青藏高原隆升过程的磷灰石裂变径迹分析方法

由于青藏高原新生代以来地表高程持续强烈抬升,在利用磷灰石FT年龄进行高原绝对隆升速率计算时应引入古地表高程参数,而通常使用的“径迹年龄-地形高差法”却没有考虑到不同时期的古地表高程问题。为此,笔者试提出高原隆升速率计算的“径迹年龄-海拔高程法”,即以同一参考质点(样品点)在不同时期的海拔高程差作为绝对抬升量,以绝对抬升量除以时间得出隆升速率。本文讨论了改进后方法与传统方法计算结果的差异及合理性。鉴于青藏高原的隆升具有明显的脉动性与幕式作用特征,多数情况下FT年龄可能大致代表构造抬升与剥露事件的年代。     

利用低温热年代学数据计算造山带剥露速率

利用低温热年代学数据计算造山带剥露速率时需要考虑热流、地形、放射性物质的生热等因素,因此近20年来发展起诸多计算方法,包括矿物对法、年龄高程法、Turcotte法、Stüwe法、Mancktelow法、谱分析法、有限元三维模拟等。其中,当地温场处于稳态时,对于钻井或垂直剖面连续采样可采用年龄高程法,对于二维有周期性地形可采用Turcotte法、Stüwe法、Mancktelow法,对于二维非周期性地形可采用谱分析法,有限元三维模拟适合于求取区域剥露速率。     

大别造山带与毗邻沉积盆地间剥蚀沉积关系的裂变径迹热史模拟定量对比

通过利用裂变径迹热史模拟来探讨山盆之间剥蚀沉积关系为定量对比山盆之间剥蚀沉积关系提供了一种可能的途径。其原理主要是通过裂变径迹热史曲线,求取造山带区域平均剥露速率,再将其与毗邻盆地沉积速率对比,进而判断山盆之间剥蚀沉积比例关系。通过计算可以得到大别造山带65~25 Ma区域体积平均剥露速率为1189.67 km3/Ma(当古地温梯度为25℃/km时)、1487.08 km3/Ma(当古地温梯度为20℃/km时)。其剥蚀速率至少占到了毗邻盆地古近纪平均总沉积速率的一半以上。其原理主要是通过裂变径迹热史曲线,求取造山带区域平均剥露速率,再将其与毗邻盆地沉积速率对比,进而判断山盆之间剥蚀沉积比例关系。     

东天山地区中—新生代隆升-剥露过程:来自磷灰石裂变径迹的证据

前人已经对西天山及邻区以及阿尔金断裂带进行了大量中—新生代隆升-剥露的研究工作,但对东天山地区的研究工作很少。天山造山带中—新生代期间的隆升-剥露过程是否具有均一性,目前仍没有确切的认识。为了获得东天山地区中生代以来的隆升-剥露信息,对吐哈盆地东南缘雅满苏地区磷灰石裂变径迹进行了研究。研究表明,在不同构造位置采集的花岗岩、砂岩、火山岩样品年龄集中分布在81~53Ma,样品年龄记录了东天山地区晚白垩世—古新世发生的冷却事件。磷灰石裂变径迹平均长度为13.60~14.36μm,接近于磷灰石初始径迹长度约14.5μm,表明径迹形成后没有发生过明显的退火作用。根据地温梯度计算得到东天山晚白垩世以来的平均隆升速率约为4.31×10-2 mm/a。进一步的热史模拟表明,晚白垩世—古新世(80~50Ma)期间东天山地区经历了一次隆升-剥露事件;始新世以后(50 Ma),东天山地区地壳处于稳定状态,东天山隆起带现在的构造面貌基本继承了中生代的特征。     

^40Ar／^39Ar测年中的冷却年龄和变形年龄

^40Ar／^39Ar法年龄数据的解释与Ar同位素在矿物中的封闭温度有关。冷却年龄只能限制变质——变形事件发生的时间区间,不能真正代表地质事件的发生时间。因此,必须想办法得到变形年龄。本文从封闭温度概念出发,探讨了压力、冷却速率、有效扩散范围和几何形态、颗粒大小、动力学参数等对矿物封闭温度的影响,介绍了新近提出的“封闭窗”概念,并讨论了在什么情况下可以获得变形年龄。     

