被动微波遥感近地表土壤冻融状态数据产品对比及分析

近地表土壤冻融循环过程是陆面过程的"开关",对地表能量过程、水文过程、植被动态、温室气体交换和生态系统功能等都具有重要影响.除了依靠传统观测手段判别地表冻融,被动微波卫星遥感技术已被成熟运用于全球尺度地表冻融研究中.利用被动微波卫星遥感亮温监测地表冻融大致经历了理论基础和算法的研制、算法参数的验证和应用以及建立数据集三...     

冻融交替季节黑河上游代表性地物类型的微波辐射时序特征

被动微波遥感是监测全球土壤冻融的有利手段,然而由于缺乏实验观测数据,对冻土的微波辐射特征和机理并不是很清楚.2008年3月利用地基微波辐射计(RPG-8CH-DP Radiometer)在黑河流域上游对典型地物18.7 GHz和36.5 GHz的微波辐射进行了连续观测,获取了3种典型土地类型的冻融过程中两个频率双极化的微波辐射特征,计算了土壤冻融过程中发射率和亮温梯度的时序特征并进行了分析.结果表明:土壤冻结会引起土壤发射率的变化,变化的大小主要受土壤表层很薄一层土壤的含水量影响,这是因为这两个波段对土壤的微波穿透深度很小,另外,尽管土壤冻结后亮温梯度会降低,但大多数情况下并没有观测剑冻土负的亮温梯度.     

两种土壤冻融判别算法在东北冻土区的判别精度评价

本文基于AMSR2被动微波数据和0 cm地表温度数据,对比分析冻融判别函数算法和双指标算法在东北冻土区的判别精度及适用性。结果表明：（1）两种算法的Kappa系数都在0.7以上,总体判别精度在87%以上,具有较好的性能。（2）两种算法在升轨时期的总体判别精度高于降轨时期。在使用升轨数据时,双指标算法判别精度略高于冻融判别函数算法;使用降轨数据时,冻融判别函数算法判别精度更高。（3）冻融判别函数算法对冻土的判别精度高,双指标算法在识别融土方面具有优势。（4）两种算法对多年冻土区的土壤冻融判别精度高于季节冻土区。本研究的评价结果可为东北冻土区制备高精度、长时序地表冻融数据集提供基础数据资料,为选择合适的土壤冻融判别算法提供参考。     

寒区植被对冻土微波辐射影响的研究

理论和实验表明,微波辐射可以用来研究冻土的特性.但当冻土的上层被植被层覆盖时,植被吸收、发射并散射微波信号,冻土的微波辐射特征就会被改变.所以,研究植被层对冻土微波辐射特征的影响,对于准确获取下层冻土的微波辐射特性及冻土的变化监测极为重要.介绍了一种基于光线跟踪原理和耦合矩阵算法的微波辐射模型,用来计算植被层的发射率,可以计算得到视场内来自不同观测角度的整体发射率,以及V和H极化的相位差.根据车载双极化微波辐射计在C,X,K,Ka等4个波段的实测数据与模拟结果的比较,分别计算出来自植被层和冻土层的辐射,从而研究寒区植被对冻土的微波辐射影响.     

基于物理模型的被动微波遥感反演土壤水分

利用土壤水分和海洋盐度(SMOS)卫星进行土壤水分反演的算法中,对地表发射率的描述仍采用半经验Q/H模型,该模型描述地表粗糙度对有效发射率在V和H极化下影响相同.基于微波散射理论模型-高级积分方程模型(AIEM)建立了一个针对SMOS传感器的参数配置,包含各种地表粗糙度和介电特性的裸露地表辐射模拟数据库,发展了L波段多角度地表辐射参数化模型.在此基础上,利用SMOS多角度双极化特点,建立了土壤水分反演算法.该算法可以消除粗糙度对土壤水分反演的影响,同时最小化反演过程中辅助信息引入带来影响.反演算法通过美国农业部提供的L波段多角度地基辐射计数据(BARC)进行验证,在20°~50°入射角,土壤水分反演精度在4%左右.     

