最高,风沙土最低,盐土无机碳密度最高,暗棕壤最低;在空间分布上,土壤碳受气温和降水...     

Organic carbon and its oxidation stability characteristics of shallow soil in frozen soil area of Three River Source Region北大核心CSCD

As the most important part of the global carbon cycle,soil carbon pool is the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil carbon pool in permafrost regions is the most sensitive carbon pool to climate change. Weak climate change will have a huge impact on the organic carbon production in the shallow soil,and then affect the regional landscape and ecology. As an indicator reflecting the antioxidant capacity of soil organic carbon,oxidation stability affects the quantity and quality of soil organic carbon,and its variation has a certain regularity in the alpine permafrost region under the influence of climatic factors. In order to explore the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and its oxidation stability in frozen soil,based on the experimental data and the climatic data from 2011 to 2019,the random forest model was used to conduct multi-factor digital mapping on soil organic carbon content,soil organic carbon components with different oxidation difficulty degrees,and soil organic carbon oxidation stability coefficient and environmental variables（average annual precipitation,average annual sunshine hours,average annual air temperature,and altitude）and analyze the controlling factors. The results showed that the model had an interpretation degree of more than 54% for the shallow soil organic carbon in frozen soil area of Three River Source Region,and the digital mapping could reflect the distribution of soil organic carbon well. Soil organic carbon was mainly affected by precipitation and sunshine duration,and temperature took second place. The spatial distribution of components with different oxidation difficulty is different,but the oxidation stability has the distribution characteristics of high in the north and low in the south. Cold and dry are conducive to improving the oxidation stability of organic carbon in shallow soil of frozen soil area. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

土壤碳及其在地球表层系统碳循环中的意义

本文回顾了近１０年来国内外对土壤碳研究的主要进展,分析了土壤碳的移动性及其影响因素,着重针对陆地系统碳汇饱和问题介绍了土壤碳对大气CO²源汇效应的碳转移过程及其在地球表层系统碳循环中的作用,指出应加强对土壤碳转移及其对全球变化的响应、土壤碳固存对大气CO²调控的机制和动态的研究,以便为缓解陆地系统碳汇饱和提供科学依据。     

Stabilisation of soil organic matter by interactions with minerals as revealed by mineral dissolution and oxidative degradation

Soil organic matter is known to contain a stable fraction with an old radiocarbon age. Size and stabilisation processes leading to the formation of this old soil carbon pool are still unclear. Our study aims to differentiate old organic matter from young and labile carbon compounds in two acid forest soils (dystric cambisol, haplic podzol). To identify such fractions soil samples were exposed to oxidation with Na₂S₂O₈ and to dissolution by hydrofluoric acid (HF). A negative correlation between ¹⁴C activity and carbon release after dissolution of the mineral matrix by HF indicates a strong association of stabilised carbon compounds with the mineral phase. A negative correlation between the ¹⁴C activity and the relative proportion of carbon resistant to oxidation by Na₂S₂O₈ shows that young carbon is removed preferentially by this treatment. The fraction remaining after oxidation represents a certain stabilised, long residence time carbon pool. This old fraction comprises between 1 and 30% of the total soil organic carbon in the surface horizons, but reaches up to 80% in the sub-surface horizons. Old OC is mainly stabilised by organo-mineral associations with clay minerals and/or iron oxides, whereas intercalation in clay minerals was not found to be important.     

2011长江中下游旱涝急转前后河口表层沉积物地球化学特征研究

系统分析了2011旱涝急转前后长江口表层沉积物中常量元素、微量元素和有机碳等地球化学特征的变化及其影响因素,探讨了旱涝急转状况对河口沉积地球化学分区的影响。结果显示,洪涝期河口沉积物粒度总体有变粗的趋势,尤其是南支水道至三角洲前缘区。洪涝期含量下降的组分主要有Al2O3、K2O和Na2O等,含量增加主要有TFe2O3、CaCO3、CaO、TiO2、Mn和P等。干旱期常量元素组分与黏土的正相关性更高,但S4站的情况相反,这可能主要跟径流携带的流域物质的输入状况和该区特有的沉积动力条件有关。洪涝期大多数沉积物中微量元素的平均含量表现为不同程度增加,反映了研究区洪涝期沉积物粒度整体变粗和流域洪水导致的入海物质通量升高的影响。不同时期TOC和TN均具有较好的正相关关系,有机质C／N值指示洪涝期陆源贡献大于干旱期：但C／N值整体相对偏低,这可能跟物源贡献和微生物作用有关。洪涝期各元素变量在主因子载荷图上的分布更加分散,反映了洪涝期粒度对元素组合分布的控制作用有所减弱和径流携带流域物质的输入有所增强。基于各样品的因子得分,发现旱涝急转前后河口沉积物样品的元素地球化学分区基本一致。     