东喜马拉雅构造结更新世两期抬升-剥露事件的裂变径迹证据

对出露在东喜马拉雅构造结南迦巴瓦地区那木拉峰的片麻岩进行了系统垂向上的磷灰石裂变径迹取样分析,在3393～4537m取样高程内的10个样品获得的磷灰石裂变径迹分析结果显示:中值年龄在0.64～1.58Ma之间,平均封闭径迹长度在14.0～15.2μm之间,标准偏差在1.0～3.5μm之间。其中,径迹长度数据为这一地区的首次报道,可以为数据分析的可靠性提供重要保证。通过利用裂变径迹的"香蕉图"模式分析,在这批年龄结果中进一步区分出了代表混合年龄的样品组分和代表事件年龄的样品组分。事件年龄揭示这一地区在更新世有两期抬升-剥露事件的记录,时间分别为1.10±0.24Ma和0.65±0.08Ma。而磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在剖面线上的空间分布显示山体内部的高海拔地区年龄较新,向边缘低海拔地区逐渐变老的趋势。这种分布特征与早期多雄拉-那木拉褶皱构造变形无关,是东喜马拉雅构造结地区正处于快速抬升-剥露过程中的一种指示。据地温梯度30～40℃/km推算的1Ma以来的平均视剥露速率约为2.43～3.24mm/a。而结合前人的研究成果分析,这一地区快速地抬升-剥露过程可能自3Ma已发生。东喜马拉雅构造结1.10Ma和0.65Ma的抬升-剥露事件可以与青藏高原隆起过程中周缘地区的"昆黄运动"、气候转型和沙漠化等同期响应事件在年代学上建立联系。青藏高原的周缘隆起在更新世时期表现出的活动响应具有准同时的特征。     

西藏吉隆地区高喜马拉雅新近纪冷却剥露 ——来自裂变径迹年龄的证据

裂变径迹年代学测试表明,吉隆地区高喜马拉雅约30km的南北剖面上锆石裂变径迹年龄介于13～2.4Ma之间,磷灰石裂变径迹年龄介于1.9～0.6Ma之间;在空间上,裂变径迹年龄与高程及纬度都具有正相关关系。综合区域热年代学资料,裂变径迹年代学数据揭示出研究区高喜马拉雅经历了3个阶段的冷却剥露过程:①中新世中期至约13Ma,藏南拆离系(STDS)大规模伸展拆离作用引发的高喜马拉雅岩石区域性的构造剥露;②中新世晚期伴随STDS韧性变形的结束,缓慢冷却剥露阶段;③上新世前后,5.8～2.7Ma以来,快速并不断加速的冷却剥露作用。综合对比研究区构造地貌特征及热年代学空间格局,提出上新世以来高喜马拉雅快速并加速的剥露作用,是由流域以河流切蚀为代表的地表作用过程驱动。     

通过碎屑低温年龄恢复西南天山古高度

目前使用低温年代学来恢复造山带古地形,主要是采用在造山带内部采样来做原地高度的恢复。本文提出用碎屑颗粒低温年代学来恢复造山带平均古高度变化率的方法,即通过山间盆地或山前堆积碎屑物大量的单颗粒年龄,获取蚀源区大面积的、区域性的平均剥露速率,进而通过均衡校正计算出蚀源区的平均古高度变化率,为造山带古地形恢复提供了新的途径。本文以西南天山为例进行尝试,通过已发表的339个碎屑颗粒裂变径迹年龄,获得西南天山的68 Ma(年龄峰期)的剥露速率为0.740.60km/Ma,平均古高度变化率为0.150.23km/Ma、0.120.19km/Ma(降低率)。显示西南天山在68 Ma以来发生了比较快速的剥露,如果不考虑构造抬升等因素,平均古高度也发生了比较快速的降低,如果按8 Ma以来计算,则正好降低了1 0001 500m。     