基于被动微波的寒旱区地表温度反演

以各频段水平极化和垂直极化发射率问的相关关系为条件,利用被动微波数据反演地表温度.算法既解决了地表温度反演过程中发射率难以确定的问题,又克服了热红外遥感受大气影响较大的缺点,其物理意义清晰,计算简便.算法以MODIS温度产品为评价标准,对36.5GHz和89 GHz反演结果进行分析.结果表明:89 GHz亮温数据反演精度高于36.5 GHz;与耕地和草场反演精度相比,裸土和山地反演精度较高.其原因在于高频数据穿透能力较低,能更好地表达地表温度.同时,低频数据相对高频更容易受到地表土壤水分变化的影响,发射率相对不够稳定,对反演结果有一定影响.     

冻土遥感研究进展:被动微波遥感

多年冻土和季节冻土分别占北半球裸露地表的24%和55%.近地表土壤冻融的范围、冻结起始日期、持续时间及冻融深度对寒季/寒区植物生长、大气与土壤间能量、水分及温室气体交换都具有极其重要的影响.自20世纪70年代以来,应用卫星遥感结合地面观测资料研究局地到区域尺度的季节冻土和多年冻土已取得诸多成果,而遥感在冻土研究中的最直接应用是利用微波探测近地表土壤冻融状态.相对于主动sAR,星载被动微波传感器具有多通道观测且重访周期较高,空间分辨率很低的特点.重点评述了近几十年来被动微波辐射计在冻土研究中的算法发展及其应用前景,主要包括双指标算法、时间序列变化检测算法及判别树算法3类,其核心均是基于冻土的低温特征和"体散射变暗"效应.发展可靠实用的微波遥感土壤冻融状态判别算法,提供区域和全球尺度上的土壤冻融状态信息,对水文学、气象学以及农业科学、工程地质研究与应用都具有重要意义.     

利用地基微波辐射计验证积雪微波辐射传输模型

积雪雪水当量参数是水文、气候、水资源利用与管理模型中非常重要的输入参数,积雪辐射理论模型可以模拟积雪物理参数与微波辐射的关系.因此,准确模拟积雪辐射信息,验证积雪辐射模型显得尤为重要.采用改进的基于能量守恒的干雪微波辐射传输理论模型(DMRT-AIEM-MD),利用2008年3月24 日黑河地区联合实验获取的地面测量数据以及车载辐射计18.7 GHz和36.5 GHz两个频率的辐射亮温值,考虑地形的影响,分析积雪辐射散射特性以及验证该模型.结果表明:该模型模拟值与地面实测值吻合的比较好,该模型能较好的模拟中国地区自然地表积雪辐射信号.分析了部分模型模拟值和地面实测值偏差的可能原因,该积雪区是多次堆积形成,积雪垂直剖面的密度、温度不规则变化可能会引起偏差.     

利用主被动微波数据联合反演土壤水分

在黑河中游干旱区水文试验的基础上,以临泽站为研究区域,探讨主被动微波数据联合反演土壤水分的方法。针对ALOS/PALSAR数据,使用AIEM理论模型计算地表的同极化后向散射系数,Oh半经验模型描述交叉极化散射特征,通过对大量后向散射模拟数据的分析,建立裸露地表粗糙度计算模型;利用模拟数据分析地表辐射亮温随土壤水分和粗糙度的变化规律,在此基础上构建NN模型结合粗糙度计算结果和辐射计飞行数据反演研究区域的土壤水分。地面同步测量数据的验证结果表明,该方法充分发挥了主被动微波数据各自的优势,同时避免了主被动协同过程中的尺度问题,为流域尺度的土壤水分监测提供了一种新的有效途径。     

黑河流域上游寒区水文遥感-地面同步观测试验

介绍了黑河流域上游寒区水文遥感-地而同步观测试验,论述了试验目标与研究内容、试验区的选择设计以及寒区水文长期观测试验.上游试验以理解寒区水文过程、提高寒区定量遥感水平为主旨,以积雪和冻土为主要研究对象,开展了微波辐射计、高光谱成像仪航空遥感和地面同步观测,并选择典型小流域进行长期寒区水文过程观测与研究.试验集中在冰沟积雪小流域、阿柔草场和扁都口裸露耕地3个不蚓地表覆盖区,以积雪和冻土变量与参数的测量为主.同步试验在流域尺度、重点试验区、加密观测区和观测小区4个尺度上展开,分别布置了加密的地面同步观测、通量和气象水文观测、降雨、径流及其它水文要素观测网络;航空飞行传感器分别采用微波辐射计、高光谱成像仪、热红外成像仪和多光谱CCD相机,收集获取了试验区丰富的可见光/近红外、热红外、主被动微波等卫星数据.通过试验,初步构建了上游寒区航空-卫星-地面综合数据集,可以应用于改进和验证寒区陆面/水文过程模型.     