Organic carbon and sulphur compounds in wetland soils: insights on structure and transformation processes using K-edge XANES and NMR spectroscopy

X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used in combination to characterize organic carbon structures in a series of wetland soils in Saskatchewan, and XANES spectroscopy was also used to examine sulphur speciation in the soils. The organic C contents of most of the wetland soils are consistently higher by a factor of two to five times compared to adjacent well-drained soils. NMR analyses indicate that the organic matter in the wetland soils consists of predominantly aliphatic structures such as carbohydrates and long chain poly(methylene) units which are refractory structures found in plant waxes. The poly(methylene) structures have a significant capacity to sorb nonpolar organic molecules. The phenolic OH and carboxyl group content of the wetland soils studied is an additional significant factor in their sequestering ability for heavy metals or pesticides. Carbon XANES spectroscopy shows that the surface (∼10 nm) layer of particulate organic matter has a structure dominated by aromatic, carbohydrate and carboxylic acid-like material apparently derived from partially degraded lignin and cellulose polymers which are adsorbed onto clay minerals. The aliphatic structures remaining in this surface layer are probably recalcitrant (poly)methylene units. At a depth of ∼100 nm, the aliphatic content significantly increases suggesting the presence of more labile structures. The presence of these more labile aliphatic compounds may be due to slow decomposition rates in the wet, often cool environments present and to the protective action of the more refractory components in the surface ∼10 nm of the organic matter. Drying of the wetlands, either by draining or as a result of climate change, is likely to result in the rapid decomposition of these labile organic structures releasing carbon dioxide. Our data indicate that the preservation of the organic carbon compounds in these soils is a result of their presence as surface adsorbed layers on the soil mineral particles. The soils contain three different classes of sulphur compounds: reduced organic sulphur such as sulphides, low valent oxidized sulphur such as sulphoxides, and high valent oxidized sulphur such as sulphonate and sulphate. Of these, reduced sulphur species constitute between one-third and two-thirds of the total. Sulphonate structures comprise between a fifth and a third of the total. Sulphates exhibit a wide variation in content, and sulphoxides are either not detected or are present to a lesser extent (<5%). Drying of the wetlands would cause oxidation of sulphides to sulphates.     

Elucidation of different forms of organic carbon in marine sediments from the Atlantic coast of Spain using thermal analysis coupled to isotope ratio and quadrupole mass spectrometry

Analysis of river, estuary and marine sediments from the Atlantic coast of Spain using thermogravimetry–differential scanning calorimetry–quadrupole mass spectrometry–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (TG–DSC–QMS–IRMS) was used to (a) distinguish bulk chemical hosts for C within a sediment and humic acid fraction, (b) track C pools with differing natural C isotope ratios and (c) observe variation with distance from the coast. This is the first application of such a novel method to the characterisation of organic matter from marine sediments and their corresponding humic acid fractions. Using thermal analysis, a labile, a recalcitrant and a refractory carbon pool can be distinguished. Extracted humic fractions are mainly of recalcitrant nature. The proportion of refractory carbon is greatest in marine sediments and humic acid fractions. Quadrupole mass spectrometry confirmed that the greatest proportion of m/z 44 (CO₂) and m/z 18 (H₂O) were detected at temperatures associated with recalcitrant carbon (510–540 °C). Isotope analysis detected progressive enrichment in δ¹³C for the sediment samples with an increase in marine influence. Isotopic heterogeneity in the refractory organic matter in marine sediments could be due to products of anthropogenic origin or natural combustion products. Isotope homogeneity of humic acids confirms the presence of terrigenous C in marine sediments, allowing the terrestrial input to be characterised.     

长江口-杭州湾及其邻近海域不同粒级沉积有机碳分布特征

通过对长江口、杭州湾、舟山海域及东海陆架4个海区表层沉积物样品的粒度敏感组分分析,发现东海陆架与长江口具有相似的三级组分物质组成,杭州湾与舟山海域具有相似的两级组分物质组成.综合4个区域粒级组分分布特征,采用湿分法将4个海域表层沉积物样品分成6个粒级:＜0.004 mm,0.004～0.025 mm,0.025～0.063 mm,0.063～0.125 mm,0.125～0.250 mm和＞0.250 mm,分别提取各级组分和全样进行有机碳及同位素测试.定量分析各级组分有机碳含量、来源及物质组分,除杭州湾海域粗粒级外,基本上＜0.004 mm的粘土组分有机碳含量最高;富集在杭州湾海域粗颗粒中的有机质主要来源于陆源植物碎屑.沉积物颗粒大小、物质组成类型是不同粒级有机质富集的主要控制因素.