秦岭造山带东段中新生代的隆升:洛南、山阳盆地碎屑颗粒磷灰石裂变径迹记录

前人已经对秦岭造山带西部、中部、邻区以及东大别地区进行了大量中新生代隆升-剥露的研究工作,但对东秦岭地区的研究工作很少,东秦岭中新生代期间的隆升-剥露过程是否具有均一性,目前仍没有确切的认识。为了获得东秦岭地区中生代以来的隆升-剥露信息,对商丹断裂带两侧的洛南、山阳盆地碎屑颗粒磷灰石进行了裂变径迹的热年代学研究。研究表明,根据地温梯度计算得到洛南盆地的物源区宽坪群、陶湾群在白垩纪(104.4~68 Ma)期间的平均剥露冷却率为4.05℃/Ma,平均剥露速率为0.18km/Ma;山阳盆地的物源区刘岭群在白垩纪到古新世(129.6~64 Ma)期间的平均剥露冷却率为2.95℃/Ma,平均剥露速率为0.12km/Ma,反映出当时南北秦岭的剥蚀-隆升具有不均一性,北秦岭剥露速率要比南秦岭高。     

内蒙古阿拉善庆格勒图黑云斜长片麻岩的单颗粒锆石U-Pb法年龄

内蒙古阿拉善庆格勒图地区出露地层以片麻岩为主,夹斜长角闪岩。但其归属尚无确切的同位素年龄资料。本文最近获得的黑云斜长片麻岩的单颗粒锆石U-Pb法年龄为1826±13 Ma,这是迄今获得的较为可靠的直接测年数据。结合前人研究成果,提出该区出露的主要变质岩石——黑云斜长片麻岩的形成时代应为古元古代。     

苏鲁造山带东段新生代两阶段剥露事件的磷灰石(U-Th)/He热年代学证据

苏鲁造山带位于华北和华南板块之间,是中国东部最显著的陆内造山带之一,约束其新生代剥露过程对于理解中国东部盆山格局分布及其动力学机制具有重要意义.低温热年代学方法由于封闭温度较低,能更准确地约束上地壳地质体的剥露过程.利用磷灰石(U-Th)/He方法,对苏鲁造山带东部的多福山和锯齿山开展研究.磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄...     

Time-dependent effects of heat advection and topography on cooling histories during erosion

Both erosion and surface topography cause a time-dependent variation in isotherm geometry that can result in significant errors in estimating natural exhumation rates from geochronologic data. Analytical solutions and two-dimensional numerical modelling are used to investigate the magnitude of these inaccuracies for conditions appropriate to many rapidly exhumed mountain chains of rugged relief. It is readily demonstrated that uplift of the topographic surface has a negligible effect on the cooling history of an exhumed rock sample and cannot be quantified by current geochronologic methods. The topography itself perturbs the isotherms to a depth that depends on both the vertical and horizontal scale of the surface relief. Estimations employing different isotopic systems in the same sample with higher closure temperatures (> 200°C) are not generally influenced by topography. However, direct conversion of cooling rates to exhumation rates assuming a simple constant linear geotherm markedly underestimates peak rates, due to variation of the geothermal gradient in time and space and to the time lag between exhumation and cooling. Estimations based on the altitude variation in apatite fission-track ages are less prone to such inaccuracies in geothermal gradient but are affected by near-surface time-dependent variation in isotherm depth due to advection and topography. In tectonically active mountain belts, high exhumation rates are coupled with rugged topography, and exhumation rates may be markedly overestimated, by factors of 2 or more. Even at lower exhumation rates on the order of 1 mm/a, the shape of the cooling curve is modified by advection and topography. A convex-concave shape to the cooling curve does not necessarily imply a change of exhumation rate; it may also be attained by a more complicated geothermal gradient induced by topographic relief. Very fast cooling below 100°C, often interpreted as reflecting faster exhumation, can be more simply explained by the lateral cooling effect of topographic relief, with samples exhumed in valleys displaying a different near-surface cooling history to those on ridge crests.     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗及邻区二叠系烃源岩热演化与油气的关系

分析了额济纳旗及其邻区二叠系烃源岩热演化史与油气生成的关系。根据镜质组反射率、包裹体均一温度、磷灰石裂变径迹等资料得出研究区达到最大埋深时的古地温梯度,分析额济纳旗地区热演化史的信息,进一步研究了热演化与油气生成的关系。研究结果表明,额济纳旗地区在白垩纪达到最大埋深,古地温梯度为4.1～5.5℃/100m。通过与邻区查干凹陷比较分析,认为额济纳旗地区古地温梯度高于现今的地温梯度,二叠系烃源岩热演化程度主要受古地温场的控制。热演化史与油气关系的研究结果表明,额济纳旗部分地区二叠系烃源岩在晚二叠世已进入油气生成期,生烃阶段以干气为主,在早白垩世热演化程度达到最高。     