Bayesian kriging—Merging observations and qualified guesses in kriging

Frequently a user wants to merge general knowledge of the regionalized variable under study with available observations. Introduction of fake observations is the usual way of doing this. Bayesian kriging allows the user to specify a qualified guess, associated with uncertainty, for the expected surface. The method will provide predictions which are based on both observations and this qualified guess.     

NASA's contribution to ozone research and monitoring

NASA has a long and significant history in observations and data analysis research for understanding the short- and long-term changes in ozone in the atmosphere. For nearly 40 years, NASA has overseen satellite observations of stratospheric ozone. These observations have been augmented by ground-based remote sensing, balloon borne, and aircraft observations of ozone and ozone-related species and by continuous observations of ozone depleting substances. Together, they form the evidential basis for understanding ozone changes over these past four decades. Also, NASA has continuously funded laboratory, modeling and data analysis activities to better understand the observations obtained by NASA and other programs. NASA has plans to continue these activities in the future, at a level consistent with available funding, other Earth Science observational priorities, and more importantly, with a goal of ensuring that data exist to understand changes in ozone in the future as the abundances of ozone depleting substances decrease and those of greenhouse gases increase.     

基于局域化EnKF同时同化地下水水流和溶质运移数据的渗透系数场识别研究

局域化改进集合卡尔曼滤波（EnKF）可以克服EnKF方法在使用小集合时,对参数识别精度较低的缺陷,其能同化 地下水位观测数据有效识别渗透系数场。实际工作中,溶质运移数据也较容易获得。崔凯鹏（2013）尝试增加溶质运移 数据以改进只同化水流数据对渗透系数的估计结果,但是精度提高有限。本文在其基础上修改模型,进一步增加溶质注 入井,探究同时同化水头和溶质运移数据,对渗透系数场识别效果,之后对比了局域化EnKF与非局域化EnKF参数识别结 果,并分析了溶质影响范围与参数识别的关系。结果表明：同时同化溶质运移和水头资料,比同化单一种类观测数据识别 的渗透系数精度更高;相同实现数目下,局域化EnKF比EnKF对渗透系数场的估计结果与真实场更为接近;仅考虑溶质影 响范围内的渗透系数,同化水头数据在最后时刻参数识别结果好于同化溶质运移数据参数识别结果,但差别不大。     

Limited vision: A personal experience of mining geology and scientific mineral exploration

Vision is concerned with making observations: quantitative observations such as measurements, and observations of form and pattern. Vision is perception: an awareness of the significance of observations and insight or intuition. We live and work with limited vision.     

Cloud computing and virtualization within the regional climate model and evaluation system

The Regional Climate Model Evaluation System (RCMES) facilitates the rapid, flexible inclusion of NASA observations into climate model evaluations. RCMES provides two fundamental components. A database (RCMED) is a scalable point-oriented cloud database used to elastically store remote sensing observations and to make them available using a space time query interface. The analysis toolkit (RCMET) is a Python-based toolkit that can be delivered as a cloud virtual machine, or as an installer package deployed using Python Buildout to users in order to allow for temporal and spatial regridding, metrics calculation (RMSE, bias, PDFs, etc.) and end-user visualization. RCMET is available to users in an “offline”, lone scientist mode based on a virtual machine dynamically constructed with model outputs and observations to evaluate; or on an institution’s computational cluster seated close to the observations and model outputs. We have leveraged RCMES within the content of the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) project, working with the University of Cape Town and other institutions to compare the model output to NASA remote sensing data; in addition we are also working with the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP). In this paper we explain the contribution of cloud computing to RCMES’s specifically describing studies of various cloud databases we evaluated for RCMED, and virtualization toolkits for RCMET, and their potential strengths in delivering user-created dynamic regional climate model evaluation virtual machines for our users.     