Exhumation of UHP Terranes: A Case Study from the Dabie Mountains,Eastern China

Two processes are suggested to explain how UHP rocks are exhumed from mantle depths. One is removal of the overburden either by erosion or by extension, whereas the other involves the uplifting of the UHP rocks through the overburden. Application of either of these mechanisms to the Dabie Mountains, however, is fraught with difficulty. When combined with previously published data, new studies on metamorphic P-T paths, regional structures, and deep upper-mantle architecture revealed by seismic tomography lend support to a multi-stage exhumation process that operated in the Dabie Mountains.

The first stage (230 to 200 Ma) is characterized by ductile deformation, produced during eclogite-facies recrystallization under a geothermal gradient as low as 10°C/km, implying a synsubduction exhumation. Some of the UHP rocks evidently were exhumed to a depth of ~60 km, as indicated by petrological study of the Shuanghe eclogite. The second stage (200 to 170 Ma) attended ductile deformation and amphibolite-facies retrograde metamorphism. Subduction of the Yangtze block was halted by slab breakoff at a depth of ～200 km. The resultant geothermal gradient recovered to ～20″C/km. Slab breakoff permitted buoyancy-driven ascent of the UHP low-density melange to shallow crustal levels in a diapir structure. When the UHP portion of the mountain root rose, the shallow portion was heated to a temperature higher than that of the peak metamorphic pressure. The third stage (170 to 120 Ma) is characterized by extension and thermal uplift, as well as erosion. Sedimentary basins and volcanic rocks developed on both sides of the Dabie Mountains. Gab-bro-pyroxenite intruded the hanging wall of the UHP terrane, and granite, as well as migmatite, developed in that stage.

Exhumation mechanisms might include corner flow for the first stage, buoyancy-driven squeezing-up for the second stage, and crustal extension, as well as erosion, for the third. Rupture and loss of the subducted lithospheric plate generated the gravity instability that resulted in exhumation of the subducted UHP section.     

北大别的多期深熔作用及山根垮塌的新证据

大别山是由华南板块在245～210 Ma向华北板块之下俯冲并发生陆陆碰撞形成的。随着南、北板块的汇聚继续,地壳持续加厚。然而,加厚的下地壳岩石（特别是镁铁质下地壳岩石）在重力作用下密度增大、稳定性降低,在145～130 Ma 时发生深熔作用;130 Ma 左右加厚下地壳拆沉,引发软流圈上涌,产生了130～110 Ma的大规模镁铁质和花岗质岩浆作用以及北大别发生强烈的混合岩化作用。其中,北大别混合岩中不同类型浅色体（至少可以分为4种）和碰撞后变质闪长岩的甄别及其岩石地球化学和同位素年代学方面系统研究为大别山印支期深俯冲陆壳的折返以及燕山期镁铁质下地壳岩石拆沉和山根垮塌所引发的多期深熔作用提供了新的关键证据。山根垮塌诱发的地幔对流导致～145 Ma时岩石圈开始减薄,进而导致加厚镁铁质下地壳温度和地壳中下部地热增温率升高,并使其发生部分熔融;加厚下地壳的部分熔融导致造山带下地壳持续弱化,加剧其重力不平衡,从而引发深部俯冲的镁铁质下地壳岩石的大规模拆沉和山根垮塌。     

大别山碰撞造山带的地球动力学

大别山碰撞造山带的形成和其中超高压变质岩的形成折返具有统一的动力学过程。对大别山超高压变质岩形成 -折返的研究表明 ,大别山的超高压变质作用是冷大陆地壳被前导洋壳下拽而持续俯冲的结果。超高压变质岩的折返是多阶段的。第一阶段 (2 30～ 2 10Ma)在低地温梯度 (约10℃ /km)下发生同俯冲折返 ;第二阶段 (2 10～ 170Ma)的折返由深俯冲板片的断离引发 ,浮力开始起作用 ;第三阶段 (170～ 12 0Ma) ,以区域性岩浆活动、穹隆伸展构造活动和深剥蚀沉积为特征。从分析超高压变质岩的形成折返过程入手 ,以侏罗纪末作为时间参照点 ,以合肥盆地的侏罗系顶界作为当时的地理参照点 ,根据不同岩石单元中岩石的形成深度和碰撞造山中的位移状态 ,可把大别山碰撞造山带划分为原位系统、准原位系统、异位系统和热穹隆改造系统等结构单位。陆陆碰撞造山带形成的物理学前提是俯冲陆壳物质的低密度 ,而最终形成造山带的直接动力学过程则是深俯冲板片的断离及其引发的一系列近垂向运动的地质过程。     