NOAA卫星遥感与常规观测中国积雪的对比研究

利用30a来NOAA卫星遥感和常规观测的中国积雪资料,对比研究了二者在不同季节和不同年代的逐月积雪日数.研究表明:全年、秋季、冬季和春季全国64%以上地区卫星遥感与常规观测的月积雪日数显著相关,其中东北(包括内蒙东部)和北疆地区显著相关;华北和内蒙中部冬季相关最为显著;青藏高原相关程度明显偏低.值得注意的是,高原上无测站分布地区对于NOAA卫星遥感的高原空间平均年积雪日数影响不显著.NOAA卫星遥感与常规观测的青藏高原空间平均全年积雪日数未达到显著相关,二者年际变化存在一定差异.     

Orbits of the visual binaries ADS 8814 and ADS 8065 from observations along a short arc

The orbits of the visual binaries ADS 8814 and ADS 8065 are determined for the first time. The orbits were calculated using the parameters of the apparent motion, based on position observations along short arcs obtained on the 26-inch refrector of the Pulkovo Observatory, supplemented with radial-velocity observations for the stellar components in both pairs obtained on the 1-m telescope of the Simeiz Section of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory. All previous visual and photographic observations of these stars after 1832 were also taken into account. The orbit of ADS 8814 was refined using the differential-correction method. The orbital periods of these two stars are about 800 and 6000 years, respectively. The mass estimates derived for the known parallaxes from the Hipparcos catalog correspond to the spectral types of these stars. The polar vectors of the obtained orbits in Galactic coordinates are also given.     

The interaction of large scale and mesoscale environment leading to formation of intense thunderstorms over Kolkata Part I: Doppler radar and satellite observations

The weather systems that predominantly affect the eastern and northeastern parts of India during the pre-monsoon summer months (March, April and May) are severe thunderstorms, known as Nor’westers. The storms derive their names from the fact that they frequently strike cities and towns in the southern part of West Bengal in the afternoon from the north-west direction while traveling far from its place of genesis over the Bihar plateau. The storms are devastating in nature particularly due to strong (gusty) winds, heavy rains and hails associated with it. Although these storms are well known for its power of causing damages, studies on them are relatively few due to their small size and sparse network of observations. To address this important issue, the evolution of two Nor’westers of 12 March and 22 May 2003 over Kolkata is studied in detail in this paper using hourly Doppler weather radar (DWR) observations and high resolution Meteosat-5 imageries. In addition, supporting meteorological reports are used to find the large scale conditions that influence the moisture convergence and vertical wind shear. The genesis of both the storms is found to be over Bihar-Jharkhand region and beyond the range of the DWR. The satellite observations are found to be useful in identifying the location and initiation of the storms. The movements of the storms are captured by the DWR estimated vertical cross-section of reflectivities. The Doppler estimate shows that the 12 March storm had a vertical extent of about 10–12 km at the time of maturity and that of 22 May reaching up to 18 km signifying deep convection associated with these events. The genesis, maturity and dissipation are well brought out by the hourly DWR and satellite imageries. The DWR observations suggest that the systems move at a speed of 20–25 m/s. The DWR estimated precipitation shows a detailed spatial distribution around Kolkata with several localized zones of heavy rain and this is found to be well supported by the nearby station observations. This study establishes that DWR observations along with hourly satellite imageries are able to capture the evolution of Nor’westers. The study also shows that the composite DWR-satellite information is a reliable tool for nowcasting the location, time and path of movement of Nor’westers. Based on these observations, a conceptual model of the Nor’wester is proposed.     

Age and metallicity estimates for moderate-mass stars in eclipsing binaries

We estimate the ages and metallicities for the components of 43 binary systems using a compilation of accurate observational data on eclipsing binaries for which lines of both components are visible in their spectra, together with two independent modern sets of stellar evolution models computed for a wide range of masses and chemical abundances. The uncertainties of the resulting values are computed, and their stability is demonstrated. The ages and metallicity are compared with those derived in other studies using different methods, as well as with independent estimates from photometric observations and observations of clusters. These comparisons con firm the reliability of our age estimates. The resulting metallicities depend significantly on the choice of theoretical model. Comparison with independent estimates favors the estimates based on the evolutionary tracks of the Geneva group.