沉积盆地地温梯度研究中应注意的问题

沉积盆地的地温场特征是油气勘探研究的重要内容之一。油气勘探工作者习惯于采用地温梯度而不是大地热流来描述沉积盆地的热状态,但是,地温梯度与计算井段密切相关,离开计算井段去谈地温梯度高低,很容易引起误解,尤其是在测温井段较短或测温深度较浅时,测温数据不能直接用于计算沉积盆地的地温梯度,否则,会得出错误的结论。然而,在实际研究工作中,这一点经常被忽视。为此,本文提出了“规一化”地温梯度的概念和计算方法,并以实例说明沉积盆地地温场研究中,采用“规一化”地温梯度来描述盆地热状态平面分布特征的必要性。     

Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic Exhumation History of the Lüliang Mountains, North China Craton: Constraint from Fission-track Thermochronology

The Lüliang Mountains, located in the North China Craton, is a relatively stable block, but it has experienced uplift and denudation since the late Mesozoic. We hence aim to explore its time and rate of the exhumation by the fission-track method. The results show that, no matter what type rocks are, the pooled ages of zircon and apatite fission-track range from 60.0 to 93.7 Ma and 28.6 to 43.3 Ma, respectively; all of the apatite fission-track length distributions are unimodal and yield a mean length of ~13?μm; and the thermal history modeling results based on apatite fission-track data indicate that the time-temperature paths exhibit similar patterns and the cooling has been accelerated for each sample since the Pliocene (c.5 Ma). Therefore, we can conclude that a successive cooling, probably involving two slow (during c.75-35 Ma and 35-5 Ma) and one rapid (during c.5 Ma-0 Ma) cooling, has occurred through the exhumation of the Lüliang Mountains since the late Cretaceous. The maximum exhumation is more than 5 km under a steady-state geothermal gradient of 35°C/km. Combined with the tectonic setting, this exhumation may be the resultant effect from the surrounding plate interactions, and it has been accelerated since c.5 Ma predominantly due to the India-Eurasia collision.     

敏感性分析在烃源岩成熟度史模拟中的应用——以川东北地区普光5井古生界海相烃源岩为例

通过分析输人模型的参数对输出结果的影响,可以确定影响烃源岩成熟度史模拟的敏感性参数.本文应用Easy% Ro化学动力学模型,以普光5井为例,对川东北地区各期构造运动剥蚀厚度、古地表温度和古地温梯度进行了相关的敏感性分析.分析结果表明:研究区下寒武统、下志留统、下二叠统和上二叠统烃源岩现今成熟度状态完全受控于燕山运动晚幕...     

Late Cretaceous exhumation history of an extensional extruding wedge (Graz Paleozoic Nappe Complex, Austria)

Late Cretaceous structures within the eastern Graz Paleozoic Nappe Complex define an extruding wedge with north-eastward directed thrusting in eastern portions and strike-slip shear along the margins. Stacking structures are overprinted by south-westward directed extension with low-grade metamorphic rocks in the hangingwall and high-grade basement rocks in the footwall. Pressure–temperature and structural data are obtained from successively opening quartz veins that record various stages of progressive deformation and metamorphism. Fluid inclusion data and related structures show that during extension isothermal decompression from ca. 550°C and 8 kbar down to ca. 450°C and 2 kbar was related to exhumation of rocks from deep crustal levels. The data point to a high geothermal gradient and explain condensed paleo-isotherms due to ductile normal faulting in the eastern areas of the Graz Paleozoic Nappe Complex. The investigated Late Cretaceous structural elements suggest that the Graz Paleozoic Nappe Complex decoupled from the surrounding basement units and operated as a large-scale extension–extrusion corridor that evolved prior to Miocene extrusion tectonics in the Eastern Alps.